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1.
本文利用1993～1994年日本国家农业环境研究所与中国科学院沙漠研究所合作在内蒙古奈曼地区实测的7种不同生态系统（沙丘、轻度放牧草原、中度放牧草原、重度放牧草原、无放牧草原、玉米田和大豆田）的净辐射、土壤热通量、两个高度的CO2浓度、温度、湿度和风速等资料，采用空气动力学方法，计算了CO2通量及其与环境和人为干扰因子的关系，并分析了不同下垫面的光合作用特征. 结果表明：各种下垫面CO2通量的共同特点是：在白天，CO2通量和梯度的输送方向是从大气向植被，在中午（11～13时）输送达到负的最大值； 在夜间，CO2通量和梯度输送方向与白天相反，是从植被向大气，在早晨（3～5时）达到正的最大值. 植被覆盖率及生物量不同的下垫面光合作用强度有明显差异，天气状况对光合作用也有一定影响. 相似文献
2.
本文利用1993～1994年日本国家农业环境研究所与中国科学院沙漠研究所合作在内蒙古奈曼地区实测的7种不同生态系统（沙丘、轻度放牧草原、中度放牧草原、重度放牧草原、无放牧草原、玉米田和大豆田）的净辐射、土壤热通量、两个高度的CO2浓度、温度、湿度和风速等资料，采用空气动力学方法，计算了CO2通量及其与环境和人为干扰因子的关系，并分析了不同下垫面的光合作用特征. 结果表明：各种下垫面CO2通量的共同特点是：在白天，CO2通量和梯度的输送方向是从大气向植被，在中午（11～13时）输送达到负的最大值； 在夜间，CO2通量和梯度输送方向与白天相反，是从植被向大气，在早晨（3～5时）达到正的最大值. 植被覆盖率及生物量不同的下垫面光合作用强度有明显差异，天气状况对光合作用也有一定影响. 相似文献
3.
一次冷锋过境过程的中尺度通量观测 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
根据Taylor假定 ,通过对铁塔定点观测冷锋过境湍流资料的谱分析 ,分离出其中尺度过程 ,从而计算出其中尺度通量 .计算结果的分析表明 ,在强背景风场条件下 ,湍流动量输送占据绝对优势 ;当背景风较弱时 ,中尺度动量通量不能被忽视 ,它甚至强于湍流动量通量 .而中尺度感热通量的强弱受多种因素的制约 .总的说来 ,冷锋后的中尺度感热通量大大强于湍流感热通量 .对于湍流通量参数化计算的理论分析表明 ,在较长的时间尺度进行湍流通量参数化时 ,有必要考虑因中尺度扰动而产生的修正 .合理的通量计算参数化方案需要全面包含湍流通量、中尺度通量以及中尺度过程对湍流通量的修正 相似文献
4.
几种不同下垫面地表粗糙度动态变化及其对通量机理模型模拟的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
在众多地表通量模拟模型和遥感通量反演模型中,空气动力学粗糙度(z0)是一个重要的地表参数.选取代表典型农田的禹城站,代表复杂下垫面的千烟洲站和代表森林下垫面的长白山站3个通量观测站的风速和温度廓线资料,运用最小二乘法拟合迭代,分别计算得到各站点通量塔所在地的零平面位移和空气动力学粗糙度.在此基础上,分别分析不同下垫面的空气动力学粗糙度随作物高度和叶面积指数(LAI)、风向(地形)、风速、摩擦速度等因子的变化.并采用SEBS模型分析地表空气动力学粗糙度动态变化对地表通量计算的影响.结果表明空气动力学粗糙度随植被特征(如作物高度,叶面积指数等)以及风向、风速和摩擦速度等因子而变化.禹城和长白山站通量塔所在风浪区的空气动力学粗糙度明显随作物生长期植被高度及叶面积指数变化,即先随LAI增加而增加,达到峰值后,随LAI增加而减小;千烟洲叶面积指数变化较小,空气动力学粗糙度随叶面积指数的变化不明显;地形较平坦的禹城和长白山站空气动力学粗糙度随风向变化较小,而地形起伏较大的千烟洲站空气动力学粗糙度随风向变化较大.随着风速的变化,禹城站空气动力学粗糙度没有明显变化,而千烟洲和长白山空气动力学粗糙度表现出随风速增加而减小的趋势.各站空气动力学粗糙度的这种动态变化对模型通量反演有较大影响,通过模型分析,5月1日～6月3日禹城空气动力学粗糙度日平均值、千烟洲及长白山通量塔空气动力学粗糙度5d平均值与模型所取z0值相比,由于z0的动态变化造成相同时间尺度显热通量H的计算相对误差的绝对值最大可分别达到2.726%,33.802%和18.105%. 相似文献
5.
