共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 171 毫秒
1.
常速叠加是根据给定的速度将炮检距空间的地震数据映射到叠加速度空间，在实际叠加速度位置形成叠加能量；速度变换是将叠加速度空间的能量数据映射到均方根速度空间，消除地层倾角对速度的影响，这实际上是一种ＤＭＯ方法；常速偏移是在每个均方根速度剖面上独立地进行波场归位，消除反射点位置对速度的影响．经过这三步处理获得最终叠前偏移结果． 相似文献
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常速叠加是根据给定的速度将炮检距空间的地震数据映射到叠加速度空间，在实际叠加速度位置形成叠加能量；速度变换是将叠加速度空间的能量数据映射到均方根速度空间，消除地层倾角对速度的影响，这实际上是一种ＤＭＯ方法；常速偏移是在每个均方根速度剖面上独立地进行波场归位，消除反射点位置对速度的影响．经过这三步处理获得最终叠前偏移结果． 相似文献
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CRS MZO方法是一种以输出道成像方式合成零偏移距剖面的共反射面元（Common Reflection Surface）叠加算法，它以完全不同的方式实现了CRS叠加.理论I已经对CRS MZO叠加方法的理论进行了详细介绍，本文进一步将CRS MZO方法用于对实际资料的处理.处理结果表明CRS MZO方法有效地改善了零偏移距剖面的成像质量，体现了CRS叠加理论的特点.在结合倾角分解策略消除了倾角歧视现象后，倾角分解CRS MZO方法完全能够用于处理实际数据，为得到高质量的零偏移距剖面提供了一个新的手段. 相似文献
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在地表地形复杂的情况下，静校正不易做好，这是制约山地资料处理质量的一个很重要的因素.复杂地表共反射面元（CRS）叠加不需对叠前数据做静校正，而且在得到叠加剖面后可以利用叠加得到的波场参数剖面实现基准面重建.地震数据的试算表明，复杂地表CRS叠加得出的剖面与常规处理剖面相比有着较高的信噪比和同相轴连续性.与水平地表CRS叠加不同的是，在复杂地表CRS叠加的时距公式中，波场三参数耦合，难以通过简化CRS道集的方法将它们全部分离并逐个优化.引入模拟退火算法后，有效地解决了这一组合优化的难题. 相似文献
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三维三分量(3D3C)陆地反射PS转换波共中心点(CMP)叠加成像方法,虽然抽道集简单,但是对实际资料处理结果往往不理想.尤其当反射界面为三维倾斜界面时,其成像质量较差.本文提出有三个主要因素影响其成像质量:第一,转换点离散.运用实例计算得出,转换点离散度随着纵横波速度比、偏移距和界面倾角的增大而增大.相同界面倾角,不同测线方位的转换点离散度不同,视倾角的绝对值越大离散度也越大;第二,道集内静校正量差异增大.CMP道集中,由于转换点离散使得转换点横向跨度较大,经倾斜界面反射转换的S波出射到近地表地层时的角度差异也较大,导致静校突出;第三,加大动校叠加复杂性.三维倾斜界面PS波CMP道集近炮检距时距方程可表示为双曲形式,但是曲线的顶点位置和动校速度同时随测线方位变化,使得CMP道集同相轴很难校平,动校叠加过程很复杂. 相似文献
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椭圆展开共反射点(CRP)方法可以获得比常规倾角时差校正(DMO)方法更近似的零偏移距时间剖面和相应CRP速度场.大量研究和实践证实,在非均质性较弱的地区,该方法取得的成果显著.但由于该方法没有考虑速度的横向变化和转换波等情况,当地下介质存在较强非均质性时,该方法不再准确,需要引进反映速度横向变化的双参数(上行波与下行波的平均速度和速度比)进行改进.本文详细推导了引入双参数后的叠加和速度分析算法,并通过数值模型和地震资料处理证实,修正后的算法可以更好地解决地质复杂地区速度建模和叠加成像问题. 相似文献
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共反射面元（Common Reflection Surface）叠加是一种独立于宏观速度模型的零偏移距剖面成像方法,传统的CRS叠加实现是以数据驱动的方式对属性参数进行自动搜索并对其进行优化合成相应的CRS叠加算子,通过该算子进行叠加能够得到信噪比和连续性更高的零偏移距剖面.但是数据驱动的实现方式带来了不可避免的“倾角歧视现象”,它造成了弱有效反射信号损失和运动学特征失真的问题.本文提出的倾角分解CRS叠加方法成功解决了上述问题,使CRS叠加方法更具实用价值. 相似文献
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R.-G. Ferber 《Geophysical Prospecting》1994,42(2):99-112
The stacking velocity best characterizes the normal moveout curves in a common-mid-point gather, while the migration velocity characterizes the diffraction curves in a zero-offset section as well as in a common-midpoint gather. For horizontally layered media, the two velocity types coincide due to the conformance of the normal and the image ray. In the case of dipping subsurface structures, stacking velocities depend on the dip of the reflector and relate to normal rays, but with a dip-dependent lateral smear of the reflection point. After dip-moveout correction, the stacking velocities are reduced while the reflection-point smear vanishes, focusing the rays on the common reflection points. For homogeneous media the dip-moveout correction is independent of the actual velocity and can be applied as a dip-moveout correction to multiple offset before velocity analysis. Migration to multiple offset is a prestack, time-migration technique, which presents data sets which mimic high-fold, bin-centre adjusted, common-midpoint gathers. This method is independent of velocity and can migrate any 2D or 3D data set with arbitrary acquisition geometry. The gathers generated can be analysed for normal-moveout velocities using traditional methods such as the interpretation of multivelocity-function stacks. These stacks, however, are equivalent to multi-velocity-function time migrations and the derived velocities are migration velocities. 相似文献
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H. JAKUBOWICZ 《Geophysical Prospecting》1990,38(3):221-245
