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1.
天然气水合物体系动态演化研究(Ⅰ):地质历史演变 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：5
1995年Dickens对55.5Ma前古新世末增温事件进行了研究,提出天然气水合物作为全球环境变化重要因子的假说.认为古新世末增温事件溶解无机碳-2～-3‰的13δC位移可以用水合物所含甲烷的释放与随后氧化成二氧化碳来解释.此后,地质历史演变中的天然气水合物演化研究蓬勃发展,本文总结古新世末增温事件、新元古代末期雪球事件、第四纪千年尺度事件等最新进展,为天然气水合物动态演化研究提供基础.开展天然气水合物-天然气体系动态演化过程数值模拟与特征分析,可望促进天然气水合物在全球变化与碳循环中作用的深入认识. 相似文献
2.
1995年Dickens对55．5Ma前古新世末增温事件进行了研究，提出天然气水合物作为全球环境变化重要因子的假说．认为古新世末增温事件溶解无机碳-2～-3‰的^13δC位移可以用水合物所含甲烷的释放与随后氧化成二氧化碳来解释．此后，地质历史演变中的天然气水合物演化研究蓬勃发展，本文总结古新世末增温事件、新元古代末期雪球事件、第四纪千年尺度事件等最新进展，为天然气水合物动态演化研究提供基础．开展天然气水合物-天然气体系动态演化过程数值模拟与特征分析，可望促进天然气水合物在全球变化与碳循环中作用的深入认识． 相似文献
3.
从天然气水合物的产生、聚集和分解，分析天然气水合物的动态演化过程，沉积压实、地温梯度、构造运动以及深部流体对水合物产生的效率起决定作用，根据流体的运移和天然气水合物在水合物稳定带中的分布状况，天然气水合物的聚集可以分为构造聚集、地层聚集和混合聚集三种模式，当由于各种原因引起海底温压条件变化时，天然气水合物会发生分解，水合物也会在水体中上浮，在这个过程中，水合物的分解速率能高出其溶解速率二至三个数量级，海底泥火山、甲烷气柱、甲烷气裂缝、双似海底反射等大量的证据，都有助于揭示天然气水合物体系的动态演化的特征，弄清楚天然气水合物的动态演化过程对于我们未来对这种潜在能源的开发利用，并分析其在全球变化、碳循环以及海底滑坡中所起的作用有着相当重要的意义。 相似文献
4.
海洋天然气水合物分布与“气-水-沉积物”动态体系 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
海洋天然气水合物是潜在的天然气资源, 研究海洋天然气水合物分布及其影响机制是当前国内外相关领域十分重要的一个方面. 大洋钻探204航次对东太平洋水合物海岭的钻探发现, 水合物海岭南峰地区不同构造部位中天然气水合物在天然气水合物稳定带中的分布、富集和产状是十分不均匀的. 以该航次初步成果为例, 分析和探讨天然气水合物的不均匀分布与它所赋存的“气-水-沉积物”动态体系中的几种主要因素的关系, 指出主要受到气、流体来源与流量变化、岩石学属性和特征、地质构造和古海洋环境变化、微生物活动等因素和营力的控制和影响. 有关分析是基于204航次对会聚板块边缘增生体钻探得到的启示, 当未来在世界各海域有更多钻探实际资料后, 有必要深入分析和探讨各海域不同构造环境下, 如我国海域天然气水合物分布与“气-水-沉积物”动态体系这类问题. 相似文献
5.
海洋天然气水合物分布与"气-水-沉积物"动态体系--大洋钻探204航次调查初步结果的启示 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
海洋天然气水合物是潜在的天然气资源, 研究海洋天然气水合物分布及其影响机制是当前国内外相关领域十分重要的一个方面. 大洋钻探204航次对东太平洋水合物海岭的钻探发现, 水合物海岭南峰地区不同构造部位中天然气水合物在天然气水合物稳定带中的分布、富集和产状是十分不均匀的. 以该航次初步成果为例, 分析和探讨天然气水合物的不均匀分布与它所赋存的"气-水-沉积物"动态体系中的几种主要因素的关系, 指出主要受到气、流体来源与流量变化、岩石学属性和特征、地质构造和古海洋环境变化、微生物活动等因素和营力的控制和影响. 有关分析是基于204航次对会聚板块边缘增生体钻探得到的启示, 当未来在世界各海域有更多钻探实际资料后, 有必要深入分析和探讨各海域不同构造环境下, 如我国海域天然气水合物分布与"气-水-沉积物"动态体系这类问题. 相似文献
6.
