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1.
寻找地震前兆是国内外地震预报的难点.在实验室开展岩石变形实验,观测相关物理量的演化特征和规律,是前兆探索中重要的基础工作.本文对压性雁列断层进行变形实验,根据应力时间曲线将具有前兆意义的变形阶段分为强偏离线性阶段、亚失稳阶段和失稳阶段,利用红外热像仪记录各个阶段的热场变化,特别是亚失稳阶段的热场表现.研究结果显示:强偏离线性阶段,岩桥区挤压升温;亚失稳阶段,断层带增温,且高温点扩展连通,断层带内侧卸载降温,断层带上的协同化增温和断层带内侧(包含岩桥区)的协同化降温是失稳前的重要信号;失稳阶段,应力释放,标本整体降温,只有断层带因摩擦升温.总之,亚失稳阶段的热场具有明显特征,利于识别出亚失稳态;不同变形阶段、不同构造部位温度变化不同,在寻找与构造活动相关的热异常时,应考虑变形所处的阶段及异常所处的构造部位. 相似文献
2.
速率和状态相依赖的摩擦定律是本文采用的重要定律。结合Chester-Higgs摩擦模型和McKenzie-Brune摩擦生热模型，在一维弹簧-滑块-断层近似模型下，利用四阶变步长的Dormand-Prince算法，研究探讨了断层摩擦生热对断层演化的影响。结果表明:与忽略温度影响的情形相比，摩擦生热造成的温度上升可导致断层滑移时刻的略微提前，并伴随着摩擦系数和状态变量的下降，同时也使得断层的滑移量和应力降略有减小，而滑移速率有所增大；另外，在考虑温度影响时，有效正应力和临界滑移距离也会影响断层的演化过程，断层上的有效正应力越大，断层失稳时刻越提前，温度上升越明显；断层的临界滑移距离越大，断层失稳时刻则越迟，温度上升越显著，但当临界滑移距离超过5 cm时，具有不同临界滑移距离的断层，失稳时的温度则基本保持一致。 相似文献
3.
Shengli Ma Liqiang Liu Jin Ma Kaiying Wang Xiaoyan Hu Tianchang Liu Xiuquan Wu 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2003,46(2):56-66
The nucleation process of stick-slip instability was analyzed based on the experimental measurements of strain and fault slip on homogeneous and non-homogeneous faults. The results show that the nucleation process of stick-slip on the homogeneous fault is of weak slip-weakening behavior under constant loading point velocity. The existence of a short “weak segment” on the fault makes slip-weakening phenomenon in nucleation process more obvious, while the existence of a long “weak segment” on the fault makes the nucleation process changed. The nucleation is characterized by accelerating slip in a local region and rapid increase of shear stress along the fault in this case, which is more coincident with the rate and state friction law. During the period when fault is locked, increasing of shear stress causes lateral elastic dilation near the fault, and the rebound of the dilation at the time of instability causes an instantaneous increase of normal stress in the fault plane, which is an important factor making fault be rapidly locked and its strength recovered. 相似文献
4.
The nucleation process of stick-slip instability was analyzed based on the experimental measurements of strain and fault slip on homogeneous and non-homogeneous faults. The results show that the nucleation process of stick-slip on the homogeneous fault is of weak slip-weakening behavior under constant loading point velocity. The existence of a short "weak segment" on the fault makes slip-weakening phenomenon in nucleation process more obvious, while the existence of a long "weak segment" on the fault makes the nucleation process changed. The nucleation is characterized by accelerating slip in a local region and rapid increase of shear stress along the fault in this case, which is more coincident with the rate and state friction law. During the period when fault is locked, increasing of shear stress causes lateral elastic dilation near the fault, and the rebound of the dilation at the time of instability causes an instantaneous increase of normal stress in the fault plane, which is an important factor making fault be rapidly locked and its strength recovered. 相似文献
5.
