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选取距卡帕尔-阿拉善4号井300 km范围内的3次5级地震,400 km内的3次6级地震,约600 km内1次7级地震、1次6级强震群作为震例资料,分析了这些地震前卡帕尔-阿拉善4号井前兆异常特征。结果表明:①对于5级地震,50.0%测项出现前兆异常,水化学、水动态异常各占50.0%。这些异常的58.3%表现为中期异常,41.7%表现为短期异常,无单独临震异常,也无叠加临震异常。异常变化幅度大而明显,且以趋势性上升或下降为主。硅酸和硫酸根在同一地震前异常时间与异常形态相似。②对于6级地震,33.3%测项出现前兆异常,其中水化学异常占38.9%,水动态异常占16.7%。出现的异常57.1%为中期异常,28.6%为短期异常,14.3%为临震异常。异常形态多为脉冲突跳,而仅有少数为趋势性高值异常。各异常项目之间有一定的同步性。③对于7级地震或6级强震群,37.5%测项出现前兆异常。出现的异常83.3%为中期异常,16.7%为短期异常。异常幅度大而明显,异常形态以单值突跳或趋势性为主。 相似文献
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粤闽地区水化学地震前兆异常特征分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
研究了粤闽两省及其近海近年来2次强震以及6个中等地震水化学前兆资料,结果表明,中等地震与强震的水化学前兆异常在数量上有着显著的差异,中等地震震前以中短期及短临异常变化为主,而强震前则超过三分之一的水化学测项出现持续1～4年的长趋势异常变化。同时研究表明,单凭水化异常出现的集中程度对未来震中作出预测是无统计依据的。 相似文献
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中国大陆地震震例异常统计与分析 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
以1986~1999年中国大陆地震震例为基础,对中国大陆及其不同分区的测震和前兆异常进行了统计与分析。研究结果认为:地震异常数目、异常站点和项次百分比随着震级的增大而增多;震级高异常出现的时间早,异常范围大;中期异常多于短期异常,短期异常多于临震异常,目前还缺少较多有效的观测到短临异常的方法。测震中的频度、空区、b值、缺震、条带、地震窗、前兆震(群)、地震活动分布、应变释放测项和前兆中的水化学、水物理、地形变、地电测项是出现较多的异常测项。不同的区域异常出现率高的测震和前兆测项不同,显示出区域差异。 相似文献
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岫岩—海城5.6级地震前的水化学异常 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
岫岩－海城５．６级地震前辽宁省一些井孔水化学出现了明显的中趋势异常和短临异常。本文就异常情况作了全面介绍,并对异常形态、特征等作了初步分析研究。这些异常井孔在时间上与地震活动、其它前兆异常基本同步,为统一应力作用的结果。 相似文献
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地震前兆异常性质的准确判断是提高地震预测水平的前提。 据国内外相关统计, 真正具有地震预测意义的地震前兆异常数量十分有限。 因此, 厘清震前异常与地震的关系对今后异常识别意义重大。 2017年8月8日九寨沟MS7.0地震前4个月, 甘肃清水温泉水氡出现大幅波动异常变化。 为了判断这次异常与九寨沟地震的关系, 在异常持续期间, 通过抽水实验、 水化学组分以及氢氧同位素组成分析, 并结合九寨沟地震发震构造以及其他前兆异常空间分布特征, 对水氡异常成因机理进行了深入分析。 结果表明: 对于水氡与水位的变化关系, 实验与实际观测结果一致, 都呈正相关变化; 实验中水氡变化幅度与实际观测的相当; 水化学组分以及氢氧同位素测试结果显示清水温泉水氡异常期间, 来自地壳深部的流体并未增加; 清水温泉区其他前兆没有出现明显的短期异常变化; 在空间上清水温泉与九寨沟地震震源区被两条深大断裂隔开。 因此, 清水温泉水氡大幅异常变化并非九寨沟地震的短期前兆异常, 而是企业抽水开始时间、 持续时间以及用水量不固定引起的。 该实例为地震前流体前兆异常性质的准确判定提供了更为可靠的方法和思路。 相似文献
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江西寻乌地震前在闽粤赣地区观测到一批水化学异常前兆,有水氡、Ca、Cl、Li离子和SiO_2等水质成分及电导率,资料比较丰富。表现特点以短期异常为主,临震异常不很突出;具有多井点多测项异常,在一些点还有同井几个测项出现异常;异常时间相对比较集中,出现时间还有向震中迁移(收缩或逼近)的现象。同时讨论了这批异常主要反映了寻乌震群活动而不是其它地震。 相似文献
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大同6.1级地震前地磁异常研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
大同6.1级地震前,地磁前兆异常在时间、空间和强度等方面沿一定构造部位展现出有规律的分布。其中日变低点位移异常分界线沿燕山阴山断裂带、太行山山前断裂带、秦岭褶断带和南北地震带形成一个闭合圈。地磁流动磁测、地电、形变、水化学、地下水和地应力等前兆异常在两个条带上——北京以西至呼和浩特与北京以南至邯郸一带明显地呈条状分布。这些异常密集的地带恰好是日变低点位移分界线所通过的燕山带和太行山山前断裂带的一部分地段。而远离分界线所通过的那部分地段的前兆异常明显地减弱。这种情况表明被某些地质构造带分隔开来的地壳块体,在地震前可能发生一定程度的运动,致使某些构造带内的介质发生物理性质的变化。此外,大同地震前,这些前兆异常在时间序列上显示出具有中、短、临的前兆特点。 相似文献
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《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2014,(9)
正SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences,an academic journal cosponsored by the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the National Natural Science Foundation of China,and published by Science China Press and Springer,is committed to publishing high-quality,original results in 相似文献
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《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2014,(12)
正SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences,an academic journal cosponsored by the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the National Natural Science Foundation of China,and published by Science China Press and Springer,is committed to publishing high-quality,original results in both basic and applied research. 相似文献
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In natural waters arsenic concentrations up to a few milligrams per litre were measured. The natural content of arsenic found in soils varies between 0.01 mg/kg and a few hundred milligrams per kilogram. Anthropogenic sources of arsenic in the environment are the smelting of ores, the burning of coal, and the use of arsenic compounds in many products and production processes in the past. A lot of arsenic compounds are toxic and cause acute and chronic poisoning. In aqueous environment the inorganic arsenic species arsenite (As(III)) and arsenate (As(V)) are the most abundant species. The mobility of these species is influenced by the pH value, the redox potential, and the presence of adsorbents such as oxides and hydroxides of Fe(III), Al(III), Mn(III/IV), humic substances, and clay minerals. 相似文献