地表土壤热通量是地表能量平衡的重要组成部分,对地表蒸散发的估算至关重要.利用土壤温湿度廓线观测资料基于热扩散方程计算地表土壤热通量,并通过冻土融化前后土壤液态水含量变化估算土壤含冰量,分析了土壤含冰量对土壤热通量的影响,旨在分析黑河流域典型下垫面(高山草地、农田和森林)地表土壤热通量的时空变化特征.研究结果表明:(1)黑河流域不同下垫面的地表土壤热通量有明显的日变化差异,日最大值时刻提前净辐射通量几分钟至几小时不等,这与土壤质地、湿度、热属性和植被覆盖度有关;(2)净辐射通量有显著的季节变化,一般夏季达最大值,冬季最小,地表土壤热通量也有明显的季节变化,但并不总是与净辐射通量变化保持一致,春季达最大值,夏季由于植被覆盖的原因反而降低;(3)地表土壤热通量占净辐射通量的比例因季节及下垫面不同而有差异,1月份月平均比值分别为:阿柔25.6%、盈科22.9%和关滩4.3%,7月份月平均比值分别为:阿柔2.3%、盈科1.6%和关滩0.3%;(4)冬季考虑了冰的热容量使得土壤热容量增加,土壤热存储增加,从而由热扩散方程计算的地表土壤热通量增加,使得能量平衡闭合率提高了4.3%. 相似文献
6.
中国通量观测网络(ChinaFLUX)能量平衡闭合状况的评价 总被引：24，自引：2，他引：24
涡度相关观测网络能够对生态系统的水碳通量及其气候背景资料进行长期观测,能量平衡闭合状况作为通量观测数据评价的一个重要参考指标,备受通量界研究者的重视.本研究运用OLS(OrdinaryLeastSquares)、RMA(ReducedMajorAxis)、EBR(EnergyBalanceRatio)和δ频率分布四种统计方法对湍流通量(显热和潜热)与有效能量(净辐射、土壤热通量、冠层热储量)的关系进行了分析,对ChinaFLUX各站点的能量平衡闭合状况进行了综合评价,给出了能量平衡闭合程度日变化和季节变化趋势.研究结果表明各站点能量平衡都没有完全闭合,但因站点的条件不同,其不闭合程度略有差异;在夜间不闭合的程度比白天更加明显;闭合程度随摩擦风速的增大而有所改善.总体来说,在现有通量观测系统中,显热和潜热湍流通量往往会被低估,而有效能量项则会被高估.最后讨论了通量观测中的采样误差、仪器测量可能产生的系统偏差、其他能量吸收项的作用、高频与低频湍流通量损失以及平流作用对能量平衡闭合状况的影响. 相似文献
7.
能量平衡原理是遥感反演地表通量,波文比法计算地表通量的基础.但大量的观测数据表明,多数情况下,非均匀地表的地表能量是不闭合的,一方面是由于观测仪器的误差及各参量观测尺度差异造成的,更重要的则是由地表不均质性引起的水平平流效应导致的.因此,定量的估算水平平流效应对地表能量平衡的影响具有很重要的意义.以地表可供能量差、水分状况差异、风速和垂直空气温度梯度四个参数为基础,本文提出了一个基于遥感信息的水平平流通量观测影响纠正模型,其中引入了像元尺度与风浪区长度的关系.文章通过模拟计算,分析了模型中各参数对平流估算结果的影响,同时分析了水平平流的尺度效应问题.进一步,在地表实验数据的支撑下,给出了在农田下垫面情况下模型的验证结果.结果表明模型估算的能量变化率与实测的能量变化率有较好的相关性,经过纠正后的能量闭合状况有很好的改善. 相似文献
8.
9.
