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1.
回顾了与深俯冲和地幔底部结构有关的层析成像的一些新近结果,成像显示出了一些地震波速高于下地幔平均值的狭长结构,它们和上地幔地震板相连续,其地理分布和过去120Ma中板块敛合区出露于地表的位置相关性很强,在大约2000km深处,这些长的线性结构分裂成更小的单元,然而,在一些地区,狭窄的下降体看起来好象是延伸到了地幔底部,在这些地方它们的分散开来形成长波长结构。这样就支持了认为深俯冲和下地幔的复杂结构有关系的预测,上升体似乎没有像下降体那样更普遍地存在,而且所使用的P波数据也成像较差,这些结果证实了很多过去基于残差球谐分析的结果,也和放射性衰减从内部加热而产生的全地幔对流假说一致。尽管有全幔的对流,但对流流动似乎在上地幔过渡带以及在大约1800-2300km深处的过渡带被强烈地扰动,虽然成像未必能反映出因状态变化而引起的深部对流形态的变化,但是P波和S波数据的联合反演表明它和纵波及横波波速之比的变化是一致的,弹性模具的这种表现在其他地方也有报道,这暗示了地幔底部附近广泛存在化学非均匀性,因此地幔底部约800km的区域包含了有助波于我们理解地球构造和演化的信息,不幸的是,我们不能采集到足够多的直达P波数据,但如果使用核震相,则数据覆盖能够得到改善,我们初步的研究认为,虽然本文提出的P波模型解释了大量的已被用于研究核幔边界上部非均匀性的PKP波走时残差,但是却低做了它们的幅度,走时差和直达P波数据的联合反演可望减少波速模型中非均匀性程度的明显偏差,而且它还充分利用了走时残差的优点,而不必假定异常的位置。  相似文献   

2.
本文基于中国数字地震台网记录的中国东北与俄罗斯交界地区发生于2011年5月10日的一个深源地震的P波宽频带波形资料,研究了华北克拉通东部660km间断面附近的P波速度结构.通过一维射线追踪拟合P波三重震相的相对到时,并进行观测波形与理论地震图的对比,发现华北克拉通东部660km间断面下沉约15~20km,其上方存在厚度约115~120km的高速异常,P波速度升高1.5%~2.0%,应为滞留的太平洋俯冲板块;660km间断面下方存在局部的低速异常,P波速度降低0.6%~0.9%,该异常可能与滞留板块从其底部向下地幔顶部脱水或坍塌进入下地幔深处滞留体的脱水有关,也可能与板块深俯冲及板块碎片崩塌所引起的地幔热物质上涌有关.  相似文献   

3.
用地球的自由振荡研究地球内部结构、速度间断面、密度分布等具有射线理论不可替代的优点。而地球的自由振荡可以用简正振型来表示,用简正振型叠加方法合成的PKP波理论地震图,其PKPab波震相和PKPdf波震相的走时与射线理论计算的理论走时基本一致,并且研究了在地幔底部至核幔边界上方300km处,压缩波的速度梯度的变化对PKPab波振幅的影响,从而证明当波以接近掠射角或者大于掠射角入射时,会有漏能现象的发生,或者可称之为隧道效应。发现用3个不同模型合成的地震图,在震中距相同的情况下,核幔边界上P波速度梯度大的,其PKPab波的振幅较小一些。这也进一步说明核幔边界上方P波速度梯度的变化对漏能现象有一定程度的影响。  相似文献   

4.
内核的差动旋转最初是从穿过内核的PKP(DF)波与在外核底部发生折射的PKP(BC)波走时差的时间变化的观测中发现的(宋晓东and Richards,1996),对该发现已出现一些批评,其中最主要的批评在于潜在的地震定位系统误差可能导致的偏差上,本研究中,通过比较地点和波形都相似的地震对的AB-BC和BC-DF的差值时间,对该问题进行了检验,这一检验程度与近期由Poupinet等(2000)提出的“地震对”技术相似,而Poupinet等认为宋晓东和Pichards(1996)观测的阿拉期加科利奇台站记录的南桑德维奇鸟的地震的BC-DF走时的时间变化,是人为的地震定位误差导致的。因为AB(PKP的另一分析,在外核中部回折)和BC间射线参数的差比BC和DF走时差随时间明显呈现出增加趋势,而相同地震对AB-BC走时差未呈现出任何增长趋势,相反,却有减小的趋势。这一结果排除了观测到的BC-DF走时的时间变化是由地震定位误差引起的可能性,为内核的差动旋转提供了强有力的支持。  相似文献   

