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监测地下结构以及介质变化是地震学研究的任务之一,选择合适的信号源对监测结果的优劣有着重要的影响。作为区域性地球物理勘探的理想震源,与传统的人工源相比,气枪震源重复性好、低频丰富并且绿色环保,极大地拓展了我们探索地球的手段。陆地水体气枪激发环境与海洋气枪存在显著不同,陆地气枪激发水体为有限小型水体,水体形状各不相同,陆地气枪信号的激发和传播不可避免地受到固液界面的影响。在利用气枪震源进行一些高精度的介质性质监测时,需要详细掌握气枪震源的源部分的特征,以去除气枪震源本身对测量结果的影响。为了研究气枪激发环境对气枪激发信号的影响,探讨气枪震源的能量传播过程,本文结合陆地气枪主动震源在区域尺度地球物理勘探中的应用,辅助以数值模拟方法,进行了不同水体对气枪激发信号性质影响的研究,分析了水体形状对气枪激发信号影响的机制。结合实际的观测数据和数值模拟方法,对快速评估气枪激发后气枪能量的传播过程提出了简单的计算方法。本文结合马刨泉实验,介绍了云南宾川、新疆呼图壁和甘肃张掖气枪地震信号发射台站的工作和取得的进展,发现大容量气枪震源应用到陆地区域尺度地球物理勘测中具有较好的可操作性和很重要的科研意义。利用数值模拟的方法计算地震波的传播,是地震学研究中的有效手段。在主动源探测领域,对地震波在复杂介质中的传播过程进行准确模拟,可以为主动源相关的数据资料的分析解释和区域介质结构反演提供理论支持和依据,有助于利用主动源开展地下介质性质的研究工作。在气枪主动源实验中,由于实地情况非常复杂,如固液界面上发生的反射、折射等现象,水体水位高低的变化、气枪在水体中放置位置的偏移等等因素,都有可能使波场特征发生改变。要想从实际观测的波形中剥离掉这些影响因素,从而得到震源特性,是十分困难的。因此,对气枪震源进行数值模拟的正演研究,有助于我们得到更为准确的震源本身特性。陆地水体气枪激发环境与传统的海洋气枪存在不同。本文通过分析实际气枪激发实验的数据,结合数值模拟实验,从绝对振幅、相对振幅、频率以及形状参数等几个方面,综合分析了水体形状对陆地大容量气枪激发信号的影响。本文的研究表明,不同水体形状对信号存在一定程度的影响,并且不同水体形状对不同频率的信号具有不同程度的影响。在几十米的水体尺度内,陆地有限水体对高频的脉冲信号影响较强,而对低频的气泡脉冲信号影响较弱。陆地气枪信号形成完整的气泡脉冲需要足够的水体体积,而在水体体积足够大的情况下,水体边界越陡,气枪能量转化为低频能量的效率越高,所激发信号波形越尖锐。而这也是陆地有限水体气枪应用的理想水体激发环境。经典气泡振荡理论是解释海洋气枪激发机制的基础理论,它将气枪信号分为压力脉冲信号和气泡脉冲信号两部分来加以阐述。但是在陆地气枪激发中,固液界面的研究一直缺乏准确的理论探讨。虽然无限半空间水体中气枪的激发信号方程可以由经典气泡震荡理论给出,但是由于陆地激发环境边界条件的复杂性,我们很难或者不能求出陆地有限水体中气枪激发信号的解析解。这使得我们有必要寻找一种方法来研究陆地气枪震源的震源特性。依据反投影方法的基本原理,本文改进了算法使之适用于陆上气枪震源的波场监测。通过五组数值模拟实验,本文发现利用布置在水体中的水听器接收到的信号,该方法可以有效地监测到气枪信号的能量传播过程。该方法布置方便,计算迅速,结果可靠,可以有效及时地对气枪震源的效果做出评估,可以为更充分地利用气枪震源提出有益的指导。应用陆地气枪震源可以监测波速变化,但因为气枪数据多来自于单一震源和单侧接收台站的监测配置,我们很难利用传统方法定位波速变化的位置。我们试图通过正演计算对波速变化位置提供一定的约束。首先利用较详细的速度结构信息,建立不同波速异常的试探模型,然后应用数值方法计算不同模型下接收台站的波形信号,与实际数据相比较选出最优模型,估计波速变化的位置以及波速变化的幅度。 相似文献
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利用人工重复震源进行地下介质结构及其变化研究的探索和进展??? 总被引：11，自引：10，他引：1
在自然和人为活动的作用下,地球内部的介质会产生变化。通过分析来自重复地震、背景噪音和重复性人工震源等的地震波,研究地球介质的变化是近年来地震学研究的一个热点方向,这些研究为人类认识地震、火山等灾害的物理过程提供了重要的手段。本文介绍了过去10余年中我们在利用人工震源（尤其是大容量气枪震源）探究地下介质结构及其变化方面的研究进展,以期为今后类似的研究提供参考。本文首先介绍了不同类型震源性能的探索、数据处理方法等方面的研究进展和主要认识,最后也给出了关于下一步人工震源研究方向的思考。 相似文献
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《地震研究》2017,(4)
气枪震源在大陆浅部探测中的应用日益广泛。首先描述了大容量气枪震源在陆地水体内的激发特征,分析了其由海洋转入陆内水体激发实现的激发模式、激发环境和探测方法的转变;然后介绍了气枪震源在探测大陆浅部速度结构及监测弹性波速随时间变化当中的应用;最后简述了气枪震源在地震学研究中的潜在应用及面临的挑战。实践证明,陆地水体内激发的气枪震源是一种绿色、环保、高效的人工重复震源,其激发的信号可用于区域尺度的地壳结构成像,在一定程度上可替代传统炸药震源。同时,其激发的高度重复的信号可用于弹性波速随时间变化的监测,测量精度可达到10~(-4)。气枪震源是一种新型的、发展中的震源,仍需要对其震源特性和信号处理技术开展深入的研究以拓展其在地震学研究中的应用。 相似文献
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利用人工重复震源进行地下介质结构及其变化研究的探索和进展 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
在自然和人类活动的作用下,地球内部的介质会产生变化。通过分析来自重复地震、背景噪音和重复性人工震源等的地震波,进而研究地球介质的变化,是近年来地震学研究的一个热点方向。这些研究为人类认识地震、火山等灾害的物理过程提供了重要的手段。本文介绍了过去10余年中我们在利用人工震源(尤其是大容量气枪震源)探究地下介质结构及其变化方面的研究进展,以期为今后类似的研究提供参考。本文首先介绍了在不同类型震源的性能、数据处理方法等方面的研究进展和主要认识,最后也给出了关于下一步人工震源研究方向的一些思考。 相似文献