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Due to deleterious effects on non-target organisms, the use of organotin compounds on boat hulls of small vessels (<25 m) has been widely prohibited. The International Maritime Organisation (IMO) resolved that the complete prohibition on organotin compounds acting as biocides in antifouling systems should commence in 2008. As a result of restrictions on the use of organotin based paints, other antifouling formulations containing organic biocides have been utilised. This survey was conducted to assess the contamination of replacement biocides in the marine environment following the ban of TBT-based paints. Surface sediments samples were collected in the major ports and marinas along the France Mediterranean coastline (Cote d’Azur) and analysed for organotin compounds, Irgarol 1051, Sea-nine 211TM, Chlorothalonil, Dichlofluanid and Folpet. Every port and marina exhibited high levels of organotin compounds, with concentrations in sediments ranging from 37 ng Sn g−1dry wt in Menton Garavan to over 4000 ng Sn g−1dry wt close to the ship chandler within the port of Villefranche-sur-Mer. TBT degradation indexes suggested that fresh inputs are still made. Among the other antifoulants monitored, only Irgarol 1051 exhibited measurable concentrations in almost every port, with concentrations ranging from 40 ng g−1dry wt (Cannes) to almost 700 ng g−1dry wt (Villefranche-sur-Mer, ship chandler). 相似文献
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Ian R. Falconer 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2005,33(1):64-71
Microcystins are cyclic heptapeptide toxins produced by a range of cyanobacterial genera. These cyanobacteria occur naturally in drinking water reservoirs subject to eutrophication, and in rivers and natural lakes. Because of the diversity of organisms, the toxins occur, from oligo‐mesotrophic lakes in North Temperate latitudes, to hypertrophic tropical ponds. The toxins are responsible for numerous cases of injury and death of domestic animals, and human poisoning from drinking water. The initial poisoning includes hepatic cell death. This leads to secondary effects from liver deficiency, including jaundice and photosensitisation. The toxic effects are largely due to inhibition of phosphatase enzymes, acting to regulate protein phosphorylation. The consequences include structural damage, apoptosis and, at lower concentrations, cell cycle effects and tumour promotion. As there is no clear evidence for direct carcinogenesis by microcystins, they are classed as non‐carcinogenic toxins in drinking water. Guideline Values for safe drinking water are derived from data for subchronic rodent toxicity, using the No Observed Adverse Effect Level (the highest dose giving no toxicity). To this dose are applied uncertainty factors, to calculate a Tolerable Daily Intake. On the basis of a standard bodyweight and water consumption the Guideline Value is determined for drinking water. For microcystin‐LR the WHO have set a provisional Guideline Value of 1 μg/L for drinking water. 相似文献
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The geomagnetic field and secular variation exhibit asymmetrical spatial features which are possibly originating from an heterogeneous thermal control of the Earth's lower mantle on the core. The identification of this control in magnetic data is subject to several difficulties, some of which can be alleviated by the use of core surface flow models. Using numerical dynamos driven by heterogeneous boundary heat flux, we confirm that within the parameter space accessible to simulations, time average surface flows obey a simple thermal wind equilibrium between the Coriolis and buoyancy forces, the Lorentz, inertial and viscous forces playing only a secondary role, even for Elsasser numbers significantly larger than 1. Furthermore, we average the models