5.
黄海及其邻近地区的Pn波速度与各向异性   总被引:12,自引:9,他引:3       下载免费PDF全文
利用中国东部地震台网和ISC 报告1980~2004年的地震走时数据,反演了黄海及其邻近地区的Pn波速度和各向异性,根据岩石层地幔的横向非均匀性分析了区域地质构造的深部特点.Pn波速度的变化与区域地质构造有一定的对应关系,黄海地区上地幔顶部的P波平均速度较高,没有发现明显的低速异常,表明上地幔顶部不存在大范围的地幔扰动.速度异常的分布表明,南黄海东部和西部有可能分属于不同的构造块体,其间的分界大致对应于南北走向的黄海东部断裂带,具有相对较低的Pn波速度.边界东、西两侧的Pn波各向异性存在明显的差异:南黄海西部Pn波的快波方向以北东—北北东方向为主,反映了海区内部扬子块体向北运动产生的构造变形;南黄海东部Pn波的快波方向为南北方向,与黄海东部断裂带的走向基本一致,说明黄海东部和西部之间存在一个深达岩石层地幔的南北向转换边界.结合相关资料估计黄海东部断裂带在中生代时期发生了右旋走滑运动,以响应中国东部郯庐断裂带的大规模左旋剪切以及南黄海扬子块体的向北嵌入.  相似文献   

6.
地幔速度结构提供了地球内部热和化学状态及其构造演化历史的重要信息。对于地幔间断面的研究可以更清楚地了解地球内部温度分布特征和化学结构,并对确定地幔间断面成因及地幔对流模式等地球动力学问题具有重要的意义。地震学观测显示在410 km、660 km深度普遍存在速度间断面,并且在全球特定区域的上地幔(220 km、300~350 km、520 km、560 km)和下地幔(800~900 km、1 100~1 200 km、1 800 km、2 400 km)也有速度间断面的存在,不同区域地幔间断面的起伏可能受到温度、含水量、矿物相变及俯冲板块的影响。利用前驱波来研究地幔间断面具有独特优势,前驱波相比参考震相较早到达观测台站,从而避免其他震相的干扰,可以更准确地研究较弱的速度间断面。文章收集整理近些年来地震学家利用前驱波研究地幔间断面的成果,包括长周期反射震相SS或PP的前驱波、深震震相sP、pP的前驱波和地球表面反射震相PKPPKP(P′P′)的前驱波等,并对不同前驱波的特点及地幔间断面的相关研究成果进行总结。利用前驱波研究地幔间断面的方法已较为成熟,及时收集总结相关的研究成果对认识地球内...  相似文献   

7.
通过最新收集的大量高质量的地方震和远震事件的到时数据进行联合反演,我们确定了日本俯冲带约700km深度的P波和S波速度层析成像。我们还使用远震瑞利波的振幅和相速度,确定了日本及其附近海域下方20~150s周期基阶瑞利波的二维相速度图像。研究区精细三维S波层析成像可通过地方震和远震事件的S波到时,及瑞利波相速度数据进行联合反演得到。我们的反演结果揭示:一维原始速度模型中,俯冲太平洋板块和菲律宾海板块呈现明显的高速区。在板块上方的地幔楔和太平洋板块下方的地幔中存在显著的低速异常。俯冲板块和周围地幔之间速度有明显的差异,表明温度、水含量和/或部分熔融程度有显著的横向变化。地幔楔低速异常是由板块脱水作用和地幔楔拐角流造成。在日本东北太平洋板块下方显示片状的低速区,这可能反映了地幔深部热上涌以及地幔柱软流圈的俯冲作用。我们的结果表明不同的地震数据联合反演,对于得到地壳和地幔可靠的层析成像图像是非常有效和重要的。  相似文献   

