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在系统介绍中国新疆北天山地区和台湾南部地区泥火山研究进展的基础上, 对其地质特征进行了对比分析。结果显示, 北天山和台湾南部地区的泥火山均沿着断裂带分布, 主要位于背斜轴部, 泥火山分布区地层多出露为含泥岩层。对两个地区泥火山喷出物物理特征进行了对比分析, 固体喷发物的矿物成分相似, 如石英、 蒙脱石等; 液体喷出物的泥浆温度与冒泡频率相近, 但最大气泡直径与气体流量有很大差别。又分别对两地区液体、 气体喷出物的化学特征进行了对比分析, 液体喷出物均盐度高; 甲烷是大多数泥火山喷发气体的主要成分, 一些泥火山喷发的气体主要是二氧化碳。区域构造地质和气候条件不同, 导致两地泥火山喷出物存在差异。从现有研究来看, 两地泥火山的喷发都是岩层的孔隙压力增大造成的。两个地区泥火山与当地地震活动之间表现出良好的对应关系。泥火山的地球化学参数可能是地震活动的潜在指标。 相似文献
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新疆北天山地区泥火山与地震 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
泥火山是特定地质构造-水文地质环境下的一种构造流体地质现象,在世界上的分布较熔岩火山少。泥火山的出现通常与生油气带有关。据报道,在阿塞拜疆共和国、格鲁吉亚共和国、土库曼斯坦共和国及俄罗斯的塔曼半岛和肯切半岛等地都有泥火山广泛分布[1]。1948年10月5日土库曼斯坦共和国首都阿什哈巴德市发生7.3级地震时,在极震区引起泥火山重新活动;1959年12月17日巴库泥火山突然喷发时,又有有感地震伴随发生[1],可见,泥火山活动与地震活动有一定的成因联系。本文将对新疆北天山地区泥火山的动态及其与地震活动的关系作一分析。1 北天山地区泥… 相似文献
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泥火山形成于特定的水文地质及构造环境,其喷发活动是内部大量气体聚集引起异常高压的一种释放,可以将大量地下信息携带到地表,被称为"天赐钻井"。新疆乌苏艾其沟泥火山实时观测始于2011年8月,自观测以来,在其周围200m范围内,共发生了4次6级以上地震,分别是2011年11月1日新疆尼勒克M_S6.0、2012年6月30日新疆新源M_S6.6、2016年12月8日新疆呼图壁县M_S6.2及2017年8月9日精河M_S6.6地震。在4次地震前后,艾其沟泥火山喷发活动均出现了"背景值—上升—转折—下降—背景值"的宏观异常变化现象,地震则发生在泥火山喷发活动由强到弱的过程中,尤其是在2017年精河M_S6.6地震时,乌苏艾其沟泥火山的喷发活动异常变化现象为新疆地震局做出震情形势判定提供了一部分依据,具有一定的减灾实效。 相似文献
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2012年6月30日新源-和静MS6.6地震前后, 北天山泥火山出现了喷溢和地球化学异常变化. 该地震前、 后4天内两次观测了北天山泥火山, 采集了两批温泉和泥火山气体样品, 测定了样品的气体组分和He、 Ne同位素及CH4、 CO2的碳同位素组成. 结果表明, 泥火山发生了同震喷发, 气体排放量增加, 温泉和泥火山气体出现了不同程度的微量气体浓度异常, 独山子泥火山震前出现了3He/4He高值异常. 研究结果有利于确定利用泥火山和温泉监测地震活动的方法和指标. 相似文献
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北天山泥火山位于新疆天山北麓山前拗陷带内,均处在背斜褶皱的轴部。在了解泥火山的地质背景、活动现状的基础上,对该区泥火山进行了详细的野外考察,对所采样品进行粒度、显微形貌及成分分析。研究发现:该区域的泥火山样品粒径主要集中在0.3~100μm,平均值相近,分选较差,分布对称性呈极正偏。矿物颗粒以石英、长石为主,基质为黏土矿物,白杨沟和艾其沟样品中均含有铁矿物质。根据上述分析结果对北天山泥火山成因机制进行了初步探讨,认为该区域的泥火山物源相同,泥浆最深来源于下中侏罗统,地层压力以构造活动为主。目前泥火山处于弱活动期,短期内造成较大灾害的可能性很小。 相似文献
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本文讨论了新疆温泉县泥火山喷出水的化学特征。于2012年10月~2014年6月测量了温泉县泥火山喷发水、明目泉泉水及附近河水的化学组分(K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+、F-、Cl-、SO2-4、HCO-3♂和CO2-3)和温泉县泥火山喷发水的氢氧同位素组成(δD和δ18O)。结果表明,该泥火山喷发水的化学类型为Na-HCO3SO4,δ18O-δD值小幅度偏离大气降水线,主要形成于大气降水顺断裂或裂隙深循环过程中与围岩的水岩作用;泥火山离子浓度较高,变化幅度低于5%,背景值稳定,可作为区域地震地球化学监测的对象。 相似文献
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成都平原的形成与演化 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
成都平原是位于青藏高原东南侧前缘的第四纪压陷盆地，东西两侧分别被龙泉山和龙门山所限。研究表明，成都平原的第四纪断陷作用从大邑－彭县－绵竹隐伏断裂和浦江－新津－成都－德阳断裂所夹的北东向断块的为民陷开始，然后向东西两侧扩展。不同断裂在不同时代的逆冲运动对成都平原的形成和演化起重要的制约作用。 相似文献
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Analysis on sand drift damages to the Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes showed that the actual sand drift hazards in the area are mainly
attributed to the gobi wind-sand stream formed by sand coming from the Mingsha Mountain (megadune), while the migration of
the megadune and its frontal edge dunes is actually not a major threat to the grottoes. The gobi belt on the cliff top of
the Mogao Grottoes is not only a natural sand transport field but also a natural protective screen which prevents the megadune
and its frontal edge dunes from advancing towards the grottoes or burying the grottoes. Therefore efforts to protect the Mogao
Grottoes should be focussed on halting the gobi wind-sand stream rather than on checking the migration of sand dunes. For
this reason, effective sand blockade and stabilization measures should be adopted at the frontal edge of the megadune but
no sand retarding works are allowed to be set up in the gobi belt so as to avoid sand accumulation and entering the grottoes.
Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China. 相似文献
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2008年5月12日MS8.0 汶川大地震的主要发震断层是龙门山断裂带的映秀—北川断裂.本研究通过地震后的实地调查和地震前后高空间分辨率航空与卫星影像的解译,对映秀—北川断裂带北川段（擂鼓镇—曲山镇）同震地表破裂带的几何学与运动学特征及相关地震地质灾害进行了详细分析.研究结果表明5·12汶川大地震沿映秀—北川断裂带产生的地表破裂带正穿过北川县城—曲山镇中心,并在曲山镇周围诱发了一系列大型滑坡和岩崩等地质灾害,致使北川县城遭到毁灭性破坏.野外考察表明北川段最大逆冲量和右旋走滑量都达8~10 m,这也是映秀—北川地表地震破裂带中位移量最大的地段.同时,值得注意的是曲山镇一带正是地震断层几何学和运动学特征改变的转换地带：曲山镇及其南西部断层倾向北西,呈现以逆冲为主兼右旋走滑的特征;在曲山镇北东断层倾向南东,表现为右旋走滑分量与垂直分量相当,走滑活动特征更明显.研究结果还表明,逆冲-走滑型（或斜向逆冲型）同震地表破裂带的几何学和运动学特征直接影响地震地质灾害及其破坏程度,地震地质灾害的分布表现出明显的不对称性：断层NW盘（上盘）远远强于SE盘（下盘）.地震断层的几何学特征与断层运动的应力及坡向的自由面之间相互作用,加强了滑坡、岩崩等地质灾害的破坏力.因此,汶川大地震为我们研究逆冲-走滑型同震地表破裂的几何学、运动学特征及其地震地质灾害效应提供了契机. 相似文献
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J.M. Davies J.M. Addy R.A. Blackman J.R. Blanchard J.E. Ferbrache D.C. Moore H.J. Somerville A. Whitehead T. Wilkinson 《Marine pollution bulletin》1984,15(10):363-370
The environmental effects of oil-based drilling mud cuttings have been evaluated using all the data available from monitoring around North Sea platforms. Beneath the platforms making extensive use of oil-based drilling muds the natural sediment is buried by cuttings and the hydrocarbon concentration 250 m from the platforms may be 1000 times background, but the concentration gradient is very steep and background levels are usually reached 2000–3000 m from the platform.The extent of the biological effects appear to be greater from the use of oil-based muds than from water-based muds. Beyond the area of physical smothering the effects of oil-based mud cuttings may be due to organic enrichment or to the toxicity of the aromatic fraction of the oil. Despite the large scale of inputs, in all the fields studied the major deleterious biological effects occurred within 500 m of the platform. Surrounding the area of major impact was a transition zone in which subtle biological effects could be detected as community parameters returned to normal, generally within 400–1000 m.The shape and extent of this zone varied and was largely determined by the current regime and scale of the drilling operation. Elevated hydrocarbon concentrations were detected beyond the areas of biological effects. 相似文献
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地壳中流体动力学模型研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
较全面介绍了近年国内外地壳地下流体动力学研究的最新成果。综合分析前人研究成果并将其系统化为地完尺度上地下流体动力学系统的概念模型和数学模型。模型根据影响地下流体动力特性的主要因素和介质渗透特征,把地壳渗流场分为深度小于6km的饯部带、6～17km的过渡带和大于17km的深部带。数学处理上把驱动流体运动的各种地质作用归一化为“地质力”,以地下流体运动方程中的源汇项表示。分析了不同地质环境各种地质作用对地下流体系统的作用特征。对地壳中普遍存在的异常孔隙压力现象,从流体动力学的角度进行了解释,并认为周期性地震活动是形成异常高孔隙压力的主导因素。 相似文献
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Multidimensional Investigation of Bedrock Heterogeneity/Unconformities at a DNAPL‐Impacted Site 
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下载免费PDF全文 Organic solvent (i.e., dense nonaqueous phase liquid, DNAPL) migration in the subsurface is known to be extremely sensitive to geologic heterogeneity. There is often a focus on heterogeneity that results from changing depositional conditions over short spatial scales. Similar or even more extreme spatial heterogeneity can result postdeposition due to erosional processes. This study applies a synergistic approach based on a combination of high‐resolution lithologic logs of continuous cores, borehole geophysical logs, surface electrical resistivity, and seismic refraction tomography models to assess spatial heterogeneity in a shallow bedrock sequence subject to multiple unconformities and contaminated with a mixture of organic chemicals. The persistence of DNAPL in the source zone and an associated dissolved‐phase plume led to variable impacts on formation resistivity across the study site. Seismic refraction in combination with electrical resistivity