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Water scarcity and stress have attracted increasing attention as water has become increasingly regarded as one of the most critical resources in the world’s sustainable development. The Water Poverty Index (WPI), an interdisciplinary but straightforward measure that considers water availability from both the bio-geophysical perspective and the socio-economic perspective of people’s capacity to access water, has been successfully applied at national, regional, and local levels around the world. However, the general assessment of water stress at a macro level over only a snapshot limits the understanding of the geographic differences in and dynamics of water stress; this will, in turn, mislead decision-makers and may result in improper water strategies being implemented. In addition, to date, the typologies and trajectories of water stress have been underexplored. To fill this knowledge gap, we examine the spatio-temporal patterns, trajectories, and typologies of water stress using an adapted WPI for six counties in Zhangye City, which lies within an arid region of China, in order to provide policy priorities for each county. The results of our assessment indicate that water stress has become more severe over time (2005–2011) in most of the counties in Zhangye City. The results also show a distinct spatial variation in water scarcity and stress. Specifically, the results for Shandan county reflect its progressive policies on water access and management, and this county is regarded as engaging in good water governance. In contrast, Ganzhou district has faced more severe water pressure and is regarded as practicing poor water governance. Typology results show that each county faces its own particular challenges and opportunities in the context of water scarcity and stress. In addition, the trajectory map reveals that none of the counties has shown substantial improvement in both water access and management, a finding that should draw decision-makers’ close attention. 相似文献
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Quantification of water balance components, under arid conditions, is essential to the development of water management policies. This study demonstrates the application of the mass water balance approach for the assessment of water resources in a typical watershed located in the southwestern region of Saudi Arabia. The water balance approach was used, on an event basis, to express the amount of precipitation for 13 storms over a three year period, as a percentage of other hydrological components such as runoff, evaporation, and recharge. The study indicated that 63 per cent of precipitation is lost through evaporation from the water surface during flooding, and from the upper layers of the soil surface immediately after storms. Another 32 per cent is stored in the form of soil moisture in the unsaturated layers below the effective evaporation depth. Only 3 per cent of the precipitation was transformed into surface runoff; however, 75 per cent of this contributes towards groundwater recharge. This study has illustrated that the mass water balance approach can be used, with reasonable accuracy, to quantify the components of the hydrological processes under arid conditions, where a reliable data base is available. This, in turn, will help in the development of appropriate water management policies for arid regions. 相似文献
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丰满台水氡，对远距离强震前兆异常显示，水氡井水位失稳状态，对应省内ＭＬ４左右地震对应率较高，本文从“古三论”（倍九论，节气论，穴位论）的角度讨论丰满水氡及水氡井水位异常，以便为综合预报，提供更多，信度更高的前兆信息。 相似文献
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Our study describes and evaluates environmental influences on assemblages of aquatic Coleoptera and Heteroptera in artificial ponds situated near Lake Steinhude in Lower Saxony (Germany). We determined temporal dynamics and colonization patterns for 14 ponds of different age. In total, we recorded 4941 individuals that represented 87 species of aquatic beetles and bugs. Between 30 and 40 species were found in most of the ponds. Heteropteran species of the families Corixidae and Notonectidae acted as pioneer species in new ponds, while aquatic coleopterans predominated in older ponds. The results of Canonical Correspondence Analyses (CCA) showed that among the key factors affecting community structure were land use, vegetation cover, water chemistry and the age of the ponds. We found that the distribution of adjacent ponds on areas with different land use has a positive influence on the diversity and abundance of the aquatic insect fauna. 相似文献