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大容量气枪震源主动探测技术系统及试验研究 总被引：21，自引：8，他引：13
针对地下介质动态变化监测研究中的信噪比、震源可重复性和波速精确测量等关键问题,利用大容量气枪震源,构建了一套高性能的主动探测技术系统,该系统包括气枪震源激发和信号接收,并在河北、云南和新疆等地的内陆水库和人工水体等不同激发环境,开展了探索性试验研究。试验结果表明:①气枪震源激发频率低,能量强,具有高度的可重复性、可通过叠加提高信噪比、探测距离大、绿色环保等特征,是一种理想的低频震源;②该探测技术系统操作简单,易控制,自动化程度高,探测精度高,能观测到固体潮引起的连续变化,可应用于区域尺度地下介质动态变化监测和开展4D 地震学研究;③气枪震源激发产生的信号震相丰富,有较强的S波,为研究地壳介质特性、应力分布及其动态变化等提供了新的技术路线。 相似文献
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区域尺度地球浅部结构、状态和介质变化研究是天然地震学和勘探地震学共同关注的问题。探索适宜于大陆浅部区域尺度地下结构探测与介质物性变化监测的新型人工震源,构筑地震雷达平台,向地下主动发射地震波,将为深部油气资源利用、浅部地球动力学、城市地球物理学和防震减灾事业等提供重要工具。目前,对地下介质进行动态变化测量的适用的主要震源包括相似地震、背景噪声、人工震源和其他非常规震源。而在天然源方面,大地震时空分布不均,相似地震数量有限,地震背景噪声源需长时间叠加才能获取稳定信号且源存在季节性变化,三者对于变速变化测量时空分辨率与精度较低。在人工震源方面,传统炸药震源适用受限,连续震源等因释放能量低,不适宜进行区域尺度大陆浅部探测与监测研究。为寻找适合的理想震源,我们通过一系列野外实验探索对多种人工震源进行了测试筛选,最终选定具有绿色环保、高效、重复性好等优点的海洋勘探气枪震源作为探测震源,并成功移植到陆上有限水体激发。本文结合区域尺度大陆浅部结构探测和监测这一核心目的,以历次非调谐大容量气枪阵列激发实验为基础,围绕探索发展新的探测与监测方法,对气枪主动源探测技术中的相关信号处理与波场传播问题进行了研究。本论文的主要工作包括以下几个方面:(1)全面回顾、认识陆上大容量气枪震源。在全面回顾总结海洋气枪震源的发展历史、技术原理和气枪激发理论发展进程与研究成果的基础上,讨论了海洋气枪震源与陆地气枪震源的差异。陆上大容量气枪震源是气枪阵列与有限水体环境耦合的结果,固液界面的存在是陆上水体气枪源的关键特征。陆上水体气枪震源涉及气泡振荡理论、气-液和液-固界面的物质耦合、水体边界条件、地震波传播等复杂机制,受多种因素影响,是气体-流体-固体三相耦合的物理系统。其次详述了多年来陆上水体大容量气枪震源激发实验,总结了气枪源在研究区域尺度介质变化测量和探测中的独特优势。陆上不同水体中气枪信号模拟和实际激发效果的对比表明,影响气枪激发效果的主要因素包括气枪枪体(类型、容量、同步性)、工作条件(激发压力、沉放深度)和水体条件(水位、水体形状、水体大小)。对不同相关激发条件影响的探讨总结,有利于加深对陆上气枪震源的震源特性的认识,改进激发环境的设计与评价,获得更好的激发条件。(2)主动源数据自动筛选方法。介绍了噪声对于主动源信号叠加处理的影响,并提出了一种利用信号记录中噪声特征的主动源数据自动筛选方法——RMS筛选法。在气枪震源信号处理过程中,多次小能量激发叠加等效于一次大能量激发和利用干涉获取走时变化来成像介质变化的处理方式,决定了对叠加技术的需求;地震信号发射台的大规模激发和台阵的发展积累的海量气枪信号数据,催生了对于气枪信号自动化处理的要求。不同气枪发射台实际信号处理证实RMS筛选后叠加效果明显优于传统叠加方法,更能压制强背景噪声的干扰,可有效提高信噪比。RMS筛选叠加数据剖面显示,宾川台信号传播距离由250 km增至350 km,呼图壁台由500 km左右增加至1000 km,张掖台信号探测距离由300 km提高到了近500 km。(3)气枪震源波场信息传播特性研究。利用已建立并在持续运行的3个以大容量非调制气枪阵列为震源的固定地震信号发射台数据对气枪震源信号传播过程中的一系列问题进行了研究。研究内容包括发射台信号特征、气枪信号能量空间分布、利用主动源信号中Pn波震相研究气枪信号的衰减与几何传播、发射台配套台网的噪声水平分析等内容。研究气枪源信号波场传播影响对于深入理解陆上水体气枪源激发机理,探索不同区域的潜在应用有重要作用。发射台周边台站速度记录分析显示,气枪源激发在近源参考台记录均在106 nm/s量级,其中呼图壁台产生的信号振幅最强。各发射台信号强度在40 km左右及已降低至100 nm/s左右,接近背景噪声水平。宾川台信号的衰减最快,原因可能是由于云南地区地质结构复杂,几何传播衰减值较其他地区大,而品质因子Q值更小。信号能量空间分布显示各发射台气枪震源辐射图样基本满足几何扩散分布,但呼图壁台南部台站接收台站信号较弱。台站背景噪声水平分析显示,在气枪优势频带2~10 Hz范围内宾川台周边台站噪声水平普遍在–130 d B左右,仅部分台站背景噪声值较高。宾川台周边台站动态环境噪声水平明显低于呼图壁流动台20 d B左右。 相似文献
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陆地大容量气枪震源可用于区域尺度地球物理结构及变化的勘测.对气枪震源在有限水体内震源过程的研究,有助于我们深入了解气枪信号机制及气枪信号不同震相产生的成因.然而由于有限水体中大容量气枪激发的复杂物理过程,特别是复杂固液界面的存在,目前却没有较好的理论模型用以描述陆地气枪震源信号的能量传播特征.反投影方法是一种计算震源破裂过程的方法,能在动力学参数有限的情况下得到较优的结果.本文以此提出了一种修改的反投影方法,以用于模拟气枪震源激发过程中的能量分布图像.将气枪的激发分解为五个简化的物理过程,并分别建立数值模型,计算每个模型的理论波场,用作新方法的输入数据.通过对五个数值模型的数据计算发现,该方法可以准确地得到气枪激发后水体中的波场形态的变化,能够分辨出气枪激发过程中的气枪激发、气泡上浮、气泡震荡等过程,刻画能量分布特征,并且发现水听器足够密集与合理布置能达到更好的效果.该方法可以为气枪震源的快速评估及气枪震源的有效应用提供参考. 相似文献
