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本文介绍了在平原复杂地表及地质条件下开展三维地震勘探的资料采集和处理的过程,并提出了针对性的勘探方法和处理技术,以保证野外资料采集和数据处理的质量。通过对三维地震勘探的野外资料科学采集和高质量的数据处理,说明了三维地震勘探在水网区(河流、鱼塘、水库)、铁路、村庄及工厂、地下构造复杂等等的地区取得了成功,并为今后地表及地质复杂地区的煤田三维地震勘探工作提供了借鉴经验。 相似文献
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珠江口盆地西部勘探成熟区已经基本实现三维地震采集全覆盖,但随着勘探难度的增加,早期采集的三维地震资料已不能满足日益复杂的勘探目标评价的需求,尤其是中深层地震资料信噪比低、反射能量弱、连续性差,断层阴影严重,地层接触关系不清,复杂断裂系统、隐蔽性圈闭难以识别,严重影响了圈闭的精细落实及目标评价,制约着该区天然气的进一步勘探与开发.因此,二次三维地震采集势在必行,本文提出的"双方位、高密度"地震资料采集方式应是海上高精度地震勘探经济而有效的技术,相对于多船宽方位采集方法而言,其采集成本大大降低,并且从野外采集、数据处理到资料解释摸索出了一套方法和技术流程,这不仅可最大限度地使用新旧采集的三维地震资料,而且在解决断层阴影区的成像、中深层地层成像、大型扇三角洲的刻画、中深层隐蔽性圈闭识别、复杂断块区构造成像精度等方面均有较大的优势.珠江口盆地文昌凹陷2个地区的应用实例展示了"双方位、高密度"技术在复杂断块油气藏、中深层隐蔽性圈闭勘探中的作用,有效的提升了地震资料的品质,进而提高了资料解释及目标评价的精度. 相似文献
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随着老油区勘探开发的深入,勘探开发的难度越来越大.辽河油区的特点是储集体主要为陆相复杂小断块和复杂隐蔽岩性圈闭.目前开发面临的难点表现在四个方面：深、隐、低、小.“深”是指勘探目标埋深不断加大;“隐”是指勘探对象的隐蔽性不断增加;“低”是指低渗透、特低渗透油气藏所占的比例不断上升;“小”是指勘探对象的单元储量规模越来越小.从目前国内外地震技术的应用现状来看,要解决上述问题有以下两种有效途径：一是高密度地震勘探技术,二是开发地震技术,主要包括井间地震、多分量地震、VSP测井和四维地震技术.本文介绍了辽河探区近年来地震技术在油田开发中的应用,并对辽河探区下步针对油田开发的地震技术发展思路进行了分析［1~5］. 相似文献
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随着勘探目标日益复杂,常规的窄方位角地震采集技术已经难以满足当前勘探需求.宽方位角采集技术含有丰富的方位角信息,有利于对深层、高陡构造、各向异性岩体进行成像.国外宽方位角勘探多集中在以墨西哥湾岩下油藏为代表的地区,而国内宽方位角勘探研究多集中在陆上.本文以镇巴区块为例,针对地震资料信噪比低和高陡复杂构造成像难的问题,进行宽方位角三维观测系统设计及采集攻关,在增强激发接收效果、压噪能力、提高静校正精度、改善陡倾角地层成像效果等方面采取了针对性技术措施.这些技术措施的应用不仅大幅度改善了地震剖面的成像质量,而且具有普遍的推广意义. 相似文献
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中国东部LH油田具有典型的"双复杂"特征:地表复杂体现在地表障碍物密集繁多,设计激发点位实施率低,影响采集资料品质;构造复杂导致利用三维地震资料精确识别小断层,落实微幅构造,预测含油砂体分布范围难度较大.3D-VSP资料具有更高的分辨率、信噪比、保真度,更利于精细地质研究和井位评价.为满足老油田二次开发的需要,在LH油田N18北块开展大阵列3D-VSP攻关,通过观测系统优化设计和针对性采集技术应用,获得了高品质采集资料.根据3D-VSP的技术特点,通过保幅波场处理、数据规则化和各向异性逆时偏移成像等技术的应用得到高分辨率、高精度、全方位的3D-VSP成像数据体.应用高分辨率VSP资料进行精细构造解释识别出大量小断层,查明了N76井未出油原因.结合3D-VSP地震属性分析、测井约束反演的岩性分析和储层横向预测研究,提出N76井侧钻和N29-305东部构造高点部署井位建议,实钻N18-1井效果理想.3D-VSP资料相比于地面地震资料对解决复杂构造成像及储层预测具有明显优势,展现了3D-VSP技术在中国东部"双复杂"地区具有良好的应用前景. 相似文献
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为满足隐蔽油气藏老油田进一步勘探开发对地震成像精度的要求,胜利油田不断研究、发展和完善高精度地震采集技术和方法,来提高野外原始地震资料品质.在胜利探区,针对复杂岩性隐蔽油气藏勘探的实际需求,对影响地震资料品质的高密集空间采样观测系统设计、近地表结构探测与建模方法、新型炸药震源研制与激发技术、数字检波器接收及低噪声施工等地震采集技术环节进行了重点研究,取得了一系列成果,进一步发展和完善了高精度、高密度地震采集技术系列.在胜利油田YX、B12和LJ等多个地区的应用显著提高了原始地震资料的品质. 相似文献
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论述了我国油气勘探工作中反射地震的发展历程，指出地震勘探中信噪比与分辨率之间的矛盾，针对中国前新生代海相残留盆地具有埋藏深、演化历史长、经受地质作用多，以致地表和地下条件都很复杂的特点，〖HT5”H〗提出了复杂地质体油气地震勘探的理念和方法途径〖HT5”K〗.我国油气资源多存储于复杂地质体如生物礁、鲕滩、风化壳、古潜山等储集体之中.不能完全搬用陆相油气勘探的经验.应在活动论大地构造理论指导下，根据“区域约束局部，深层制约浅层”的勘探经验，探索测区的时空演化规律，设计复杂地质体的观测系统，采取高密度连续采集技术，获取反射地震资料，再进行高分辨率与高信噪比的处理，从而使地震采集、处理与解释一体化，减轻山地采集困难，获取深部成像资料，在新的高度上寻找在复杂地质体中的油气资源.使地震勘探能在中国油气二次创业中发挥重要作用. 相似文献
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针对近地表物质非均质极强、各向异性明显及地形复杂等特点,系统阐述和讨论了近地表折射和反射法的国内外研究与应用进展,认为:1综合利用纵、横波的优势,开展多波多分量联合勘探对提高浅层地震勘探的精度和分辨率具有重要作用;2现在的浅层地震勘探主要是对地震剖面进行解释,容易忽略一些隐含的地质异常现象,属性提取技术是充分提取地震信息,进行全面综合解释的有效手段;3开展多层折射介质的观测系统和解释方法研究,尤其是折射层析成像研究,是提高多层折射介质成像精度的途径;4开展黏弹性、双相和各向异性介质的地震反射与折射波法研究是提高近地表地震勘探成像和物性参数提取精度的新思路. 相似文献
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本文就新疆哈密地区煤田三维地震工作,讨论了戈壁滩区三维地震工作实施的难点及采用的技术措施,并结合戈壁滩区采集的地震资料的特点对资料处理流程中的叠前去噪、静校正和三维偏移提频处理给予了重点关注.本次勘探表明在戈壁滩复杂地质条件区,利用“专用钻机成孔、高迭加次数、小炮检距、高频组合接收”采集技术,可获得较好信噪比的原始资料,经过精细处理和综合对比解释,地质成果良好. 相似文献
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In this paper, the changes in sediment transport over 51 years from 1955 to 2006 in the Kuye River in the Loess Plateau in China are assessed. Key factors affecting sediment yield and sediment transport, such as precipitation depth, discharge, and human activities are studied. To investigate the changes in sediment yield in this watershed, a trend analysis on sediment concentration, precipitation depth, and discharge is conducted. Precipitation depths at 2 Climate Stations （CSs）, as well as discharge and sediment transport at 3 Gauging Stations （GSs） are used to assess the features of sediment transport in the Kuye River. The rtmoff modulus （defined as the annual average discharge per unit area, L/（s·km^2）） and the sediment transport modulus （defined as the annual suspended sediment transport per unit area, t/（yr km^2）） are introduced in this study to assess the changes in runoff and sediment yield for this watershed. The results show that the highest average monthly discharge during the study period in the Kuye River is 66.23 m^3/s in August with an average monthly sediment concentration of 88.9 kg/m^3. However, the highest average monthly sediment concentration during the study period in the Kuye River is 125.34 kg/m^3 and occurs in July, which has an average discharge of 42.6 m^3/s that is much less than the average monthly discharge in August. It is found that both the runoff modulus and sediment transport modulus at Wenjiachuan GS on the Kuye River has a clear downward trend. During the summer season from July to August, the sediment transport modulus at Wenjiachuan GS is much higher than those at Toudaoguai and Longmen GSs on the Yellow River. The easily erodible loess in the Kuye River watershed and the sparse vegetation are responsible for the extremely high sediment yield from the Kuye River watershed. The analyses of the grain size distribution of suspended load in the Kuye River are presented. The average monthly median grain size of suspended load in the Kuye River is largest in February and then decreases until June. In July, the average monthly median grain size of suspended load approaches another peak and decreases until September. Then, the median grain size of suspended load starts to increase until February of the following year. However, the average monthly median grain size of suspended load in the Yellow River at Toudaoguai and Longmen GSs is the smallest between early summer and late fall The median grain size in the Yellow River starts to increase in November and approaches the largest size in January. 相似文献
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3He/4He ratios up to 3.5 times the ratio of atmospheric He were found in groundwater samples. The3He enrichment can be attributed to radiogenic3He produced by in-situ beta-decay of3H. This shows that tritiogenic3He is accumulating in confined waters. From tritiogenic3He and3H concentrations, ages of groundwaters can be calculated. Detection of tritiogenic3He gives a tool to trace a tritium contamination which occurred in the past and cannot be assessed only by the3H counting method. 相似文献
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Observations of trace gases (SO2, NH3, NO2 and O3) were made during the period 1981 to 1984 at 6 different locations representative of urban industrial, urban, nonurban, thermal power plant and marine environment. Diurnal variations of the trace gases were studied in an urban environment. Except in the urban industrial environment, the concentration of NH3 was found in the range of background values. Also, the average concentrations of NO2 and O3 at the different environments were in the order of background values. However, the concentrations of SO2 were substantially higher by about 7 times, in urban industrial and thermal power plant environments. The diurnal variations of SO2, NH3 and NO2 showed anitphase relationship with surface temperature at the urban environment station which is relatively free of industrial pollution. Discussion is centred on trace gas variations in different environments in India together with the values reported for various countries in the world. 相似文献
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The aim of this study is to estimate likely changes in flood indices under a future climate and to assess the uncertainty in these estimates for selected catchments in Poland. Precipitation and temperature time series from climate simulations from the EURO-CORDEX initiative for the periods 1971–2000, 2021–2050 and 2071–2100 following the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 emission scenarios have been used to produce hydrological simulations based on the HBV hydrological model. As the climate model outputs for Poland are highly biased, post processing in the form of bias correction was first performed