近年来从岩石实验研究针对应力水平进入峰值强度后至断层快速失稳前的短临阶段变形物理场的时空演化过程提出了亚失稳阶段的概念，该阶段的基本特征为应力由峰值前的积累为主转为峰值后稳定释放并加速至最终快速失稳，这一过程伴随着其他变形物理场的相应转变.把握该阶段应力场的转变特征对认识未来地震危险区及其变形阶段至关重要.以2008年汶川地震为例，运用基于区域多个地震震源机制反演定量应力张量的方法对强震前是否存在可观测的亚失稳应力状态进行了研究.获得的震源附近紫坪铺水库区域临震前应力状态时空演化过程显示，水库测震台网开始运行的2004年8月至2007年6月期间该区域归一化有效平均应力水平相对较低且均匀分布，随时间无明显变化；而2007年6月后至汶川主震发生前应力水平局部显著增强.基于不同时段的定量应力进一步获得了随时间演化的增量场，显示2007年6月后除了汶川附近和彭县附近为应力增强区，其他大部分区域表现为幅值相对较低的应力释放，表明研究区在2007年6月后应力水平明显弱化；而在2007年6月之前的应力增量场却显示区域应力随时间以积累为主.根据应力演化特征及分时段的应力增量场可推断孕震区在2007年中期达到强度极限，峰值前区域应力随时间平稳变化并以积累为主，而峰值后则转变为明显的应力释放.该现象显示汶川地震前区域应力存在由积累为主转为释放为主的可观测阶段，符合实验研究中断层由稳态进入亚失稳状态的应力演化特征.结合其他研究结果，推测汶川地震前震源断层及附近区域存在联动加速变形过程，与震前亚失稳应力状态相关. 相似文献
6.
由岩体失稳讨论地震前兆的复杂性 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
断层带应变弱化——失稳的地震模式表明,岩体失稳不仅取决于作用的应力水平,而且决定于应变弱化阶段中环境刚度和岩石刚度的相对大小。该模式可能被应用去解释实际观测中出现异常,而其后不发生地震活动的复杂情况。 相似文献
7.
由现今地震活动分析鲜水河断裂带中-南段活动习性与强震危险地段 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
利用最近25年的区域台网地震资料, 基于沿鲜水河断裂带中-南段的b值分布以及多个地震活动参数值的不同组合, 结合震源深度分布、 历史强震背景等, 分析了不同断裂段落的现今活动习性, 进而初步判别该断裂带潜在的强震危险地段。 结果表明, 鲜水河断裂带中-南段目前存在6个不同活动习性的段落。 其中, 道孚段自1981年强震后已再次趋于闭锁, 原因可能与断层面存在“凹凸体”有关, 但应变可能还会进一步积累; 八美段目前处于中偏高应力下的相对静止状态, 推测其断面正处于新的应力积累阶段; 塔公段已有255~300年的无强震期, 目前正处于高应力下的相对闭锁状态, 震源深度剖面上的小震空白区显示出闭锁断层面的轮廓, 应属于未来最可能发生强震的危险地段; 康定、 磨西二个段落表现出中偏低应力下的稀疏小震滑动及较频繁小震滑动的状态, 意味着最晚的一次大地震破裂后断层面尚未重新耦合; 石棉段表现出偏高应力下的频繁中-小地震活动与该段的多条断裂交汇有关。 相似文献
8.