Much of the success of modern seismic data processing derives from the use of the stacking process. Unfortunately, as is well known, conventional normal moveout correction (NMO) introduces mispositioning of data, and hence mis-stacking, when dip is present. Dip moveout correction (DMO) is a technique that converts non-zero-offset seismic data after NMO to true zero-offset locations and reflection times, irrespective of dip. The combination of NMO and DMO followed by post-stack time migration is equivalent to, but can be implemented much more efficiently than, full time migration before stack. In this paper we consider the frequency-wavenumber DMO algorithm developed by Hale. Our analysis centres on the result that, for a given dip, the combination of NMO at migration velocity and DMO is equivalent to NMO at the appropriate, dip-dependent, stacking velocity. This perspective on DMO leads to computationally efficient methods for applying Hale DMO and also provides interesting insights on the nature of both DMO and conventional stacking. 相似文献
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Offset continuation is a technique that was recently proposed for the dip moveout correction. This correction can be carried out in the time-wavenumber domain using a proper partial differential equation that links sections with different offset. It has been shown that a single spike in a common-offset section—corresponds to a semi-elliptically shaped reflector with foci located at the source and receiver in the section migrated after dip moveout correction. The sections that result after offset continuation, stack, and migration are thus a superposition not only of semicircles, but also of semi-ellipses with different lengths of axes. This effect smears the migration alias-noise which, without offset continuation, would appear as migration circles not close enough together to interfere destructively. Offset continuation can improve the quality of seismic sections in several ways: —the velocity analyses are more readable, less dispersed and dip independent; diffraction tails arrive with the same normal moveout velocity as the apex and thus diffraction-noise can be “stacked out”; —noise produced by aliasing in the migrated section is reduced. In this paper we give a practical and conceptual interpretation of the offset continuation method, with a generalization to three-dimensional volumes of data. A critical examination of several synthetic and field data examples shows the actual possibilities and advantages of offset continuation. 相似文献
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Common‐midpoint moveout of converted waves is generally asymmetric with respect to zero offset and cannot be described by the traveltime series t2(x2) conventionally used for pure modes. Here, we present concise parametric expressions for both common‐midpoint (CMP) and common‐conversion‐point (CCP) gathers of PS‐waves for arbitrary anisotropic, horizontally layered media above a plane dipping reflector. This analytic representation can be used to model 3D (multi‐azimuth) CMP gathers without time‐consuming two‐point ray tracing and to compute attributes of PS moveout such as the slope of the traveltime surface at zero offset and the coordinates of the moveout minimum. In addition to providing an efficient tool for forward modelling, our formalism helps to carry out joint inversion of P and PS data for transverse isotropy with a vertical symmetry axis (VTI media). If the medium above the reflector is laterally homogeneous, P‐wave reflection moveout cannot constrain the depth scale of the model needed for depth migration. Extending our previous results for a single VTI layer, we show that the interval vertical velocities of the P‐ and S‐waves (VP0 and VS0) and the Thomsen parameters ε and δ can be found from surface data alone by combining P‐wave moveout with the traveltimes of the converted PS(PSV)‐wave. If the data are acquired only on the dip line (i.e. in 2D), stable parameter estimation requires including the moveout of P‐ and PS‐waves from both a horizontal and a dipping interface. At the