so that the climate time series could be applied in hydrological simulations at a catchment-scale. The results indicate that bias correction significantly improves flow simulations and estimated flood indices based on comparisons with simulations from observed climate data for the control period. The estimated changes in the mean annual flood and in flood quantiles under a future climate indicate a large spread in the estimates both within and between the catchments. An ANOVA analysis was used to assess the relative contributions of the 2 emission scenarios, the 7 climate models and the 4 bias correction methods to the total spread in the projected changes in extreme river flow indices for each catchment. The analysis indicates that the differences between climate models generally make the largest contribution to the spread in the ensemble of the three factors considered. The results for bias corrected data show small differences between the four bias correction methods considered, and, in contrast with the results for uncorrected simulations, project increases in flood indices for most catchments under a future climate. 相似文献
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Cu concentrations in surface (river and lake) and subsurface waters are determined. The geographic pattern of Cu distribution in natural water is identified. This pattern is controlled by the difference between its concentrations in drained rocks and soils and the geochemical redox conditions of its migration. Territories with low, medium, and elevated Cu concentrations in natural waters are identified. The concentrations of Cu in natural waters of the region are found to be generally lower than the Clarke values. 相似文献
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Changes in thermal extremes of the climate of Poland in 1951–2010 are examined. Warm extremes have become more frequent, while cold extremes have become less frequent. In the warming climate of Poland, the increase in the number of extremely warm days in a year and the decrease in the number of extremely cold days in a year have been observed. Also the increase of the maximum number of consecutive hot days in a year and the decrease of the maximum number of consecutive very cold and extremely cold days in a year have been observed. However, the trends are not of ubiquitous statistic significance, as the natural variability is strong. 相似文献
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M. MONIRUL QADER MIRZA 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(5):613-631
Abstract The basin area of the Ganges River in Bangladesh is extremely dependent on a regular water supply from upstream to meet requirements for agriculture, fisheries, navigation, salinity control, and domestic and industrial sectors. In 1975, India commissioned a barrage on the Ganges River at Farakka to divert a significant portion of the dry season flow in order to make the Calcutta Port navigable. Statistical analyses of discharge and water level data have been carried out to determine if significant changes have occurred in the hydrology of the Ganges system in Bangladesh in the post-Farakka period. Siltation of the Gorai River (an offtake of the Ganges River) has also been examined using the stage-discharge relationship and regression analysis. The analyses show that the diversion has caused considerable hydrological changes in the Ganges system in Bangladesh. The water supply in the dry season has been reduced substantially, while siltation of the Gorai River has increased significantly. 相似文献
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This paper briefly summarizes the works in the processing of strong ground motion data, the factors affecting strong ground motion, the modeling of strong ground motion and the calculating of broad-band response spectrum which have been done recent years by engineering seismologists and seismologists of China. In addition, we think back to the international cooperation in strong ground motion of the recent years and make some expectations for the future. 相似文献