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《中国科学:地球科学》2017,(10)
利用人工震源主动向地下发射地震波可以实现地下结构的高精度探测.合适的震源是进行主动源探测的关键.为研究大陆地壳结构及其变化,我们从爆破、电火花、落锤、偏心振动源、重载列车行驶产生的震动、变频汽车震源(Vibroseis)、水体中气体激发等多种震源中,遴选出水体中气体激发的人工震源(以下简称气枪)作为研究大陆地壳结构的震源.这种气枪震源具有绿色、环保、安全、高效等优点,是进行大陆地壳结构探测的新型人工震源.近年来,利用气枪震源分别在云南宾川、新疆呼图壁和甘肃张掖建成了3个固定式地震信号发射台,并开展了连续数年的监测.我们发现了气枪震源产生地震波信号高度重复的特点,利用这种特点,新疆人工水体中激发的地震波,在5000次叠加之后信号则可以追踪到近1300km,可探测面积为600万km~2,深达60km的地下结构.如果把这种人工主动震源看成是一盏照亮地下结构的明灯的话,在中国大陆,建立10个激发地震波的发射台,可以对中国大陆960万km~2的国土进行长时间连续的全覆盖探查,实现"天上有北斗,地下有明灯". 相似文献
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3He/4He ratios up to 3.5 times the ratio of atmospheric He were found in groundwater samples. The3He enrichment can be attributed to radiogenic3He produced by in-situ beta-decay of3H. This shows that tritiogenic3He is accumulating in confined waters. From tritiogenic3He and3H concentrations, ages of groundwaters can be calculated. Detection of tritiogenic3He gives a tool to trace a tritium contamination which occurred in the past and cannot be assessed only by the3H counting method. 相似文献
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In this paper, the changes in sediment transport over 51 years from 1955 to 2006 in the Kuye River in the Loess Plateau in China are assessed. Key factors affecting sediment yield and sediment transport, such as precipitation depth, discharge, and human activities are studied. To investigate the changes in sediment yield in this watershed, a trend analysis on sediment concentration, precipitation depth, and discharge is conducted. Precipitation depths at 2 Climate Stations （CSs）, as well as discharge and sediment transport at 3 Gauging Stations （GSs） are used to assess the features of sediment transport in the Kuye River. The rtmoff modulus （defined as the annual average discharge per unit area, L/（s·km^2）） and the sediment transport modulus （defined as the annual suspended sediment transport per unit area, t/（yr km^2）） are introduced in this study to assess the changes in runoff and sediment yield for this watershed. The results show that the highest average monthly discharge during the study period in the Kuye River is 66.23 m^3/s in August with an average monthly sediment concentration of 88.9 kg/m^3. However, the highest average monthly sediment concentration during the study period in the Kuye River is 125.34 kg/m^3 and occurs in July, which has an average discharge of 42.6 m^3/s that is much less than the average monthly discharge in August. It is found that both the runoff modulus and sediment transport modulus at Wenjiachuan GS on the Kuye River has a clear downward trend. During the summer season from July to August, the sediment transport modulus at Wenjiachuan GS is much higher than those at Toudaoguai