海底天然气水合物中甲烷逸出对全球气候的影响 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1
全球气候变化会降低海底天然气水合物的稳定性导致水舍物失稳分解,反过来天然气水合物分解释放出的大量甲烷气,又会对全球气候变化产生巨大的影响,地质历史上许多重大地质事件(如LPTM事件)都可能与天然气水合物的分解释气作用有关．除了地质历史上强烈的甲烷突然释放事件,现代海底的渗漏或喷口也连续不断地向海水甚至大气输入甲烷,从而影响着全球气候变化．由于天然气水合物中甲烷逸出对全球气候影响的研究刚刚起步,还缺乏海洋沉积物和海水中甲烷传输的恰当模式,甲烷在海水中的溶解度、甲烷的氧化作用及上升流等因素对其的影响程度,以及它对大气甲炕和二氧化碳浓度变化的具体贡献等目前还很不清楚,亟需深化研究． 相似文献
7.
天然气水合物作为未来的一种替代能源引起了国内外很多研究者的关注,他们从不同的方面对天然气水合物进行了研究.随着研究的深入,许多研究者发现,全球天然气水合物中天然气资源量并没有最初认为的那么多,而且相差了几个数量级,这就大大降低了天然气水合物在未来能源中的地位.本文的研究目的是通过分析全球天然气水合物中天然气资源量的估算方法,归纳总结有关全球及区域估算天然气水合物中天然气资源量的文献,使人们对天然气水合物有个重新的认识,同时为未来的能源勘探开发提供一定的参考.通过分析我们发现全球天然气水合物中天然气资源量的估算值随着人们对天然气水合物认识程度的增加而降低;而且目前能够较准确反映全球海洋天然气水合物中天然气资源量的估算值是（1~5）×1015m3（大约500~2 500 Gt甲烷碳）.我们通过总结国外及国内几个典型区域的天然气资源量估算值还发现,国外研究者主要是根据钻孔及BSR资料确定用于计算天然气资源量的参数,使得计算结果较符合实际;而国内的学者基本是使用模拟计算及假设的方法确定各种参数,估算值仍存在很大差异,因此,我们认为只有获得实测数据才能使国内的估算结果更加接近实际. 相似文献
8.
含天然气水合物的海底沉积物的电学特性实验 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
电阻率法是估算含水合物储层饱和度的常用方法之一.为了解海底沉积物中天然气水合物的电学特性,利用搭建的天然气水合物电阻率测量系统,以天然气水合物-南海沉积物-3.5％的盐水为研究体系,测量了天然气水合物在沉积物中形成过程中温度、压力、电阻率的变化.天然气水合物在水饱和的沉积物中由溶解气与水形成.实验中通过液压系统对沉积物压实以及采用较薄的样品来保证水合物在筒状的沉积物的均匀分布.当实验结束时,样品中水合物的饱和度达到39.8％时,样品的电阻率从水饱和时的2.024 Ωm增大到水合物饱和度为39.8％时的2.878 Ωm,增加到了1.4倍.电阻率法可以有效的识别含水合物的沉积物.实验测试结果表明,该实验装置工作稳定可靠,可为研究含天然气水合物的电学特性与饱和度的定量关系提供实验模拟技术支持. 相似文献
9.
天然气水合物是一种广泛分布于全球、能量密度高、具有极高资源价值的新型清洁能源,因而成为油气勘探界长期研究的热点.本文基于ICGH-9(第九届国际天然气水合物会),结合相关文献资料对天然气水合物地球物理方法及其取得的进展进行综述.内容主要包括地震勘探、海底地震仪(OBS)、地球物理测井、海洋电磁法、地质雷达以及室内声学研究在水合物相关的地质构造(麻坑、泥火山、底辟构造、气烟囱、大型海底滑坡及地质体)、地震识别和处理、地震属性分析与提取技术、天然气水合物及游离气饱和度计算、水合物模拟实验等方面取得的进展.提出地震勘探、地球物理测井技术目前在水合物地球物理勘探中具有勘探精度高、分辨率高等优势,海洋电磁技术因对烃类气体、薄层及薄互层识别困难而逐渐成为了辅助手段,建议在下一步勘探中:①在当前集中于近海底研究的基础上,开展对海底表面、海水甚至海面都进行有效的系统性调查;②建立海洋地震勘探、可控源电磁法、地球物理测井、数据采集、数据处理、数值模拟、异常分析、成像技术等一体化系统;③结合地震、地质、岩性等资料对水合物生产动态进行数值模拟计算,带入储层岩性及地质结构特征参数、储层温压状态参数、水合物藏的储量等参数,结合岩石物理模型、地温梯度参数、水合物相平衡条件以及常规产气速率等,对不同开采方式或者多种方式联合使用情况下,模拟生产对天然气水合物储层的物性影响、引起的环境效应以及最高产气量等多种响应. 相似文献
10.