8.
本研究拾取了中国数字测震台网固定台站记录的2008-2016年2级以上地震事件中的27233条高质量Pn到时资料,反演得到了郯庐断裂带及其邻区上地幔顶部Pn波速度和各向异性结构模型.结果显示,研究区上地幔顶部Pn波速度结构存在强烈的横向不均匀性,速度异常形态与区域地质构造较为吻合.太行山造山带、鲁西隆起、大别造山带、苏鲁褶皱带、胶辽隆起和华北盆地南端等隆起区表现为低波速异常,而黄海北、南部盆地、渤海湾和华北盆地北部等凹陷区均为高波速异常.壳内强震主要发生在Pn低波速异常和高低波速异常的横向过渡地带,说明强震的发生与上地幔结构的横向变化之间存在有一定关联.郯庐断裂带两侧Pn波速度以郯城地震为界其东北侧和西南侧分别分布有与断裂带近平行的低波速异常条带,而西北侧和东南侧分别分布有高波速异常条带,各向异性快波方向近乎沿断裂带走向,可能由于上地幔热物质沿郯庐断裂带上涌形成低速异常后断裂带发生左旋平移运动所致.华北盆地内上地幔顶部Pn波速度结构和各向异性的明显变化,反映华北克拉通破坏过程中经历了地幔热物质上涌、莫霍面隆升以及岩石圈拆沉等复杂构造变形.  相似文献   

9.
地震层析地球内部密度分布横向不均匀研究   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2  
本文使用Woodhouse和Dziewonski等分别用S波和P波层析分析提供的,以670km深度为分界的上地幔和下地幔地震波传播所反映出的横向不均匀的球谐函数系数,假定地幔内部密度与正常水平的偏离分别与P波和S波的速度Vp和Vs成比例(下地幔δρ=γδVp,上地幔δρ=σδVS2),并用一组新的球谐函数系数表示全地幔密度分布模型.计算结果表明:1.比例系数γ=0.199,σ=3.13×10-5时,该全地幔密度模型可以70%恢复Dziewonski提供的下地幔密度模型,50%恢复Woodhouse提供的上地幔密度模型.合成密度分布基本上反映了分别由P波和S波速度异常所提供的地幔密度分布特征;2.所有穿过太平洋中部的剖面均明显地显示出一个低密度异常从地表一直延伸到核-幔边界;3.所有大陆下部均存在一个高密度异常区,而且深入到1200-1300km深度处;4.由密度异常的正、负交替基本上将部分地区地幔分成为3层,其深度依次为:第1层25-1300km左右,第2...  相似文献   

10.
南海东北部及其邻近地区的Pn波速度结构与各向异性   总被引:7,自引:12,他引:7       下载免费PDF全文
利用中国地震台网和ISC台站1980~2004年的地震数据,反演了南海东北部及其邻近地区的Pn波速度结构和各向异性.上地幔顶部的速度变化揭示出区域地质构造的深部特征:华南地区速度较高并且变化平缓,具有构造稳定地区的岩石层地幔特征;华南沿海尤其是滨海断裂带附近出现低速异常,表明该断裂可能穿过壳幔边界深达上地幔顶部.南海北部至台湾海峡较高的速度与华南地区类似,反映出大陆边缘和陆架地区的岩石层地幔性质;西沙海槽附近较高的速度不仅反映了华南大陆向南的延伸,而且与海槽裂谷拉张引起的地幔上拱有关,整个南海北部没有发现大规模地幔热流的活动痕迹.相比之下,南海东部次海盆的上地幔顶部存在明显的低速异常,对应于海底扩张中心的地幔上涌区,表明岩石层地幔强烈减薄甚至缺失;台湾东部-吕宋-菲律宾北部的低速异常与地震、火山活动以及岩浆作用紧密相关,揭示了西太平洋岛弧俯冲带的活动特征;南海东北部的洋-陆边界清晰,南海东部和菲律宾海西部较高的速度代表了海洋岩石层地幔的性质.Pn波各向异性反映出区域性构造应力状态及岩石层地幔的变形痕迹:华南地区的各向异性较小,说明这一构造稳定地区的岩石层地幔变形程度较弱;南海北部的快波方向与地壳浅表层构造的伸展方向一致,主要反映了中、新生代以来的大陆边缘张裂和剪切作用对岩石层地幔结构的影响;琉球-台湾-吕宋岛弧两侧各向异性十分强烈,平行于海沟的快波方向表明菲律宾海板块和欧亚大陆的相互作用导致俯冲板块前缘的岩石层地幔强烈变形;台湾东南海域快波方向的变化可能与欧亚大陆和菲律宾海板块俯冲机制的转换以及岩石层被撕裂有关.  相似文献   