利用1999—2007期和2009—2013期中国大陆GPS速度场数据,采用DEFNODE负位错反演程序估算了川滇菱形块体东边界——鲜水河—安宁河—则木河—小江断裂带在汶川地震前后的断层闭锁程度和滑动亏损空间分布动态变化特征,讨论了汶川地震对该断裂系统的影响范围和程度,并结合b值空间分布和地震破裂时-空结果分析了断裂系统的强震危险段.结果表明,汶川地震前鲜水河断裂最南端为完全闭锁(闭锁深度25km),中南段地表以下10~15km深度为强闭锁状态,中北段基本处于蠕滑状态;安宁河断裂最南端闭锁很弱,其余位置闭锁深度为10~15km;则木河断裂除最南端闭锁较弱以外,其余位置基本为完全闭锁;小江断裂在巧家以南、东川以南、宜良附近、华宁以北等四处位置闭锁较弱,其余位置为强闭锁.10年尺度的GPS速度场反演所得断层闭锁程度所指示的强震危险段,主要为鲜水河断裂道孚—八美段、安宁河断裂中段、则木河断裂中北段、小江断裂北段东川附近、小江断裂南段华宁—建水段,该结果与地质尺度的断层地震空区和30年尺度的b值空间分布所指示的危险段落具有一致性.汶川地震后断裂带远、近场速度分布和块体运动状态发生变化,这种区域地壳运动调整使得负位错模型反演得到的断裂带闭锁情况发生一定变化.汶川地震前后川滇菱形块体东边界平行断层滑动亏损速率均为左旋走滑亏损,且在安宁河断裂北端、则木河断裂中北段滑动亏损速率最大;除鲜水河断裂中南段与最南端和小江断裂东川附近以外,其余断裂震后滑动亏损速率均有所增加.垂直断层滑动亏损速率既有拉张亏损也有挤压亏损,且鲜水河断裂最南端由震前挤压转变为震后拉张,其余断裂除了安宁河断裂和小江断裂中段与最北端存在挤压滑动亏损速率外均为拉张速率. 相似文献
9.
In order to analyze 3-dimensional movement and deformation characteristics and seismic risk of the Xianshuihe fault zone, we inverted for dynamic fault locking and slip deficit rate of the fault using the GPS horizontal velocity field of 1999-2007 and 2013-2017 in Sichuan-Yunnan region, and calculated annual vertical change rate to analyze the vertical deformation characteristics of the fault using the cross-fault leveling data during 1980-2017 locating on the Xianshuihe fault. The GPS inversion results indicate that in 1999-2007, the southeastern segment of the fault is tightly locked, the middle segment is less locked, and the northwestern segment is basically in creeping state. In 2013-2017, the southeastern segment of the fault is obviously weekly locked, in which only a patch between Daofu-Bamei is locked, and the northwestern segment is still mostly in creeping state, in which only a patch at southeastern Luhuo is slightly locked from surface to 10km depth. The cross-fault leveling data show that annual vertical change rate of the Zhuwo, Gelou, Xuxu and Goupu sites on the northwestern segment is larger, which means vertical movement is relatively active, and annual vertical change rate of the Longdengba, Laoqianning, and Zheduotang sites on the southeastern segment is small, which means the fault is locked, and the vertical movement changes little before and after the Wenchuan earthquake. Combining with the 3-dimensional movement and deformation, seismic activity and Coulomb stress on the Xianshuihe Fault, we consider the seismic risk of the southeastern segment is larger, and the Wenchuan earthquake reduced the far-field sinistral movement and the fault slip deficit rate, which may reduce the stress and strain accumulation rate and relieve the seismic risk of the southeastern segment. 相似文献
10.
本文利用有限元方法模拟计算了强震发生前孕震区的波速比及Ｓ波分裂的时空变化，结果表明，孕震过程中，随着应力的局部集中，岩体发生扩容，引起裂隙的增生及定向排列，从而使孕震区产生各向异性，引起波速比的变化及Ｓ波分裂现象，在不同阶段，穿过同一路径的地震射线其波速比和Ｓ波分裂特征不同；在同一时刻，沿不同路径传播的地震射线其波速比及Ｓ波分裂也不同。总体看来，平行于孕震断层传播的地震波速比变化比垂直于其波速比及 相似文献
11.
本文从三维空间的角度,从昌马地震发生的区域构造背景和构造应力场,震源断裂和震源应力场,地震的动力来源,震源介质条件、震源闭锁形式和地震发震机制等方面探讨了昌马地震的成因,提出了“三维空间四方受压的震源闭锁模式和“倒楔型”劈裂的发震机制。 相似文献
12.