and Longmen GSs on the Yellow River. The easily erodible loess in the Kuye River watershed and the sparse vegetation are responsible for the extremely high sediment yield from the Kuye River watershed. The analyses of the grain size distribution of suspended load in the Kuye River are presented. The average monthly median grain size of suspended load in the Kuye River is largest in February and then decreases until June. In July, the average monthly median grain size of suspended load approaches another peak and decreases until September. Then, the median grain size of suspended load starts to increase until February of the following year. However, the average monthly median grain size of suspended load in the Yellow River at Toudaoguai and Longmen GSs is the smallest between early summer and late fall The median grain size in the Yellow River starts to increase in November and approaches the largest size in January. 相似文献
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The aim of this study is to estimate likely changes in flood indices under a future climate and to assess the uncertainty in these estimates for selected catchments in Poland. Precipitation and temperature time series from climate simulations from the EURO-CORDEX initiative for the periods 1971–2000, 2021–2050 and 2071–2100 following the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 emission scenarios have been used to produce hydrological simulations based on the HBV hydrological model. As the climate model outputs for Poland are highly biased, post processing in the form of bias correction was first performed so that the climate time series could be applied in hydrological simulations at a catchment-scale. The results indicate that bias correction significantly improves flow simulations and estimated flood indices based on comparisons with simulations from observed climate data for the control period. The estimated changes in the mean annual flood and in flood quantiles under a future climate indicate a large spread in the estimates both within and between the catchments. An ANOVA analysis was used to assess the relative contributions of the 2 emission scenarios, the 7 climate models and the 4 bias correction methods to the total spread in the projected changes in extreme river flow indices for each catchment. The analysis indicates that the differences between climate models generally make the largest contribution to the spread in the ensemble of the three factors considered. The results for bias corrected data show small differences between the four bias correction methods considered, and, in contrast with the results for uncorrected simulations, project increases in flood indices for most catchments under a future climate. 相似文献
15.
