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2008年5月12日发生汶川MS8.0地震,青藏高原东缘的龙门山推覆构造带上三条断层同时发生运动,分别为后山断裂(汶川-茂县断裂)、中央断裂(北川-映秀断裂)、及前山断裂(灌县-江油断裂)。震后调查数据显示,这三条倾向西北的覆瓦状逆断层中,中央断裂的地表破裂最为剧烈,前山断裂次之,后山断裂的地表破裂极小不易查觉。中央断裂的地表破裂带长约240km,以兼有右移分量的逆断层破裂为主,最大垂直位移6.2m,最大右移量4.9m;前山断裂的地表破裂带长约72km(或称90km),是典型的纯逆冲断层所造成,最大垂直位移达3.5m。此外,在中央与前山断裂之间还发育了一条长约6km,兼具逆冲与左移性质的小鱼洞破裂带。伴随汶川地震发育的地表破裂,是近年发生大地震中总破裂长度最长,破裂形式也较复杂的,各破裂带之间的几何与运动关系有许多值得深入探讨的问题。 相似文献
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龙门山前山断裂北段晚第四纪活动性研究 总被引：21，自引：5，他引：16
5月12日汶川8.0级地震沿龙门山断裂带中央断裂映秀—石坎段、前山断裂白鹿—汉旺段形成了典型的逆断层-褶皱地震地表形变带,两侧构筑物遭受了毁灭性的破坏。中央断裂地震地表形变带突破了以往所认识的断裂活动分段边界,向北扩展了约60km,余震亦具有从中段向北段迁移的趋势。龙门山断裂带北段在此次地震中地表有什么影响或破坏?该段晚第四纪是否有过地震活动?在前人工作的基础上,我们对前山断裂北段的地震地表特征和晚第四纪活动性进行了详细的地质地貌调查,并重点选择2个影像线性特征清晰、震害较强烈的疑似地点进行了探槽揭露,以期为解决这些问题以及灾后重建积累翔实可靠的基础资料及获得相应的初步认识。主要结论是:前山断裂北段地质地貌、构造、5月12日汶川8.0级地震的地表表现等与其南侧的灌县-安县断裂(中段)均存在显著差异,晚第四纪活动迹象不明显,前山断裂晚第四纪活动段可能终止在永安镇往南一带;永安镇一带前人认为的"活动断裂陡坎"应为侵蚀河岸 相似文献
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汶川8.0级地震陡坎(北川以北段)探槽的记录特征 总被引：18，自引：4，他引：14
汶川8.0级地震在龙门山中央断裂(北川-映秀断裂)上形成了长度约240km的地震地表破裂带,同时在前山断裂(灌县-江油断裂)上形成了长约72km的地震地表破裂带。我们在中央断裂北段(北川以北)的地震陡坎上开挖探槽,揭露了本次地震的构造变形特征,同时通过对探槽内所揭露地层的相互关系的讨论,以及邻近区域内地貌面的对比,认为该段断裂在本次汶川8.0级地震之前可能还存在一次震级相当的地震事件,其发生时间至少早于该区域内T1阶地形成的最新年龄3000 a 相似文献
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2008年5月12日四川汶川Ms8.0地震是一条陆内活动逆断裂带最新活动的结果.地震震源断裂沿龙门山构造带中央断裂发生斜滑作用和沿前山断裂发生纯逆断裂作用,断裂产状前者陡后者缓,垂直位移前者大后者小,这是一条少见的具有右旋走滑特征的挤压性质双断坡破裂,它是深部斜滑断裂在上地壳脆性域发生应变分解的结果.地震地表破裂带的分段活动和位移分布、地震波反演、余震空间分布、主震和余震震源机制解都说明这一条活动断裂带的活动机制和震源断裂破裂机制的复杂性.北西向小鱼洞左旋走滑破裂带是调节北东向破裂带中缩短量不同的破裂段之间的捩断裂,但由于震源断裂西南段经受着强烈挤压,左旋走滑的小鱼洞断裂也具有明显的挤压分量.在中央断裂这一条走滑逆冲和逆走滑性质的断裂和破裂带中出现的走滑正断裂控制的沙坝沟槽是在一个特殊的构造和地貌条件下,由震源断裂滑动和重力共同作用的结果,重力作用加大了该段破裂的正断层型垂直位移量,它不能真正代表震源断裂的最大地表垂直位移. 相似文献
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汶川地震是有地震历史记载以来首次发生在大陆内部的高角度8级逆冲强震,给板内逆冲强震研究提供了许多新的课题。论文主要开展了以下两方面的研究:(1)近地表陡倾角铲形逆断层的破裂特征研究。基于龙门山断裂带中段动力学背景建立有限元模型,系统地研究近地表陡倾角铲形逆断层(本文所称近地表陡倾角铲形断层,要求近地表倾角至少≥65°)的破裂特征,并探讨了汶川地震逆冲滑动量随深度分布形态所可能蕴含的地壳信息。对于近地表陡倾角铲形断层,在断层倾向的高强度挤压下,断层近地表部分对逆冲破裂和滑动有一定的阻碍作用;铲形断层的近地表倾角越陡,陡倾角部分的深度范围越大,断层近地表部分对逆冲破裂和滑动的阻碍作用会越明显;近地表陡倾角的铲形断层形态和巴颜喀拉块体的高强度挤压很可能是形成汶川地震逆冲滑动量随深度分布形态的重要原因,无地表破裂的前期地震并不是造成汶川地震滑动量随深度分布特征的必要条件。(2)平行逆断层体系中断层活动之间的相互影响研究。讨论了分布距离对平行逆断层地震活动规律的影响,并定量地评估了汶川地震中前山断裂同震逆冲破裂对中央断裂逆冲破裂释放的影响。同震破裂实验结果显示:在同震逆冲破裂中,前山断裂和中央断裂的破裂释放之间有一定的替代关系;汶川地震中,由于前山断裂发生同震逆冲破裂,中央断裂相应段落逆冲破裂释放很可能降低了约10%,减少的标量地震矩约为9.54×1018 N·m。平行逆断层长期挤压破裂实验结果显示:在龙门山断裂带的动力学环境和浅层构造背景下,当平行逆断层之间的距离在20km以下时,两条平行逆断层会在破裂释放上形成主次关系,距离越短,主次关系越显著;两条平行逆断层之间发生同步逆冲破裂的比例很低,受平行逆断层之间距离的影响也很小;两条平行逆断层之间发生同步地表逆冲破裂的比例更低,在龙门山动力学机制和浅层构造背景下,距离在10~20km左右时,平行逆断层之间最容易发生同步地表逆冲破裂。结合龙门山断裂带中段的实验结果显示:后山断裂的地震活动很可能相对独立;12km的距离使得中央断裂和前山断裂之间发生同步地表逆冲破裂的风险相对较高,这很可能是导致汶川地震中出现同震地表破裂的一个重要原因。 相似文献
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2008年汶川8.0级地震沿龙门山断裂带内的映秀—北川断裂和灌县—安县断裂分别形成约230 km和70 km的地表破裂带.震后地质考察研究表明,伴随地震断层出露地表的滑动面大多沿炭质泥岩和煤层发育.与1∶5万区域地质图进行对照,显示映秀—北川地震破裂带的西南段（虹口—清平段）和灌县—安县地震地表破裂带的展布与龙门山地区上三叠统须家河组煤系地层的出露范围相一致.龙门山地区的上三叠统须家河组地层中的薄煤层、炭质泥岩层以及志留系、寒武系的炭质页岩层是易于产生滑动的柔性岩层,易形成滑脱面或成岩片夹于断层带中.汶川地震产生的复杂地表破裂带是龙门山逆冲推覆构造带沿地表构造层中夹有煤层等柔性岩层的断层产生B型滑动的结果. 相似文献
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由于地貌和交通条件的限制,在跨龙门山断裂带区域只有短水准监测场地。多年持续监测的七盘沟和耿达场地跨龙门山后山断裂,灌县和双河场地跨龙门山前山断裂等4个短水准场地,而在龙门山中央断裂上没有监测场地。根据跨龙门山后山和前山断裂的4个短水准场地监测资料计算分析,在2008年5月12日汶川8．0级地震前,测量成果显示：龙门山后山断裂的近场速率为0．03mm／a, 相似文献