在以前的工作中,考虑直立走滑型断层地震,假设断层面微元破裂强度遵循Weibull概率分布,由细观力学方法推导出断层面的宏观本构关系是一个非线性函数,表现为弹性-软化塑性特征,在此基础上用稳定性理论研究了地震稳定性问题.而实际断层大多是倾斜的,为此,本文首先建立了由围岩和倾斜断层构成的平面地震力学模型,采用宏观的断层载荷-变形的全过程曲线,详细讨论了倾斜断层地震的不稳定性问题.结果表明,远场一旦施加位移,断层也同时错动,这可能与实际情况不符合.为了更好的模拟断层的初始能量累计过程,进一步对断层本构模型进行改进.考虑断层面破裂强度,采用Coulomb破裂准则,则断层表现为刚塑性本构关系,只有当断层面剪应力达到一个临界值时,断层才开始错动.研究表明,对于倾斜断层地震,与直立走滑型断层地震一样,系统刚度比β（围岩切线刚度与断层刚度最大值之比）是决定地震失稳的重要参数,只有当β<1时才会出现地震失稳,且伴随应力突跳和围岩应变能释放.当β≥1时,仅仅是断层无震滑动,不会发生地震.在远场应施以位移形式边界条件,以致地震失稳发生在平衡路径的位移转向点并伴有应力突跳. 相似文献
13.
为了研究与总结2008年5月12日汶川8.0级地震前GPS与跨断层资料反映的龙门山断裂带及其周边地区的运动、构造变形、应变积累演化过程,以及汶川地震临震阶段可能的物理机制,本文综合1999~2007期GPS速度场、1999~2008年大尺度GPS基线时间序列、1985~2008年跨断层短水准等资料进行了相关分析与讨论。结果表明:(1)GPS速度剖面结果显示,宽达500km的川西高原在震前有明显的连续变形,而四川盆地一侧和跨龙门山断裂带基本没有变形趋势,表明震前川西高原在持续不断地为已经处于闭锁状态的龙门山断裂带提供能量积累。(2)GPS应变率结果显示,震前龙门山断裂带中北段的NW侧EW向挤压变形明显,变形幅度从远离断裂带较大到靠近断裂带逐渐减小,而断裂带变形微弱;龙门山断裂带西南段周边形成了显著的EW向挤压应变集中区,应变积累速率明显大于中北段。(3)断层闭锁程度反演结果显示,除了汶川地震的震源位置闭锁相对较弱,且西南段有大概20km宽度断层在12~22.5km深度为蠕滑状态以外,震前整条龙门山断裂基本处于强闭锁状态。(4)大尺度GPS基线结果显示,跨南北地震带区域的NE向基线从2005年开始普遍出现压缩转折,反映NE向地壳缩短的相对运动增强。(5)跨断层短水准场地结果显示,震前年均垂直变化速率和形变累积率很低,表明断层近场垂向活动很弱、闭锁较强。通过以上分析认为,在相对小尺度的地壳变形中,震前龙门山断裂带深浅部均处于强闭锁状态,断裂带水平与垂直变形都很微弱,这可能经历了一个缓慢的过程,而且越是临近地震的发生,微弱变形的范围可能越大;在相对大尺度的地壳变形中,震前龙门山断裂带西侧的巴颜喀拉块体东部地区经历了地壳缓慢且持续的缩短挤压变形,为龙门山断裂带应变积累持续提供了动力支持。 相似文献
14.