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Quality Requirements for Fresh Waters: Water Quality Targets, Water Quality Objectives, and Chemical Water Quality Classification In the Federal Republic of Germany, water quality requirements for the protection of inland surface waters against hazardous substances are formulated on the basis of a quality targets derivation concept developed jointly by the Federal Government and the Federal States. The quality requirements were termed “water quality targets” in order to make it clear that the values derived are orientational values rather than legally binding limit values. The international comparison of quality requirements for surface waters shows that, on the whole, the national quality targets ensure a high level of protection. According to present scientific knowledge, impairments of uses, such as supply of drinking water, or risks to aquatic communities need not to be expected if the quality targets are complied with. A comparison of water quality data with the water quality targets makes it possible, on the one hand, to identify those substances whose inputs must be further reduced; on the other hand, it also shows that, for a number of substances, there is no need at present for concern over their adversely water quality. A further differentiation of the aquatic hazard potential of pollutants allows a water quality classification system to be developed on the basis of the quality targets derivation concept. The basic elements of this water quality classification system are presented, and its application is explained by way of examples. 相似文献
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平凉C11井地下流体数字化观测资料的分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
C11井是甘肃唯一一口数字和模拟观测同时并行的地下流体观测井, 2001年9月开始数字观测正式产出资料, 与模拟观测相比, 数字化观测数据信息量大, 传输速度快, 人为误差小。 该文分析了平凉C11井数字化水位、 气压、 水温等测项观测资料。 结果表明, 数字水位动态与模拟水位动态一致性较好、 数字水位与数字气压动态之间相关性较好, 数字水温与模拟水温的动态一致性不如水位好; 数字水位的潮汐效应非常明显, M2波潮汐因子相当稳定(平均值1.1538), 相对误差较小(平均值0.0215)。 相似文献
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《Limnologica》2015
Murchison Bay in the Northern part of Lake Victoria has for decades received a daily wastewater load of 0.2% of its volume from Kampala City, through the Nakivubo channel. In spite of this, the Water Treatment Works abstracts raw water from this bay and has been able to produce drinking water of sufficient quality for the capital. This study monitored various physical−chemical components within the bay during 2000−2003 to understand the processes responsible for the acceptable quality of raw water. Four sampling stations were located along a transect from the channel mouth towards the open lake.Resultsshowed that the wastewater did not accumulate in the bay, instead was already strongly diluted 2.5 km from the channel mouth. This caused an abrupt reduction in conductivity and the concentrations of the nutrients total phosphorus (Tot-P), orthophosphate (PO4-P) and total nitrogen (Tot-N).Inshore−offshore exchange of water was mediated by flows from daily and sub-daily water level fluctuations and wind-driven currents. As a daily average, 2% of the Murchison Bay flowed in and out and the incoming wastewater was diluted 9.7 times.During the dry season from June to August (D2), when the weather was influenced by the south-east monsoon, the thermal stratification in the main lake disappeared and cooler and deoxygenated water from deeper depths entered the bay influencing its water quality.The daily flushing of water in and out of the bay due to water level variation was identified as the main factor diluting the bay water. 相似文献
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We examine relationships between nationwide sparing use of water and farmer income of China in this article. As increasing implementation of water projects and irrigation system, the cost of water use has increased in many regions. However, as local policy-oriented urban expansion and ecological restoration have carried out during the past decade, water demand has increased. The spatial distributions of water use and farmer income are uneven and their relationships are ambiguous over time, especially it is uncertain that farmers can benefit from those so called water-saving programs when urban expansion grows faster in China. Based on consumption theory, empirical results of Blundell–Bond dynamic panel-data model with generalized method of moments (GMM) estimators indicate saving one percent of water has positive impacts at 0.085–0.35 percent on farmer income in the following statistical year. Population has negative impacts on farmer income. Particularly in Central China, one percent of increase in population will statistically significantly decrease 0.276 percent of contemporaneous farmer income. Particularly, in Eastern China with large population during years 2004 through 2012, the total amount of water use increases one percent, contemporaneous farmer income loses 0.04 percent. Thus, saving water can benefit future farmer income, and it indicates that urban expansion may induce the diversion of resources and agricultural production from rural to urban area. Policy implication of relationships between water allocation and farmer income distribution caused by water-saving programs needs to be further studied at regional scale, in particularly to the regions with large population and urban expansion in China. 相似文献