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Peter Cullen 《Marine pollution bulletin》1980,11(12):342-343
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Hou Kangming Zong Kaihong Guo Jiangning Xiong Zhen Li Limei Zhou Caixia Jiang Bo 《中国地震研究》2009,23(1):78-86
The Changjiang fault zone, also known as the Mufushan-Jiaoshan fault, is a famous fault located at the southern bank of the Changjiang River, near the Nanjing downtown area. Based on multidisciplinary data from shallow artificial seismic explorations in the target detecting area (Nanjing city and the nearby areas), trenching and drilling explorations, classification of Quaternary strata and chronology dating data, this paper provides the most up-to-date results regarding activities of the Changjiang fault zone, including the most recent active time, activity nature, related active parameters, and their relation to seismic activity. 相似文献
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Infiltration of Immiscible Contaminants in the Unsaturated Zone 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Danny D. Reible Tissa H. Illangasekare Dharmesh V. Doshi Mark E. Malhiet 《Ground water》1990,28(5):685-692
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John H. Kramer Stephen J. Cullen Lome G. Everett 《Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation》1992,12(3):177-187
The neutron moisture probe is widely applicable to vadose zone monitoring problems which require measuring variable moisture contents. Neutron data are proportional to hydrogen density (modified by local chemistry) and sensitive to wetting fronts as well as changing volumes of hydrocarbon liquids. They cannot, however, be used to confirm contaminant chemistry, nor to detect steady-state flow. Neutron data are amenable to statistical analysis, providing a measure of the significance of data variations. Detection of incipient moisture changes at numerous monitoring locations is more practical using raw neutron data than data calibrated for moisture content because calibrations suffer from uncertainties associated with soil heterogeneities. When properly applied, the neutron probe is an effective monitoring tool as illustrated by three example applications described in this paper: (1) neutron moisture logs are used to detect subtle lithologic changes and identify monitoring horizons; (2) sequential neutron data are used to track induced saturation at a soil flushing pilot study; and (3) neutron logs from a horizontal access tube beneath a waste facility are used to pinpoint moisture anomalies. 相似文献
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中国川西地区鲜水河断裂和则木河断裂几何学、运动学特征及地震活动性对比研究 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：5
鲜水河断裂与则木河断裂在几何学特征、运动学特征和地震活动性方面既有明显的相似之处，又有着重要的差别。由于这两条断裂带都位于川滇菱形块体的北东边界，同属川西巨型左旋走滑断裂带的组成部分，因此在断裂的几何格局、活动方式和地震活动等方面有许多相似之处。然而，在菱形块体自北西向南东方向运动的过程中，由于其东部受到四川地块的阻挡使得块体边界的位移呈现由北西向南东递减的趋势，进而造成了两条断裂带在地震活动性方面的差异。根据详细的野外调查和已有成果，我们认为，断层的活动方式、滑动速率以及变形和变位的调整方式等运动学特征决定了两条断裂带在地震活动性方面的特征，而这些又与断裂带的几何学特征及与周围断裂的组合方式密切相关。通过对两条断裂带的对比研究，可以使我们对每条断裂有更好的理解和深入的认识。 相似文献
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Experimental Study of the Process Zone,Nucleation Zone and Plastic Area of Earthquakes by the Shadow Optical Method of Caustics 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