Observations of trace gases (SO2, NH3, NO2 and O3) were made during the period 1981 to 1984 at 6 different locations representative of urban industrial, urban, nonurban, thermal power plant and marine environment. Diurnal variations of the trace gases were studied in an urban environment. Except in the urban industrial environment, the concentration of NH3 was found in the range of background values. Also, the average concentrations of NO2 and O3 at the different environments were in the order of background values. However, the concentrations of SO2 were substantially higher by about 7 times, in urban industrial and thermal power plant environments. The diurnal variations of SO2, NH3 and NO2 showed anitphase relationship with surface temperature at the urban environment station which is relatively free of industrial pollution. Discussion is centred on trace gas variations in different environments in India together with the values reported for various countries in the world. 相似文献
16.
Cu concentrations in surface (river and lake) and subsurface waters are determined. The geographic pattern of Cu distribution in natural water is identified. This pattern is controlled by the difference between its concentrations in drained rocks and soils and the geochemical redox conditions of its migration. Territories with low, medium, and elevated Cu concentrations in natural waters are identified. The concentrations of Cu in natural waters of the region are found to be generally lower than the Clarke values. 相似文献
17.
Changes in thermal extremes of the climate of Poland in 1951–2010 are examined. Warm extremes have become more frequent, while cold extremes have become less frequent. In the warming climate of Poland, the increase in the number of extremely warm days in a year and the decrease in the number of extremely cold days in a year have been observed. Also the increase of the maximum number of consecutive hot days in a year and the decrease of the maximum number of consecutive very cold and extremely cold days in a year have been observed. However, the trends are not of ubiquitous statistic significance, as the natural variability is strong. 相似文献
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M. MONIRUL QADER MIRZA 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(5):613-631
Abstract The basin area of the Ganges River in Bangladesh is extremely dependent on a regular water supply from upstream to meet requirements for agriculture, fisheries, navigation, salinity control, and domestic and industrial sectors. In 1975, India commissioned a barrage on the Ganges River at Farakka to divert a significant portion of the dry season flow in order to make the Calcutta Port navigable. Statistical analyses of discharge and water level data have been carried out to determine if significant changes have occurred in the hydrology of the Ganges system in Bangladesh in the post-Farakka period. Siltation of the Gorai River (an offtake of the Ganges River) has also been examined using the stage-discharge relationship and regression analysis. The analyses show that the diversion has caused considerable hydrological changes in the Ganges system in Bangladesh. The water supply in the dry season has been reduced substantially, while siltation of the Gorai River has increased significantly. 相似文献
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Summary Annual average precipitation values obtained at 765 Italian raingauge stations south of the Rome parallel and in the Italian Isles, are analyzed. The analysis is extended over 18 years and marked variations in precipitation with the Zürich annual relative sunspot numbers are found. It is found furthermore that the magnitude of change appears to depend also on the average altitude of the 5 categories of stations considered.
Contribution of the Centro Nucleazione Aerosoli of the National Research Council of Italy; Via Vettore 4 (Monte Sacro) 相似文献
Riassunto In questo articolo viene fatta un'analisi sulle variazioni delle precipitazioni medie annue in base ai dati forniti da 765 stazioni pluviometriche dell'Italia meridionale, Sicilia e Sardegna, negli anni dal 1926 al 1943 incluso. Tali variazioni sembrano essere legate al numero medio annuo di macchie solari e dipendono anche dall'altezza delle stazioni.
Contribution of the Centro Nucleazione Aerosoli of the National Research Council of Italy; Via Vettore 4 (Monte Sacro) 相似文献