tomography improved interpretation of highly irregular erosional boundaries by delineating sharp lateral transitions in lithologic composition near the source zone and across the dissolved‐phase plume. Electrical resistivity was effective at differentiating between clean and mud‐rich sandstones and their unconformable contact with an underlying dolostone. Geophysical measurements revealed eroded dolostone mounds encased by a network of younger mud‐rich sandstones channelized by clean semi‐lithified sand, all of which was buried beneath variable glacial drift. Our synergistic multidimensional approach resulted in the development of a detailed three‐dimensional shallow bedrock geospatial model, which has led to an improved understanding of DNAPL migration and contaminant plume heterogeneity. 相似文献
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Introduction Since 1920s, with increasing awareness of disaster prevention and reduction in various as-pects and gradually deepened development of International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR) activities in China, the role and position of disaster risk analysis and risk management work are increasingly prominent. In the final report of the IDNDR activities in 1999, the Science and Technology Committee of IDNDR had presented 5 challenge fields, which the international dis… 相似文献
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山西省是我国地震、洪涝、气象和地质灾害及农作物生物灾害等众灾频发的地区.研究表明，山西断陷盆地带的形成与发展，为这些灾害的孕育发生创造了有利环境和条件，致使盆地地区成为山西地震、洪涝、气象和地质灾害及农业生物灾害等众灾频发，且相互作用、相互强化最严重的地区；加之盆地地区恰是山西人口、工农业生产和社会经济财产最集中的部位，两方面因素的共同影响，使得该地区成为山西最严重的灾害高风险区. 为了减轻山西省的自然灾害，保障其社会经济可持续发展，必须将盆地地区作为山西省的减灾重点区域，并进行综合减灾. 相似文献
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通过实地考察、槽探和浅层地震探测等手段以及对地质构造和地下水超采环境的分析，详细地研究了大同铁路分局地裂缝带的三维构造特征，指出现今处于发展中的地裂缝带是由东向西扩展的，扩展速率为２６０～５２０ｍ／ａ，地裂缝带两侧的差异升降运动速率达２２．１～２４．４ｍｍ／ａ，主地裂缝带的水平拉张速率约１．１１～１１．６ｍｍ／ａ，垂直错动速率０．２～８．５７ｍｍ／ａ，左旋错动速率１．８７～３．５７ｍｍ／ａ。地裂缝带的活动方式为无震蠕滑型，扩展中的地裂缝是一种无震的地质灾害 相似文献
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Daphne van der Wal Thijs van Kessel Marieke A. Eleveld Joris Vanlede 《Ocean Dynamics》2010,60(3):519-533
The fate of mud in an estuary over an entire year was unravelled using complementary, independent, spatially explicit techniques.
Sequential ERS-2 SAR and Envisat MERIS-FR data were used to derive synoptic changes in intertidal bottom mud and suspended
particulate matter (SPM) in the top of the water column, respectively. These satellite data were combined with in situ measurements
and with a high resolution three-dimensional cohesive sediment model, simulating mud transport, resuspension, settling and
deposition under the influence of tides, wind, waves and freshwater discharge. The spatial distribution of both bottom mud
and SPM as observed by in situ and satellite techniques was largely explained by modelled estuarine circulation, tidal and
wind-induced variations in vertical mixing and horizontal advection. The three data sources also showed similar spring-neap
and seasonal variations in SPM (all factor 1.5 to 2), but semi-diurnal tidal variations were underestimated by the model.
Satellite data revealed that changes in intertidal bottom mud were spatially heterogeneous, but on average mud content doubled
during summer, which was confirmed by in situ data. The model did not show such seasonal variation in bed sediment, suggesting
that seasonal dynamics are not well explained by the physical factors presently implemented in the model, but may be largely
attributed to other (internal) factors, including increased floc size in summer, temporal stabilisation of the sediment by
microphytobenthos and a substantially lower roughness of the intertidal bed in summer as observed by the satellite. The effects
of such factors on estuarine mud dynamics were evaluated. 相似文献