Z. Xu R. Yang J. Zhao B. Wang Y. Wang B. Xiong Z. Wang X. Lu S. Mei 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2002,159(9):1951-1966
-- On a plexiglass sample, a penetrating crack was prefabricated by laser. The crack is inclined towards the major principal stress †1(†y) at an angle of about 30°. Using this sample and by means of shadow optical method of caustics and microcrack location, the process zone, nucleation zone and plastic area of earthquakes were studied experimentally, and the strain variation in the shadow area was monitored. From the result, we comprehend the following. When the stress †y was increased to a certain value, shadow areas were formed around the prefabricated crack and at its tips, with that at the tips being larger. These shadow areas become larger with the increase of load and smaller with unloading. In the shadow area the strain was inhomogeneous: it was very large in some places but very small in others. When the shadow area reached a critical state, microcracks appeared at the tips of the prefabricated crack. Microcracks appeared on one side of the prefabricated crack where the strain and the shadow were both smaller. The zone with concentrated microcracks, or the process zone, was always located at the crack tip; this zone together with a half length of the original crack formed the nucleation zone which fell into the shadow area but was smaller than it. The shadow optical area of caustics bears a certain quantitative relation with the plastic area. Therefore, if an appropriate method is available to obtain the shadow optical area of caustics, it would be possible to detect the area with strong differential deformation change, and hence to determine the zone where strong fracture (an earthquake) would take place. 相似文献
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We document strong seismic scattering from around the top of the mantle Transition Zone in all available high resolution explosion seismic profiles from Siberia and North America. This seismic reflectivity from around the 410 km discontinuity indicates the presence of pronounced heterogeneity in the depth interval between 320 and 450 km in the Earth’s mantle. We model the seismic observations by heterogeneity in the form of random seismic scatterers with typical scale lengths of kilometre size (10-40 km by 2-10 km) in a 100-140 km thick depth interval. The observed heterogeneity may be explained by changes in the depths to the α-β-γ spinel transformations caused by an unexpectedly high iron content at the top of the mantle Transition Zone. The phase transformation of pyroxenes into the garnet mineral majorite probably also contributes to the reflectivity, mainly below a depth of 400 km, whereas we find it unlikely that the presence of water or partial melt is the main cause of the observed strong seismic reflectivity. Subducted oceanic slabs that equilibrated at the top of the Transition Zone may also contribute to the observed reflectivity. If this is the main cause of the reflectivity, a substantial amount of young oceanic lithosphere has been subducted under Siberia and North America during their geologic evolution. Subducted slabs may have initiated metamorphic reactions in the original mantle rocks. 相似文献