11.
The carbon cycle between the deep Earth and the atmosphere(i.e., the deep carbon cycle) can significantly affect the global climate on both long and short time scales. Although carbon in the deep Earth can be released to the atmosphere in many ways, plate subduction is the only pathway for the return of carbon from the surface to the deep Earth. Owing to diversity in the forms of carbon and the special physicochemical property of carbonates, the behavior of carbon and carbonates in subduction zones significantly affects the products of subduction processes, the oxygen fugacity in subduction zones, and the activation and migration of elements during the crust-mantle interaction. Therefore, the carbon cycle in subduction zones plays an important role in maintaining a habitable climate by regulating the atmospheric CO_2 concentration, which significantly affects the global climate, and in causing fundamental changes in the physical and chemical properties of the mantle that result in a heterogeneous mantle. In this study, we review and discuss previous studies and scientific problems regarding the carbon cycle in subduction zones from four aspects: observation and tracing of the carbon cycle, migration and variation of carbon during subduction,carbon flux, and the effect of the carbon cycle. 相似文献
12.
Climate change and global cycling of persistent organic pollutants: A critical review 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Climate warming, one of the main features of global change, has exerted indelible impacts on the environment, among which the impact on the transport and fate of pollutants has aroused widespread concern. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are a class of pollutants that are transported worldwide. Determining the impact of climate warming on the global cycling of POPs is important for understanding POP cycling processes and formulating relevant environmental policies. In this review, the main research findings in this field over the past ten years are summarized and the effects of climate warming on emissions, transport, storage, degradation and toxicity of POPs are reviewed. This review also summarizes the primary POP fate models and their application. Additionally, research gaps and future research directions are identified and suggested. Under the influence of climate change, global cycling of POPs mainly shows the following responses. (1) Global warming directly promotes the secondary emission of POPs; for example, temperature rise will cause POPs to be re-released from soils and oceans, and melting glaciers and permafrost can re-release POPs into freshwater ecosystems. (2) Global extreme weather events, such as droughts and floods, result in the redistribution of POPs through intense soil erosion. (3) The changes in atmospheric circulation and ocean currents have significantly influenced the global transport of POPs. (4) Climate warming has altered marine biological productivity, which has changed the POP storage capacity of the ocean. (5) Aquatic and terrestrial food-chain structures have undergone significant changes, which could lead to amplification of POP toxicity in ecosystems. (6) Overall, warming accelerates the POP volatilization process and increases the amount of POPs in the environment, although global warming facilitates their degradation at the same time. (7) Various models have predicted the future environmental behaviors of POPs. These models are used to assist governments in comprehensively considering the impact of global warming on the environmental fate of POPs and therefore controlling POPs effectively. Future studies should focus on the synergistic effects of global changes on the cycling of POPs. Additionally, the interactions among global carbon cycling, water cycling and POP cycling will be a new research direction for better understanding the adaptation of ecosystems to climate change. 相似文献
13.