over the duration of three vortex turnovers, and correlate them with a longer time average which fully reveals the signature of boundary heterogeneity. This allows us to quantify the possibility of observing mantle control in core surface flows averaged over a short time period. A scaling analysis is performed in order to apply the results to the Earth's core. We find that three vortex turnovers could represent between 100 and 360 years of Earth time, and that the heat flux heterogeneity at the core-mantle boundary could be large enough to yield an observable signature of thermal mantle control in a time average core surface flow within reach of the available geomagnetic data. 相似文献
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Richard McCreary John McGaughey Yves Potvin Dave Ecobichon Marty Hudyma Harald Kanduth Alain Coulombe 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1992,139(3-4):349-373
Located in northern Québec, the Lac Shortt Mine was a small gold mine consisting of a thin subvertical orebody which was mined in three main phases. High stress and rockbursting conditions were experienced when ore was extracted in the upper zone between the surface and a depth of 500 metres during the first two phases of mining. Severe rockbursts were experienced in late 1989 near the shaft and in the footwall development following a deepening of the mine shaft to a depth of 830 m and partial development of footwall drift access for the third phase of mining (the mining of the lower zone starting at a depth of 830 m moving upward toward a depth of 500 m). A 16-channel Electrolab MP250 microseismic system, with a Queen's University Full-Waveform piggy-back system, was installed underground at the site due to these problems.It was expected that the thinning sill would be subjected to an ever-increasing load as the thickness of the 500 m sill pillar decreased in the face of the mining excavation from below. A monitoring program consisting of the microseismic monitoring system, a range of conventional geomechanics monitoring tools as well as the undertaking of periodic seismic tomography surveys to assess the ongoing state of stress and rock mass condition within the sill was therefore warranted.The anomalously high-magnitude stress field and the brittle rockmass created a situation in which rockmass failure was common and violent. In the creation and thinning of the sill pillar, the location of banded microseismic activity was crucial in tracing rockmass failure and the associated ground control problems. Reliable source-location determination enabled the identification of areas of stress increase. The movement of the rockmass failure front could be followed, and was responsible for stope dilution, footwall and orebody development deterioration, and caving.Source-mechanism analyses gave accurate double-couple solutions for approximately forty percent of these events having at least ten recognizable polarities. Results suggested movement along vertical north-south striking or vertical east-west striking features. Underground observation of damaged access points showed that vertical north-south striking joints were experiencing failure.The microseismic activity, which was consistently concentrated close to the southwest and northeast corners of current production stopes, could be explained by a stress field oriented obliquely to the strike of the orebody, as measured prior to shrinkage of the sill pillar byin situ stress measurements and observed borehole overbreaks. The orientations of theP andT axes for the microseismic activity further confirmed that the stress field oriented obliquely to strike.While an increase in compressional-wave velocity of 2.3 percent, corresponding to a measured stress increase of approximately 10 MPa could be measured by repeated tomographic surveys, it was relatively small and only a factor of two or so above the velocity measured uncertainty. The relative insensitivity of thein situ rock mass modulus to the applied stress is believed to be largely due to the rockmass discontinuities being relatively closed prior to stress increase, as substantiated by the small deformations seen by the extensometer and borehole camera. This situation existed because of the very high pre-mining stress level.The experimental demonstration that the rock could not absorb substantially increased load through the mechanism of discontinuity closure or tightening (which would be reflected in the modulus) may be evidence in itself of potentially burst-prone ground, such as encountered at Lac Shortt. 相似文献