Based on GPS velocity during 1999-2007, GPS baseline time series on large scale during 1999-2008 and cross-fault leveling data during 1985-2008, the paper makes some analysis and discussion to study and summarize the movement, tectonic deformation and strain accumulation evolution characteristics of the Longmenshan fault and the surrounding area before the MS8.0 Wenchuan earthquake, as well as the possible physical mechanism late in the seismic cycle of the Wenchuan earthquake. Multiple results indicate that:GPS velocity profiles show that obvious continuous deformation across the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau before the earthquake was distributed across a zone at least 500km wide, while there was little deformation in Sichuan Basin and Longmenshan fault zone, which means that the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau provides energy accumulation for locked Longmenshan fault zone continuously. GPS strain rates show that the east-west compression deformation was larger in the northwest of the mid-northern segment of the Longmenshan fault zone, and deformation amplitude decreased gradually from far field to near fault zone, and there was little deformation in fault zone. The east-west compression deformation was significant surrounding the southwestern segment of the Longmenshan fault zone, and strain accumulation rate was larger than that of mid-northern segment. Fault locking indicates nearly whole Longmenshan fault was locked before the earthquake except the source of the earthquake which was weakly locked, and a 20km width patch in southwestern segment between 12km to 22.5km depth was in creeping state. GPS baseline time series in northeast direction on large scale became compressive generally from 2005 in the North-South Seismic Belt, which reflects that relative compression deformation enhances. The cross-fault leveling data show that annual vertical change rate and deformation trend accumulation rate in the Longmenshan fault zone were little, which indicates that vertical activity near the fault was very weak and the fault was tightly locked. According to analyses of GPS and cross-fault leveling data before the Wenchuan earthquake, we consider that the Longmenshan fault is tightly locked from the surface to the deep, and the horizontal and vertical deformation are weak surrounding the fault in relatively small-scale crustal deformation. The process of weak deformation may be slow, and weak deformation area may be larger when large earthquake is coming. Continuous and slow compression deformation across eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau before the earthquake provides dynamic support for strain accumulation in the Longmenshan fault zone in relative large-scale crustal deformation. 相似文献
15.
—A tectonic state of a locked subduction is considered to be a possible source of a future interplate earthquake. Discriminating an actually locked state to verify its extent is therefore essential in constructing an accurate prospect against the forthcoming earthquake. Micorearthquake seismicity is an effective tool for such an analysis because it is considered to be a faithful indicator of the stress state, and is expected to exhibit a characteristic pattern in the area where the locked state in the subduction appears with a certain stress concentration. Focusing on the microearthquake seismicity around the Tokai district in central Japan, where a large interplate earthquake is feared to occur, we tried to identify such an area of locked subduction on the Philippine Sea plate, possibly related to the future earthquake. We investigated the microearthquake seismicity from various perspectives. First, the hypocenter distribution was analyzed to identify the extent of the locked area. The characteristic profile of the distribution was presumed to represent a stress concentrated area induced from the mechanical contact between both plates. The second approach is to interpret stress patterns reflected in focal mechanisms. The locked state was recognized and verified by a comparison of the P-axis distribution pattern with that expected from a model imaging a partially locked subduction. The third approach is to monitor the temporal change of the seismic wave spectrum. Analyzing predominant frequencies of P and S waves and monitoring their changes for a period of 10 years, we found a trend of gradual increase common to both waves. This means an increase of stress drop in microfracturings, and in its turn implies accumulation of stress around the focus area. The rate of the stress change converted from the frequency change was compared with the result derived from a numerical simulation. The simulation, performed on the basis of a constitutive friction law for a stick sliding on the plate interface, computed a changing rate of the maximum shear stress around the locked zone and showed its spatial variation along the subduction axis. Thus the simulated result indicated a certain compatibility with the observed one. Although ambiguities and uncertainties still exist in the study, all the results derived here seem to indicate an identical conclusion that the plate subduction is actually locked in this region at present. 相似文献
16.
龙门山断裂带南段的芦山MS7.0级地震给雅安地区人民群众和当地社会带来巨大的损失,如何从地壳应力积累的角度来研究该次地震对于深入认识孕震发震机理将有很大的帮助.项目组在过去21年中在该区域积累了22个钻孔的应力实测资料,这些应力资料显示该区域的应力状态为逆冲断层应力状态,最大水平主压应力方向为N44°-64°W,而且在过去20多年里,该区域的应力状态是稳定的.文中提出利用平均差应力和平均有效应力之比μm来表征地壳应力积累的能力和水平.通过理论分析可知μm的物理意义与μ是近似的,完全可以用μm代替μ来开展分析.利用实测应力数据计算得到的μm范围为0.39~0.56,接近于Byerlee定律所定义的μ=0.6的下限值,该范围与龙门山断裂带震后断层泥稳态摩擦系数的范围完全吻合,芦山地震的发生说明研究区的地壳应处于摩擦极限平衡或者亚平衡状态.芦山地震的震源机制解反应的应力状态为逆冲断层应力状态,主压应力轴方向为122°,与该区域的应力测试数据所反应的应力状态一致.通过与他人的研究成果对比分析可知,芦山地震可看作汶川地震对龙门山断裂带南段区域的断层加载而诱发产生的一次地震. 相似文献
17.