11.
周鹏程  雷军 《地震学报》2016,38(1):1-14
针对太平洋大型横波低速带(Large Low Shear Velocity Province, 简写为LLSVP)东部边界的D″各向异性强度的问题, 利用中美洲和南美洲部分台站的地震记录, 通过对SKS和SKKS震相进行横波分裂分析, 得到22个SKS-SKKS震相对的横波分裂结果, 其中有6个震相对存在显著差异. 对比分析震相对的横波分裂结果差异, 可以保守地估计D″各向异性. 横波分裂结果显示, 地幔最下部存在各向异性; 对D″各向异性成因的分析结果认为, 如果LLSVP边界上的地幔最下部物质存在变形以及内部存在小尺度的非均匀体, 则有助于解释这些观测, 但是本文在LLSVP边界上并没有看到大量的有差异震相对聚集. 结合前人的观测研究推测, 该研究区域下方的LLSVP及其周围地幔的边界可能不是很陡峭, 边界附近没有积累强烈的变形, 并在此基础上讨论了地幔最下部各向异性结构的研究意义.   相似文献   

12.
Using seismic shear phases from 47 Tonga-Fiji and its adjacent region events recorded by the CENC and IRIS, and from 26 northeast Asia and north Pacific events recorded by IRIS, we studied the shear wave anisotropy in D" region beneath the western Pacific utilizing the ScS-S differential travel time method and obtained the splitting time values between the radial and transverse components of each ScS wave corresponding to each core-mantle boundary (CMB) reflection point. We found that most shear waves involved horizontally polarized shear wave components traveling faster than vertically polarized shear wave components through the D" region. The splitting time values of ScS wave range from ?0.91 s to 3.21 s with an average value of 1.1 s. The strength of anisotropy varies from ?0.45% to 1.56% with an average value of 0.52%. The observations and analyses show that in the D" region beneath the western Pacific the lateral flow is expected to be dominant and the vertical transverse isotropy may be the main anisotropic structure. This structure feature may be explained by the shape preferred orientation of the CMB chemical reaction products or partial melt and the lattice preferred orientation of the lower mantle materials caused by the lateral flow at lowermost mantle.  相似文献   

13.
We utilized recordings of seismic shear phases provided by several North American broadband seismometer arrays to provide unique constraints on shear wave anisotropy beneath the northern and central Pacific Ocean. Using a new analysis method that reduces measurement errors and enables the analysis of a larger number of available waveforms, we examined relative travel times of teleseismic S and Sdiff that sample a large area of lowermost mantle structure. The results of this study provide evidence for small-scale lateral and depth variations in shear wave anisotropy for a broad region of the lowermost mantle beneath the Pacific Ocean. In particular, we image a localized zone of anomalously strong anisotropy whose strength increases toward the top of D″ beneath Hawaii. Our results, combined with a previous study of VP/VSH ratios, indicate that ancient subducted slab material may be responsible for observations beneath the northern Pacific, while lenses or layers of core–mantle boundary reaction products or partial melt, oriented by horizontal inflow of mantle material to the Hawaiian plume source, can explain observations beneath the central Pacific.  相似文献   

14.
利用来自汤加—斐济及周边地区发生的47次地震并由中国地震台网中心和IRIS台站记录到的数据,与来自东亚北部及北太平洋地区发生的26次地震并由IRIS台站记录到的数据, 使用ScS-S相对走时分析方法研究了西太平洋下D区的剪切波各向异性, 得到了核幔边界反射点上ScS波径向分量和横向分量的分裂时间, 并计算了D区的地震波各向异性强度. 发现ScS波通过西太平洋下D区时普遍呈现出径向分量走时大于横向分量走时的模式. ScS波的分裂时间值为-0.91~3.21s, 平均值为1.1 s; 各向异性强度值为-0.45%~1.56%, 平均值为0.52%. 观测和分析结果表明, 西太平洋下D区水平流应占支配地位,各向异性结构主要是具有垂直对称轴的横向各向同性介质. 形成这种结构的可能原因是地幔底部水平流导致的核幔边界反应产物或部分熔融物质的形状优选方向, 或下地幔物质的晶格优选方向.   相似文献   