大量近地层观测试验表明,利用涡动相关法观测的湍流通量小于近地层可利用能量,即近地层能量是不闭合的,这种不闭合度一般为20%甚至更高.而陆面过程模式是基于地气间能量平衡建立,并且模式中的湍流边界层参数化方案通常根据实际观测的湍流通量来确定,因此能量不闭合必将对陆面过程模式造成一定的影响.本文利用2007年春季SACOL站的近地层观测资料,依据能量守恒将能量不闭合中的残余能量通过波文比分配到观测的湍流通量中,即修正涡动相关法观测的湍流通量使得近地层能量达到平衡;之后分别利用观测和修正的湍流通量,建立了能量不闭合和闭合情形下的湍流参数化方案,借助陆面过程模式SHAW,通过数值模拟和对比分析方法考察近地层能量闭合度对陆面过程模式的影响.研究结果表明近地层能量闭合对陆面过程模式有显著的影响:在陆面过程数值模拟中,当应用近地层能量不闭合的湍流通量形成的湍流参数化方案时,陆面过程模式会明显高估地表长波辐射及土壤温度;但当应用修正湍流通量使得近地层能量达到闭合形成的湍流参数化方案后,在不改变任何地表土壤物理生化属性的情况下,陆面过程模式能较好地模拟地表长波辐射和土壤温度. 相似文献
10.
《中国科学:地球科学》2020,(6)
植被是重要的城市地表覆盖类型之一,它通过蒸散降温和阻挡强冷空气,对城市风温湿大气微环境和污染物扩散特征会产生显著影响.准确预测植被环境流动和标量输运特性,理解植被与大气之间湍流交换过程,对城市环境改善具有重要意义.文章建立和发展了适用于森林植被环境湍流流动和标量场演化仿真计算的大涡模拟方法,将中尺度气象预报模式与微尺度精细大涡模拟方法耦合,利用地表能量平衡关系考虑大气辐射等多物理过程,研究了典型天气条件下复杂森林下垫面大气流动问题.通过考察不同大气稳定度条件下森林植被环境流动发现,在不稳定和稳定大气情况,浮力分别起到增强和抑制大气湍流混合作用,风切变也相应减小和增加.在北京奥林匹克森林公园的多尺度模拟试验中,通过与外场观测结果比较,文章验证了耦合模型可以较好地模拟城市复杂地表上空风速、温度和相对湿度的日变化.尤其是对于风场的模拟,耦合方案明显优于传统中尺度数值模拟,这主要是由于耦合方案既考虑了外部中尺度流动的影响,又通过降尺度方法可以精细分辨城市非均匀地表粗糙元素分布,从而较为精确的复现了城市粗糙子层内复杂大气流动和湍流通量输运. 相似文献
11.
This paper discusses the preliminary results of a study on the vegetation pattern and its relationship with meteorological parameters in and around Istanbul. The study covers an area of over 6800 km2 consisting of urban and suburban centers, and uses the visible and near-infrared bands of Landsat. The spatial variation of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and meteorological parameters such as sensible heat flux, momentum flux, relative humidity, moist static energy, rainfall rate and temperature have been investigated based on observations in ten stations in the European (Thracian) and Anatolian parts of Istanbul. NDVI values have been evaluated from the Landsat data for a single day, viz. 24 October 1986, using ERDAS in ten different classes. The simultaneous spatial variations of sensible heat and momentum fluxes have been computed from the wind and temperature profiles using the Monin-Obukhov similarity theory. The static energy variations are based on the surface meteorological observations. There is very good correlation between NDVI and rainfall rate. Good correlation also exists between: NDVI and relative humidity; NDVI, sensible heat flux and relative humidity; NDVI, momentum flux and emissivity; and NDVI, sensible heat flux and emissivity. The study suggests that the momentum flux has only marginal impact on NDVI. Due to rapid urbanization, the coastal belt is characterized by reduced NDVI compared to the interior areas, suggesting that thermodynamic discontinuities considerably influence the vegetation pattern. This study is useful for the investigation of small-scale circulation models, especially in urban and suburban areas where differential heating leads to the formation of heat islands. In the long run, such studies on a global scale are vital to gain accurate, timely information on the distribution of vegetation on the earth’s surface. This may lead to an understanding of how changes in land cover affect phenomena as diverse as the atmospheric CO2 concentrations, the hydrological cycle and the energy balance at the surface-atmosphere interface. 相似文献
12.