Helmut Weissert 《Surveys in Geophysics》1989,10(1):1-61
Today's disturbance of the global carbon cycle induced by anthropogenic processes has raised new interest in the history of the global carbon cycle and its relationship to climate and other geochemical cycles. Carbon-isotope stratigraphy proves to be most useful as a monitor of the history of the carbon-cycle during the last 200 million years. In the introductory paragraphs of this review the mode of functioning of the global carbon-cycle is summarized and the connection between carbon-cycle and carbon isotope geochemistry is documented. A case study on the disturbance of the global carbon cycle during the Aptian-Albian is presented. The disturbance of the carbon cycle lasting up to millions of years is recorded in the carbon-isotope stratigraphy of pelagic sediments. It is superimposed on high frequency sedimentological cycles, related to climate and oceanographic cycles of 20, 40 or 100 ky duration. The data reviewed suggest that the change in the global carbon system was linked to a global acceleration of geochemical cycles triggered by a long-term change in atmospheric CO2 controlled by the rate of sea-floor formation and by volcanic activity. Increased accumulation rates of terrestrial material and terrestrial organic matter in marine sediments may be used as an indicator of an intensified hydrological cycling resulting in higher water-discharge rates. An intensification of the Aptian-Albian water cycle is further reflected in continental sediments monitoring a period of elevated humidity. An increase in water discharge rates should have affected the transfer rate of dissolved nutrients from continents to oceans. Elevated concentrations of phosphorus may have led to an increase in Aptian-Albian oceanic productivity enhancing the transfer of marine organic matter from the oceanic into the sedimentary reservoir. Increased productivity, increased bulk sedimentation rates and poorly oxygenated deep-water led to increased preservation of marine and terrestrial organic matter in marine sediments. The accelerated output of marine organic carbon from the oceanic reservoir is ultimately registered in the positive carbon-isotope excursion of the marine carbonate carbon-isotope stratigraphy. 相似文献
14.
Solar geoengineering has been proposed as a potential mechanism to counteract global warming. Here we use the University of Victoria Earth System Model (UVic) to simulate the effect of idealized sunshade geoengineering on the global carbon cycle. We conduct two simulations. The first is the A2 simulation, where the model is driven by prescribed emission scenario based on the SRES A2 CO2 emission pathway. The second is the solar geoengineering simulation in which the model is driven by the A2 CO2 emission scenario combined with sunshade solar geoengineering. In the model, solar geoengineering is represented by a spatially uniform reduction in solar insolation that is implemented at year 2020 to offset CO2-induced global mean surface temperature change. Our results show that solar geoengineering increases global carbon uptake relative to A2, in particular CO2 uptake by the terrestrial biosphere. The increase in land carbon uptake is mainly associated with increased net primary production (NPP) in the tropics in the geoengineering simulation, which prevents excess warming in tropics. By year 2100, solar geoengineering decreases A2-simulated atmospheric CO2 by 110 ppm (12%) and causes a 60% (251 Pg C) increase in land carbon accumulation compared to A2. Solar geoengineering also prevents the reduction in ocean oxygen concentration caused by increased ocean temperatures and decreased ocean ventilation, but reduces global ocean NPP. Our results suggest that to fully access the climate effect of solar geoengineering, the response of the global carbon cycle should be taken into account. 相似文献
15.
《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2017,(5)
The oceans are the largest carbon pools on Earth, and play the role of a "buffer" in climate change. Blue carbon, the carbon(mainly organic carbon) captured by marine ecosystems, is one of the important mechanisms of marine carbon storage.Blue carbon was initially recognized only in the form of visible coastal plant carbon sequestration. In fact, microorganisms(phytoplankton, bacteria, archaea, viruses, and protozoa), which did not receive much attention in the past, account for more than 90% of the total marine biomass and are the main contributors to blue carbon. Chinese coastal seas, equivalent to 1/3 of China's total land area, have a huge carbon sink potential needing urgently research and development. In this paper, we focus on the processes and mechanisms of coastal ocean's carbon sequestration and the approaches for increasing that sequestration. We discuss the structures of coastal ecosystems, the processes of carbon cycle, and the mechanisms of carbon sequestration. Using the evolution of coastal ocean's carbon sinks in sedimentary records over geologic times, we also discuss the possible effects of natural processes and anthropogenic activities on marine carbon sinks. Finally, we discuss the prospect of using carbon sequestration engineering for increasing coastal ocean's carbon storage capacity. 相似文献
16.
河流作为连接陆地和海洋碳库之间的通道，是全球内陆水体碳排放最主要的载体，在全球碳循环中发挥着至关重要的作用。全球河流水-气界面二氧化碳（CO2）脱气显著的时间异质性特征研究有助于深入理解其碳循环过程与机制，也为准确评估碳通量以及完善碳循环模型提供了科学支撑。本文系统梳理了国内外的相关研究成果，总结了目前河流CO2脱气通量在昼夜、季节以及多年尺度上的动态变化及其影响因素，指出其昼夜变化与季节变化存在一定的周期性，并对不同空间尺度上CO2脱气通量的时间差异进行讨论。同时分析当前研究中的不足，认为缺乏河流二氧化碳分压（pCO2）与CO2脱气系数（k）高分辨率且长期连续的直接测量，限制了河流CO2脱气通量时间尺度变化的周期性及相互之间关系的厘定，使得气候变化与人类活动对河流CO2脱气时间动态的影响仍然难以量化与预测。最后，根据目前存在的问题，展望了未来的研究重点，为全球河流水-气界面碳循环过程与机制、模型研究提供新的思路与方向，以及可以更准确地评估和预测未来河流碳排放的变化趋势。 相似文献
17.