15.
Global P-wave tomography: On the effect of various mantle and core phases   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
In this work, many global tomographic inversions and resolution tests are carried out to investigate the influence of various mantle and core phase data from the International Seismological Center (ISC) data set on the determination of 3D velocity structure of the Earth's interior. Our results show that, when only the direct P data are used, the resolution is good for most of the mantle except for the oceanic regions down to about 1000 km depth and for most of the D″ layer, and PP rays can provide a better constraint on the structure down to the middle mantle, in particular for the upper mantle under the oceans. PcP can enhance the ray sampling of the middle and lower mantle around the Pacific rim and Europe, while Pdiff can help improve the spatial resolution in the lowermost mantle. The outer core phases (PKP, PKiKP and PKKP) can improve the resolution in the lowermost mantle of the southern hemisphere and under oceanic regions. When finer blocks or grid nodes are adopted to determine a high-resolution model, pP data are very useful for improving the upper mantle structure. The resulting model inferred from all phases not only displays the general features contained in the previous global tomographic models, but also reveals some new features. For example, the image of the Hawaiian mantle plume is improved notably over the previous studies. It is imaged as a continuous low velocity anomaly beneath the Hawaiian hotspot from the core-mantle boundary (CMB) to the surface, implying that the Hawaiian mantle plume indeed originates from the CMB. Low-velocity anomalies along some mid-oceanic ridges extend down to about 600 km depth. Our results suggested that later seismic phases are of great importance in better understanding the structure and dynamics of the Earth's interior.  相似文献   

16.
We investigate the utility of PKP coda waves for studying weak scattering from small-scale heterogeneity in the mid-mantle. Coda waves are potentially a useful probe of heterogeneity in the mid-mantle because they are not preferentially scattered near the CMB, as PKP precursors are, but are sensitive to scattering at all depths. PKP coda waves have not been used for this purpose historically because of interference with other late-arriving energy due to near-surface resonance and scattering. Any study of deep mantle scattering using coda waves requires the removal of near-surface effects from the data. We have analyzed 3624 recordings of PKP precursors and coda made by stations in the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS) Global Seismographic Network (GSN). To study the range and time dependence of the scattered waves, we binned and stacked envelopes of the recordings. We have considered precursors that arrive within a 20 s window before PKP and coda waves in a 60 s window after PKP. The PKP scattered waves increase in amplitude rapidly with range as predicted by scattering theory. At ranges below 125°, we predict and observe essentially no scattered energy preceding PKP. Coda amplitudes at these ranges are independent of range and provide an estimate of energy due to near-surface effects that we can expect at all ranges. We use the average coda amplitude at ranges from 120 to 125° to correct coda amplitudes at other ranges. PKP coda waves show a strong dependence on time and range and are clearly influenced by scattering in the lower mantle. PKP coda waves, however, do not provide a tighter constraint on the vertical distribution of mantle heterogeneity than is provided by precursors. This is due, in part, to relatively large scatter in coda amplitudes as revealed by a resampling analysis. Modeling using Rayleigh–Born scattering theory and an exponential autocorrelation function shows that PKP coda amplitudes are not highly sensitive to the vertical distribution of heterogeneity in the mantle. To illustrate this we consider single-scattering in two extreme models of mantle heterogeneity. One allows heterogeneity just at the CMB; the other includes heterogeneity throughout the mantle. The amplitudes of precursors are tightly constrained by our stack and support our earlier conclusion that small-scale heterogeneity is uniformly distributed throughout the lower mantle. The best-fit model includes 8 km scale length heterogeneity with an rms velocity contrast throughout the mantle of 1%.  相似文献   