Spatial distribution of surface energy fluxes over the Loess Plateau in China and its relationship with climate and the environment 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Qiang Zhang Liang Zhang Jing Huang LiYang Zhang WenYu Wang Sha Sha 《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2014,57(9):2135-2147
China's Loess Plateau is located at the edge of the Asian summer monsoon in a transition zone of climate and ecology. In the Loess Plateau, climate and environments change along with space, which has an obvious impact on the spatial distribution of surface energy fluxes. Because of scarce land-surface observation sites and short observation time in this area, previous studies have failed to fully understand the land-surface energy balance characteristics over the entire the Loess Plateau and their effect mechanisms. In this paper, we first test the simulation ability of the Community Land Model(CLM) model by comparing its simulated data with observed data. Based on the simulation data for the Loess Plateau over the past thirty years, we then analyze the spatial distribution of surface energy fluxes and compare the pattern differences between the area averages for the driest year and wettest year. Furthermore, we analyze the relationship between the spatial distribution of the components of the surface energy balance with longitude, latitude, altitude, precipitation and temperature. The main results are as follows: the spatial distribution of surface energy fluxes are significantly different, with the surface net radiation and sensible heat flux increasing from south to north and latent heat flux and soil heat flux decreasing from southeast to northwest. The sensible heat flux at the driest point is nearly twice as high as that at the wettest point, whereas the latent heat flux and soil heat flux at the driest point are half as much as that at the wettest point. The impact of variations of annual precipitation on the components of the surface energy balance is also obvious, and the maximum magnitude of the changes to the sensible heat flux and latent heat flux is nearly 30%. To a certain extent, geographical factors(including longitude, latitude, and altitude) and climate factors(including temperature and precipitation) affect the surface energy fluxes. However, the surface net radiation is more closely related to latitude and altitude, sensible heat flux is more closely related to the monsoon rainfall and latitude, and latent heat flux and soil heat flux are more closely related to the monsoon rainfall. 相似文献
13.
Sensitivity of model parameterizations for simulated latent heat flux at the snow surface for complex mountain sites 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1 
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下载免费PDF全文 The snowcover energy balance is typically dominated by net radiation and sensible and latent heat fluxes. Validation of the two latter components is rare and often difficult to undertake at complex mountain sites. Latent heat flux, the focus of this paper, is the primary coupling mechanism between the snow surface and the atmosphere. It accounts for the critical exchange of mass (sublimation or condensation), along with the associated snowcover energy loss or gain. Measured and modelled latent heat fluxes at a wind‐exposed and wind‐sheltered site were compared to evaluate variability in model parameters. A well‐tested and well‐validated snowcover energy balance model, Snobal, was selected for this comparison because of previously successful applications of the model at these sites and because of the adjustability of the parameters specific to latent heat transfer within the model. Simulated latent heat flux and snow water equivalent (SWE) were not sensitive to different formulations of the stability profile functions associated with heat transfer calculations. The model parameters of snow surface roughness length and active snow layer thickness were used to improve latent heat flux simulations while retaining accuracy in the simulation of the SWE at an exposed and sheltered study site. Optimal parameters for simulated latent heat flux and SWE were found at the exposed site with a shorter roughness length and thicker active layer, and at the sheltered site with a longer roughness length and thinner active layer. These findings were linked to physical characteristics of the study sites and will allow for adoption into other snow models that use similar parameters. Physical characteristics of wind exposure and cover could also be used to distribute critical parameters in a spatially distributed modelling domain and aid in parameter selection for application to other watersheds where detailed information is not available. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
14.
Land surface energy fluxes are required in many environmental studies, including hydrology, agronomy and meteorology. Surface energy balance models simulate microscale energy exchange processes between the ground surface and the atmospheric layer near ground level. Spatial variability of energy fluxes limits point measurements to be used for larger areas. Remote sensing provides the basis for spatial mapping of energy fluxes. Remote‐sensing‐based surface energy flux‐mapping was conducted using seven Landsat images from 1997 to 2002 at four contiguous crop fields located in Polk County, northwestern Minnesota. Spatially distributed surface energy fluxes were estimated and mapped at 30 m pixel level from Landsat Thematic Mapper and Enhanced Thematic Mapper images and weather information. Net radiation was determined using the surface energy balance algorithm for land (SEBAL) procedure. Applying the two‐source energy balance (TSEB) model, the surface temperature and the latent and sensible heat fluxes were partitioned into vegetation and soil components and estimated at the pixel level. Yield data for wheat and soybean from 1997 to 2002 were mapped and compared with latent heat (evapotranspiration) for four of the fields at pixel level. The spatial distribution and the relation of latent heat flux and Bowen ratio (ratio of sensible heat to latent heat) to crop yield were studied. The root‐mean‐square error and the mean absolute percentage of error between the observed and predicted energy fluxes were between 7 and 22 W m−2 and 12 and 24% respectively. Results show that latent heat flux and Bowen ratio were correlated (positive and negative) to the yield data. Wheat and soybean yields were predicted using latent heat flux with mean R2 = 0·67 and 0·70 respectively, average residual means of −4·2 bushels/acre and 0·11 bushels/acre respectively, and average residual standard deviations of 16·2 bushels/acre and 16·6 bushels/acre respectively (1 bushel/acre ≈ 0·087 m3 ha−1). The flux estimation procedure from the SEBAL‐TSEB model was useful and applicable to agricultural fields. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
15.