first stage of the velocity‐analysis procedure, we build an initial anisotropic model by applying a layer‐stripping algorithm to CMP moveout of P‐ and PS‐waves. To overcome the distorting influence of conversion‐point dispersal on CMP gathers, the interval VTI parameters are refined by collecting the PS data into CCP gathers and repeating the inversion. For 3D surveys with a sufficiently wide range of source–receiver azimuths, it is possible to estimate all four relevant parameters (VP0, VS0, ε and δ) using reflections from a single mildly dipping interface. In this case, the P‐wave NMO ellipse determined by 3D (azimuthal) velocity analysis is combined with azimuthally dependent traveltimes of the PS‐wave. On the whole, the joint inversion of P and PS data yields a VTI model suitable for depth migration of P‐waves, as well as processing (e.g. transformation to zero offset) of converted waves. 相似文献
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We study the azimuthally dependent hyperbolic moveout approximation for small angles (or offsets) for quasi‐compressional, quasi‐shear, and converted waves in one‐dimensional multi‐layer orthorhombic media. The vertical orthorhombic axis is the same for all layers, but the azimuthal orientation of the horizontal orthorhombic axes at each layer may be different. By starting with the known equation for normal moveout velocity with respect to the surface‐offset azimuth and applying our derived relationship between the surface‐offset azimuth and phase‐velocity azimuth, we obtain the normal moveout velocity versus the phase‐velocity azimuth. As the surface offset/azimuth moveout dependence is required for analysing azimuthally dependent moveout parameters directly from time‐domain rich azimuth gathers, our phase angle/azimuth formulas are required for analysing azimuthally dependent residual moveout along the migrated local‐angle‐domain common image gathers. The angle and azimuth parameters of the local‐angle‐domain gathers represent the opening angle between the incidence and reflection slowness vectors and the azimuth of the phase velocity ψphs at the image points in the specular direction. Our derivation of the effective velocity parameters for a multi‐layer structure is based on the fact that, for a one‐dimensional model assumption, the horizontal slowness and the azimuth of the phase velocity ψphs remain constant along the entire ray (wave) path. We introduce a special set of auxiliary parameters that allow us to establish equivalent effective model parameters in a simple summation manner. We then transform this set of parameters into three widely used effective parameters: fast and slow normal moveout velocities and azimuth of the slow one. For completeness, we show that these three effective normal moveout velocity parameters can be equivalently obtained in both surface‐offset azimuth and phase‐velocity azimuth domains. 相似文献
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Dip‐moveout (DMO) correction is often applied to common‐offset sections of seismic data using a homogeneous isotropic medium assumption, which results in a fast execution. Velocity‐residual DMO is developed to correct for the medium‐treatment limitation of the fast DMO. For reasonable‐sized velocity perturbations, the residual DMO operator is small, and thus is an efficient means of applying a conventional Kirchhoff approach. However, the shape of the residual DMO operator is complicated and may form caustics. We use the Fourier domain for the operator development part of the residual DMO, while performing the convolution with common‐offset data in the space–time domain. Since the application is based on an integral (Kirchhoff) method, this residual DMO preserves all the flexibility features of an integral DMO. An application to synthetic and real data demonstrates effectiveness of the velocity‐residual DMO in data processing and velocity analysis. 相似文献
18.