17.
罗玉来  何玉梅  赵亮 《地球物理学报》2016,59(10):3674-3683
本文利用中国国家数字地震台网(CDSN)和国际数字地震台网(FDSN)的宽频带远震资料,采用S和ScS震相剪切波差异分裂方法对东南亚下方核幔边界D″层地震各向异性进行研究.共获得了来自7个深震(400km)的24对高质量的S和ScS剪切波分裂参数,其中S震相的分裂参数与前人上地幔各向异性研究结果十分吻合,表明S震相观测结果反映了观测台站下方的上地幔各向异性.通过对上地幔各向异性校正后的波形数据进行进一步的分裂参数分析,最后得到了24个可靠的ScS剩余各向异性分裂参数.结果显示,在经度107°~112°范围内分裂参数均为空值(Null);而在该经度范围东西两侧区域,主要表现为明显分裂特征.这种分裂参数的分布指示了核幔边界D″层的各向异性特征的区域变化,我们推测这种变化可能与停滞在核幔边界的古特提斯和/或古太平洋俯冲板块相关.  相似文献   

18.
An ScP phase reflected and converted at the core–mantle boundary (CMB) beneath the region east of the Philippine Islands shows clear pre- and postcursors, recorded on short-period seismic networks in Japan. These waveform variations can be explained by interaction of the ScP wavefield with thin layers at the CMB. The results of forward modeling of double-array stacks reveal two different structural heterogeneities in the lowermost mantle beneath the region east of the Philippine Islands. One of the structures represents a decreased velocity, and increased density across the reflector at the lowermost ~10 km of the mantle, with P- and S-wave velocity reductions of 5–10% and ~30%, respectively, and an increase in density of 5–10%. Another structure consists of a pair of reflectors at ~10 km and ~5 km above the CMB, both of which are characterized by reduced P- and S-wave velocities. The upper reflector is the interface of a low-velocity zone in which P- and S-wave velocities decrease of 10% and 30%, respectively, accompanied by an extremely large increase in density (20–25%). The lower reflector is characterized by a 25% reduction in S-wave velocity relative to the above low-velocity layer, as well as a 5% decrease in P-wave velocity and no change in density. The nature of the low-velocity zone detected locally at the CMB is comparable with that of ultra-low-velocity zones (ULVZs) observed by various seismic probes in the South Pacific and Central America. Extensive observations of the ULVZ beneath the region east of the Philippine Islands indicate massive partial melting at the bottom of the mantle. Low-S-velocity basal layer partly detected within the ULVZ may be resulting from core–mantle chemical interactions, driven by massive partial melting.  相似文献   

19.
The origin of large low shear-wave velocity provinces (LLSVPs) in the lowermost mantle beneath the central Pacific and Africa is not well constrained. We explore numerical convection calculations for two proposed hypotheses for these anomalies, namely, thermal upwellings (e.g., plume clusters) and large intrinsically dense piles of mantle material (e.g., thermochemical piles), each of which uniquely affects the topography on Earth's core–mantle boundary (CMB). The thermochemical pile models predict a relatively flat but elevated CMB beneath piles (presumed LLSVPs), with strong upwarping along LLSVP margins. The plume cluster models predict CMB upwarping beneath upwellings that are less geographically organized. Both models display CMB depressions beneath subduction related downwelling. While each of the two models produces a unique, characteristic style of CMB topography, we find that seismic models will require shorter length scales than are currently being employed in order to distinguish between the end-member dynamic models presented here.  相似文献   

20.
Upper mantle flow beneath the French Massif Central is investigated using teleseismic shear wave splitting induced by seismic anisotropy. About 25 three-component stations (short period, intermediate and broadband) were installed during the period 1998-1999 in the southern Massif Central, from the Clermont Ferrand volcanic area to the Mediterranean Sea. Teleseismic shear waves (SKS, SKKS and PKS) were used to determine the splitting parameters: the fast polarization direction and the delay time. Delay times ranging between 0.7 and 1.5 s have been observed at most of the sites. The azimuths of the fast split shear waves trend homogeneously NW-SE in the southern Massif Central suggesting a homogeneous mantle flow beneath this area. The observed NW-SE direction differs from the N100°E Pyrenean anisotropy further south. It does not appear to be correlated to Hercynian structures nor to the present-day motion of the plate but is well correlated to the Tertiary extension direction. We propose that the opening of the western Mediterranean induced by the rotation of the Corsica-Sardinia lithospheric block and the roll-back to the SE of the Tethys slab may have generated a large asthenospheric mantle flow beneath the southern Massif Central and a deflection of the up going plume centered beneath the northern Massif Central toward the SE.  相似文献   

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