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Elaine Nolasco Ribeiro Wilson Cabral de Sousa Jr Marcelo de Julio Wilfredo Urruchi Irrazabal Marcelo Antunes Nolasco 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2013,41(7):627-634
One way to reduce water consumption in urban areas is by using alternative sources of supply that can be provided by collecting rainwater and reusing wastewater for less restricted purposes. Thus, this study evaluated the characteristics of effluents produced by the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) of São Paulo International Airport (SPIA), Brazil, in order to reuse it in non‐potable situations. The results achieved, indicated high efficiency in the biological system utilized by SPIA. The removal rates is equal to or >90% for most of the parameters analyzed, among them, fluoride, salinity, nitrite, nitrate, ammonium nitrogen, total nitrogen, phosphorus, sedimentable solids, turbidity, conductivity, apparent color, chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon, fecal coliforms, and oils and greases. Despite the final effluents were good enough to be launched in the local streams, they shall be submitted to a complementary treatment in order to fit some quality parameters to be reused for specific demands (landscape irrigation, toilet flushing, vehicle washing, fire fighting, and dust control). 相似文献
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祁县井水温和水位的奇异潮汐关系探讨 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
山西祁县井水温潮汐相位超前于水位,异于正常的水温和水位潮汐的动态关系。本文介绍了此现象的记录图像,通过水温和水位同震响应数据核实仪器时间系统,证实此现象是客观的;利用调和分析方法计算出逐月水温与水位潮汐变化的时间差,表明此现象存在于整个观测中。根据水温和水位潮汐相位相关性分析及观测条件调查,认为祁县井水温潮汐相位超前于水位的现象是在特定观测条件下,因井水流动不畅引起的特殊的水温水位关系。 相似文献
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Assessment of the water table in compressible and/or floating peatland mats requires a remote sensor that can measure simultaneously the elevation of the peat surface and the water level. A simple device, comprising two potentiometers, a float and ‘bog shoe’ was used to measure the water level and peat surface witin 0-3 mm. The water table (depth of water level relative to the peat surface) was then calculated. 相似文献
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赵各庄井地下流体的映震响应 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
赵各庄井位于首都圈地区,是夏垫断裂带北端的地震观测井。其地下流体同震响应的统计数据显示,在对6级以上远场地震的响应次数上,赵各庄井的水位较水温更显著;在对MS 7.0井水位的响应幅度变化范围为3.0mm—770.0mm,典型水温的响应幅度为0.0129℃,井水位响应幅度明显强于水温,响应形态以振荡型为主。赵各庄井水温、水位的异常变化和夏垫断裂带的活动性密切相关,同时也会影响断裂带的活动性。综合分析认为,在对赵各庄井水温和水位两大测项进行观测时,应以水位为主,还应关注夏垫断裂带的活动性。同时,为了监测夏垫断裂带的活动性,应对赵各庄井水位和水温进行长期监测,以保证首都圈地区的人民生产安全。 相似文献
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Wagner José Barreto Ieda Scarminio Maria Cristina Solci Dílson Norio Ishikawa Melissa Tiemi Ogasawara Sônia Naomi Nomi Sônia Regina Giancoli Barreto 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2007,35(3):239-245
Seventeen physical and chemical parameters were obtained from a hydroelectric reservoir located in a tropical region in the south of Brazil. Multivariate Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Group Analysis (HGA) were used to identify the parameters discriminating the origin of water from the Tibagi and the Primeiro de Maio River, after it has passed the mixing region. The study was conducted during the dry and rainy seasons in July 2002 and February 2003 at three depths and three sampling sites located 0, 5, and 10 km away from the mixing region. The statistical methods showed to be appropriate for identifying the contribution of each tributary in the water mixing site of a complex water system. The most important discriminating parameter was the absorbance relation A(253 nm)/A(203 nm), followed by the concentrations of Fe(III), Mn(III), and Ni(II). An anthropogenic interference was found in the reservoir due to high Ni(II) and orthophosphate concentrations caused by a nearby town sewage discharge. The interference was more important during the dry periods due to the lower dispersion of the pollutants. Urgent initiatives should be taken from the state government to build treatment stations for the wastewater of the small cities around the Capivara hydroelectric reservoir to prevent the drinking water quality from deteriorating. 相似文献
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昌黎井水温潮汐形成机理分析 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
昌黎井水温具有潮汐变化特征, 并且与该井水位的潮汐动态同步。 该文对比分析了井水温潮汐特征产生的可能原因。 认为井水温潮汐现象在井管内任何深度不一定都有反映, 能够显示温度潮汐周期性变化大体有两种模式: 一是井管水体具有足够大的温度梯度, 水体上下周期性运动时, 温度探头可以捕捉到水体的温度变化; 二是井-含水层系统地下水交换量的多寡引起水温同步的周期性变化。 研究结果表明, 昌黎井水温潮汐现象是次生效应, 水温潮汐动态与井孔管路特殊结构有一定关系。 相似文献