It has been shown in the past that the interval-NMO velocity and the non-ellipticity parameter largely control the P-wave reflection time moveout of VTI media. To invert for these two parameters, one needs either reasonably large offsets, or some structure in the subsurface in combination with relatively mild lateral velocity variation.This paper deals with a simulation of an inversion approach, building on the assumption that accurately measured V
NMO, as defined by small offset asymptotics for a particular reflector, were available. Instead of such measurements we take synthetically computed data. First, an isotropic model is constructed which explains these V
NMO. Subsequently, residual moveout in common image gathers is modelled by ray tracing (replacing real data), along with its sensitivity for changes in the interval-NMO velocity and the non-ellipticity parameter under the constraint that V
NMO is preserved. This enables iterative updating of the non-ellipticity parameter and the interval-NMO velocity in a layer that can be laterally inhomogeneous.This approach is successfully applied for a mildly dipping reflector at the bottom of a layer with laterally varying medium parameters. With the exact V
NMO assumed to be given, lateral inhomogeneity and anisotropy can be distinguished for such a situation. However, for another example with a homogeneous VTI layer overlying a curved reflector with dip up to 30°, there appears to be an ambiguity which can be understood by theoretical analysis. Consistently with existing theory using the NMO-ellipse, the presented approach is successfully applied to the latter example if V
NMO in the strike direction is combined with residual moveout in dip direction. 相似文献
19.
Ralf Ferber 《Geophysical Prospecting》2000,48(6):995-1008
'Coverage' or 'fold' is defined as the multiplicity of common-midpoint (CMP) data. For CMP stacking the coverage is consistent with the number of traces sharing a common reflection point on flat subsurface reflectors. This relationship is not true for dipping reflectors. The deficiencies of CMP stacking with respect to imaging dipping events have long been overcome by the introduction of the dip-moveout (DMO) correction. However, the concept of coverage has not yet satisfactorily been updated to a 'DMO coverage' consistent with DMO stacking. A definition of constant-velocity DMO coverage will be proposed here. A subsurface reflector will be illuminated from a given source and receiver location if the time difference between the reflector zero-offset traveltime and the NMO- and DMO-corrected traveltime of the reflection event is less than half a dominant wavelength. Due to the fact that a subsurface reflector location is determined by its zero-offset traveltime, its strike and its dip, the DMO coverage also depends on these three parameters. For every surface location, the proposed DMO coverage consists of a 3D fold distribution over reflector strike, dip and zero-offset traveltime. 相似文献
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Geometrical acoustic and wave theory lead to a second-order partial differential equation that links seismic sections with different offsets. In this equation a time-shift term appears that corresponds to normal moveout; a second term, dependent on offset and time only, corrects the moveout of dipping events. The zero-offset stacked section can thus be obtained by continuing the section with maximum offset towards zero, and stacking along the way the other common-offset sections. Without the correction for dip moveout, the spatial resolution of the section is noticeably impaired, thus limiting the advantages that could be obtained with expensive migration procedures. Trade-offs exist between multiplicity of coverage, spatial resolution, and signal-to-noise; in some cases the spatial resolution on the surface can be doubled and the aliasing noise averaged out. Velocity analyses carried out on data continued to zero offset show a better resolution and improved discrimination against multiples. For instance, sea-floor multiples always appear at water velocity, so that their removal is simplified. This offset continuation can be carried out either in the time-space domain or in the time-wave number domain. The methods are applied both to synthetic and real data. 相似文献