Li Xin Ma Hanqing Ran Youhua Wang Xufeng Zhu Gaofeng Liu Feng He Honglin Zhang Zhen Huang Chunlin 《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2021,64(10):1645-1657
The terrestrial carbon cycle is an important component of global biogeochemical cycling and is closely related to human well-being and sustainable development. However, large uncertainties exist in carbon cycle simulations and observations.Model-data fusion is a powerful technique that combines models and observational data to minimize the uncertainties in terrestrial carbon cycle estimation. In this paper, we comprehensively overview the sources and characteristics of the uncertainties in terrestrial carbon cycle models and observations. We present the mathematical principles of two model-data fusion methods, i.e., data assimilation and parameter estimation, both of which essentially achieve the optimal fusion of a model with observational data while considering the respective errors in the model and in the observations. Based upon reviewing the progress in carbon cycle models and observation techniques in recent years, we have highlighted the major challenges in terrestrial carbon cycle model-data fusion research, such as the "equifinality" of models, the identifiability of model parameters,the estimation of representativeness errors in surface fluxes and remote sensing observations, the potential role of the posterior probability distribution of parameters obtained from sensitivity analysis in determining the error covariance matrixes of the models, and opportunities that emerge by assimilating new remote sensing observations, such as solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence. It is also noted that the synthesis of multisource observations into a coherent carbon data assimilation system is by no means an easy task, yet a breakthrough in this bottleneck is a prerequisite for the development of a new generation of global carbon data assimilation systems. This article also highlights the importance of carbon cycle data assimilation systems to generate reliable and physically consistent terrestrial carbon cycle reanalysis data products with high spatial resolution and longterm time series. These products are critical to the accurate estimation of carbon cycles at the global and regional scales and will help future carbon management strategies meet the goals of carbon neutrality. 相似文献
18.
Assessment of change in design flood frequency under climate change using a multivariate downscaling model and a precipitation-runoff model 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
Hyun-Han Kwon Bellie Sivakumar Young-Il Moon Byung-Sik Kim 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2011,25(4):567-581
Precipitation and runoff are key elements in the hydrologic cycle because of their important roles in water supply, flood
prevention, river restoration, and ecosystem management. Global climate change, widely accepted to be happening, is anticipated
to have enormous consequences on future hydrologic patterns. Studies on the potential changes in global, regional, and local
hydrologic patterns under global climate change scenarios have been an intense area of research in recent years. The present
study contributes to this research topic through evaluation of design flood under climate change. The study utilizes a weather
state-based, stochastic multivariate model as a conditional probability model for simulating the precipitation field. An important
premise of this study is that large-scale climatic patterns serve as a major driver of persistent year-to-year changes in
precipitation probabilities. Since uncertainty estimation in the study of climate change is needed to examine the reliability
of the outcomes, this study also applies a Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo scheme to the widely used SAC-SMA (Sacramento
soil moisture accounting) precipitation-runoff model. A case study is also performed with the Soyang Dam watershed in South
Korea as the study basin. Finally, a comprehensive discussion on design flood under climate change is made. 相似文献
19.
Impacts of land-use and climate changes on ecosystem productivity and carbon cycle in the cropping-grazing transitional zone in China 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
GAO Zhiqiang LIU Jiyuan CAO Mingkui LI Kerang & TAO Bo Institute of Geographic Sciences Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2005,48(9):1479-1491
Terrestrial ecosystems are both a carbon source and sink, therefore play an important role in the global carbon cycle that act as a link of interactions between human activities and climate changes[1,2]. Climate change impacts ecosystem carbon cycle through af- fecting biological processes, e.g. plant photosynthesis, respiration, and soil carbon decomposition. Land-use change directly modifies the distribution and structure of terrestrial ecosystems and hence the carbon storage and fluxes. Usi… 相似文献