《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2021,(7)
Based on observation data from urban observation stations in Nanjing and Suzhou at two heights in the roughness sublayer above the canopy and observation data at three heights in the SORPES station at the Xianlin Campus of Nanjing University in a suburban area, the of land-atmosphere turbulent flux exchange and the energy balance over complex underlying surfaces were analyzed. The results indicated that in the roughness sublayer above the canopy, the nearsurface momentum flux, sensible heat flux, and latent heat flux increase with height, and the observation value of the surface albedo increases with height. However, the observation value of the net radiation decreases with height, thus resulting in a change in the urban surface energy budget with height. At the SORPES station in the Xianlin Campus of Nanjing University located in a hilly area, the momentum flux, sensible heat flux, and latent heat flux of the ground observation field significantly differed from those of the two heights on the tower, while the two heights on the tower were extremely close. These results indicate that the flux observation over the complex underlying surface exhibits adequate local only when it is conducted at a higher altitude above the ground. The turbulent flux observation results at a lower altitude in urban areas are underestimated, while the turbulent flux observation results near the surface produce a large deviation over the underlying hilly complex. 相似文献
16.
In this study, a parameterization method based on Landsat‐7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM) data and field observations is presented and tested for deriving the regional land surface variables, vegetation variables and land surface heat fluxes over a heterogeneous landscape. As a case study, the method and two Landsat‐7 ETM images are applied to the Jiddah area of Saudi Arabia. The regional distribution maps of surface reflectance, normalized difference vegetation index, modified soil adjusted vegetation index (MSAVI), vegetation coverage, leaf area index, surface temperature, net radiation flux, soil heat flux, sensible heat flux and latent heat flux have been determined over the Jiddah area. The derived results have been validated by using the ‘ground truth’. The results show that the more reasonable regional distributions of land surface variables (surface reflectance, surface temperature), vegetation variables (MSAVI and vegetation coverage), net radiation, soil heat flux and sensible heat flux can be obtained by using the method proposed in this study. Further improvement of the method is also discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
17.
基于双温度差分双源模型的遥感方法反演四川汶川地区的潜热通量 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
研究表明,在很多地震前都出现了潜热通量异常。文中基于Modis遥感数据,结合研究区(四川省汶川地区)的高光谱数据及地面观测的气象数据,利用一种简化的双层模型(双温度差分双源模型)反演显热通量,并通过地表能量平衡方程计算研究区的潜热通量。还探讨了该模型的特点,并对龙门山断裂带通过地区进行了潜热通量的遥感反演,发现在2008年5月12日汶川MS8.0地震前48h内,研究区内的震中地区、龙门山断裂周边地区潜热通量值出现了明显的高值,5月12日中午12时7分沿龙门山断裂带潜热通量值达到300～400W/m2,可能是汶川8.0级地震前的异常反应 相似文献
18.
运用国际能量平衡实验(EBEX-2000)的湍流、净辐射和土壤观测资料,运用涡动相关法分析了非均匀灌溉引起的热内边界层发展条件下近地层感热、潜热通量特征,并对有无灌溉两种条件下的能量闭合度进行了对比分析.在计算感热、潜热通量过程中,分别将Schotanus订正和Webb订正纳入了考虑范围,研究了两种订正方法对计算湍流热通量的影响.研究结果发现,由于非均匀灌溉生成的热内边界层使得近地层感热通量受到抑制,潜热通量出现波动,该现象在8.7 m比2.7 m 更为显著.非均匀灌溉导致的热内边界层的存在使得近地层能量闭合度偏低,能量平衡比率约为0.65;而没有热内边界层存在时,近地层能量平衡比率约为0.70.本实验中,Schotanus订正使得感热通量显著减小,其订正量日平均值约为-8 W/m2,占净辐射的近4%;Webb订正量日平均值约为2 W/m2,对能量平衡的影响较小. 相似文献