地电台址大范围介质条件的数值模拟研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
本文取两类震源模型,即“闭锁”模型和“膨胀”模型进行数值模拟,计算了大范围层状介质在多种不同组合情况下,其应力、应变场的分布,并进而计算了由附加应力、应变产生的视电阻率变化量。结果表明,不同介质组合对地电阻率前兆异常观测的影响不同,有利于发现前兆异常的大范围介质条件是:(1)坚硬层孕震;(2)孕育地震的高强度坚硬层要薄;(3)地表疏松覆盖层不能太厚。此外,计算结果还表明,地电台站探测范围内的介质力学,电性条件对前兆异常观测也有重大影响。 相似文献
18.
本实验研究了地壳内对压组合构造和对张组合构造中垂断层蠕滑,破裂错动时对主震断层(底断层)应力积累过程的影响,并结合实际地震活动中的一些现象进行了讨论。所得结论如下: 1.当垂断层蠕滑时,对压组合构造中垂直于底断层的压应力增大,它可以延迟主震发生但增大发震的能量;对张组合构造中垂直于底断层的压应力减小,剪应力略有增大,因而可以促使主震发生。2.如果垂断层某一部分为原来锁住的愈合断层或为完整介质,当其突然破裂错动时,可以使对张组合构造中的底断层的剪应力突然增大,同时压应力减小,因此前震序列中这类垂断层上的较大前震可看作底断层上主震即将来临的信号。3.由垂断层破裂前后单轴压力不变和位移不变的实验结果说明了地壳中主震断层应力集中的过程。4.底断层的主震破裂可以使处于引张状态的垂断层上余震发育甚至发生强余震。本文还应用实验结果对前震活动的条带现象进行了解释,这将有助于判定对压组合构造中主震的断层面。 相似文献
19.
Kelin Wang 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1995,145(3-4):537-559
Because of the viscoelastic behaviour of the earth, accumulation of elastic strain energy by tectonic loading and release of such energy by earthquake fault slips at subduction zones may take place on different spatial scales. If the lithospheric plate is acted upon by distant tectonic forces, strain accumulation must occur in a broad region. However, an earthquake releases strain only in a region comparable to the size of the rupture area. A two-dimensional finite-element model of a subduction zone with viscoelastic rheology has been used to investigate the coupling of tectonic loading and earthquake fault slips. A fault lock-and-unlock technique is employed so that the amount of fault slip in an earthquake is not prescribed, but determined by the accumulated stress. The amount of earthquake fault slip as a fraction of the total relative plate motion depends on the relative sizes of the earthquake rupture area and the region of tectonic strain accumulation, as well as the rheology of the rock material. The larger the region of strain accumulation is compared to the earthquake rupture, the smaller is the earthquake fault slip. The reason for the limited earthquake fault slip is that the elastic shear stress in the asthenosphere induced by the earthquake resists the elastic rebound of the overlying plate. Since rapid permanent plate shortening is not observed at subduction zones, there must be either strain release over a large region or strain accumulation over a small region over earthquake cycles. The former can be achieved only by significant aseismic fault slip between large subduction earthquakes. The most likely mechanism for the latter is the accumulation of elastic strain around isolated locked asperities of the fault, which requires significant aseismic fault slip between asperities. 相似文献
20.
为了探讨浅源构造地震孕育和发生的力学过程,本文提出了一种力学模式,其中把发震断层的震前状态划分为几个阶段,即相对稳定的闭锁区内应力积累——滑动区逐渐扩展、闭锁区收缩并造成闭锁应力高度集中——剩余闭锁区缩小至一定程度而导致断层剧烈错动的几个阶段.计算并分析了震源力学状态这种变化在其周围产生的附加应力场,以及反映这一过程的地应力变化特征.其结论与多年来地应力观测实践中取得的某些经验性认识相符,并较好地解释了1975年海城地震前的若干实测资料. 相似文献