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The inability to detect the presence of viable Helicobacter pylori bacteria in environmental waters has hindered the public health community in assessing the role water may play in the transmission of this pathogen. This work describes a cultural enrichment method coupled with an H. pylori‐specific PCR to identify these bacteria in water. While far from perfected at the present time, this represents an exciting new approach to studying the significance of water as a transmission mechanism for H. pylori. Evidence is presented that indicates culturable H. pylori bacteria were found using this enrichment/PCR method in a local groundwater source. 相似文献
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Response spectrum predictions for potential near-field and far-field earthquakes affecting Hong Kong: rock sites 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
N. T. K. Lam A. M. Chandler J. L. Wilson G. L. Hutchinson 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2002,22(1)
To realistically assess the seismic risk relating to built infrastructures in Hong Kong and in the neighbouring coastal cities of southern Guangdong province, it is necessary to predict ground shaking induced by different earthquake scenarios with good accuracy. A companion paper has described the modelling of the spatial and temporal distribution of the diffused seismic activities in the region, based on the newly-developed ‘Expanding Circular Disc’ (ECD) method. Representative Magnitude–Distance (M–R) combinations for both near-field and far-field earthquakes (in relation to Hong Kong) have been derived using the ECD method. The present paper describes the modelling of the response spectrum on rock sites associated with the predicted M–R combinations, using the Component Attenuation Model (CAM) that was also developed recently by the authors, based on stochastic simulations of the seismological model. The significant effects of soil resonance on the response spectrum are described in a separate publication.The accuracy of CAM in modelling ground motion properties on rock sites has been tested here by comparisons with (i) strong motions recorded in Taiwan and South China from the 1999 ‘Chi-Chi’ earthquake in Taiwan (M=7.6), (ii) motions recorded in South China from another earthquake occurring in the southern Taiwan Strait in the same year (M=5.1), and (iii) historical seismic intensity data obtained within South China. The overall capability of CAM in modelling both near-field and far-field attenuation has been shown to be unmatched by existing empirical models. Results of the comparison studies confirm the accuracy of CAM, particularly within an epicentral distance of 300–400 km.This study shows that the developed serviceability response spectra (i.e. at short return periods) are controlled mainly by the earthquake recurrence behaviour of major distant seismic sources. In contrast, the ultimate response spectra (i.e. at long return periods) relate to events with magnitudes close to the maximum credible earthquake (MCE) limit, the effect of which may also be represented by the Characteristic Response Spectrum (CRS). Both types of earthquake scenario can be significantly affected by the regional crustal properties. The proposed response spectrum envelopes have been compared with previously developed recommendations, and a critical review has been conducted. The intrinsic advantages of the ECD–CAM modelling approach have been highlighted, emphasising its directness and transparency when compared with the more complex process required to implement traditional Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment (PSHA). 相似文献