共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 62 毫秒
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利用华北北部（113～119E,38～42N）的NOAA-AVHRR 热红外通道数据,采用震兆红外异常监测快速处理系统软件,对遥感数据进行了辐射校正、几何校正和大气校正等处理,反演地表温度;结合地质状况,排除干扰因素的影响,利用图象差值法提取热红外温度异常;并以张北6.2级地震为例,总结了热红外异常的时空变化特征及其与地震预报的关系．
在张北地震前十几天,沿张家口——渤海地震带上出现了较大范围的热红外温度异常现象,异常区域呈条带状,具有一定的区域性的构造背景;异常在空间上从外围向震中发展,震中位于热红外异常增温区边缘．利用临震前出现的卫星热红外异常进行地震预报探索,有可能为地震预报开拓一条新的观测途径． 相似文献
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《地震地质》2015,(3)
收集了2014年1—2月新疆于田7.3级地震区连续的MODIS/Terra卫星遥感热红外资料,经过去云等数据处理,选取观测质量最佳的北京时间凌晨4—6时的热红外数据进行地表温度反演,分析地震前后地表温度异常时间演化过程及其异常空间分布与活动断裂的关系,并讨论了震区地形地貌、季节性气候以及雨雪天气等非构造因子对地温异常的影响。结果表明:1)在于田地震发生前1个月震中附近出现热红外异常增温现象,异常增温与发震时间有一定的对应性。显著增温主要表现在震前半个月左右;在临震前5~6d,增温异常达到峰值,震后温度迅速下降;2)与地形地貌、季节性气候以及雨雪天气等非构造因子的相关分析表明,震前反映出反季节变化的构造"增温"信息,雨雪天气对震区异常升温产生一定程度的影响;3)震中附近西南部的谷地、盆地断裂构造复杂,热红外异常增温起始于此,并沿断层逐步向震中迁移;4)异常升温区域呈条带状,与宏观考察的NE向主破裂带一致;充分考虑地形地貌、季节性气候、雨雪天气等非构造因素对异常升温的影响,认为此次热红外升温可能为震前短临异常现象。 相似文献
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以2011年8月11日在伽师—阿图什交界处发生的5.8级地震为例,利用MODIS的LST产品数据,采用STL分解法有效地去除地表温度时空数据中的年变趋势及季节因素周期性的影响,对其余的残余项进行GESD异常检测,并分析2008年1月1日至2013年1月1日的LST异常及其他地震的关系数据,研究结果表明:(1)地表温度的变化具有明显的时空变化趋势;利用STL分解法可以看出震前存在明显的热红外异常,增温现象经历了"出现-扩大-分散增温-增温幅度达到极值-消失-发震"等几个阶段。(2)发震前四个月研究区周围存在明显的热红外异常,2月10日发震断层周围出现大面积异常,异常特征持续2个月后的4个月发震,峰值距发震时刻时间间隔较长。(3)余震分布与断裂带和热红外异常分布特征相关,震后大部分余震主要分布在主震发生的震前出现热红外异常的断裂带附近。(4)通过对比同地区相似震例发现,本次地震与2018年9月4日伽师县MS5.5地震的热异常特征有许多共同点,其中相同的峰值距发震时刻的时间间隔具有一致性,为震前热红外异常特征的归纳提供典型的参考信息。该次地震热红外异常显著,进一步验证了... 相似文献
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张北—尚义地震前地下流体异常特征分析 总被引：8，自引：4，他引：4
分析了华北北部地区（3～42°N,110～120°E）张北-尚义地震前出现的地下流体各测项异常。研究结果表明：异常数量多,可靠异常达36项,且流体物理异常多于化学异常;异常形态复杂,地震地下流体异常各种形态均有所表现,并以水位的趋势上升异常占优势;中长期、中期和短期异常多,临震异常不突出,震时异常显著;异常时空演化过程中,总体上呈现出异常数量由外围向震中区,由中长期向短期逐渐发展的趋势,但同时也表现出空间分布上此起彼伏,时间进程上时起时落的特征。对沿着NW向构造带出现的一批1994年同步转向上升的长趋势水位异常和水氧上升、下降长趋势异常是否完全由本次张北-尚义地震所引起,还有待进一步研究。 相似文献
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《地震研究》2015,(4)
收集了1998年2~5月广西环江MS4.9地震震区连续的NOAA/AVHRR卫星遥感热红外资料,经过去云等数据处理,选取当地夜间时段的热红外数据进行地表温度反演,分析地震前、后地表温度异常时间演化过程及其异常空间分布与活动断裂关系,并讨论了震区地形地貌、季节性气候等非构造因子对地温异常的影响。结果表明:(1)在环江MS4.9地震发生前2个月震中附近出现热红外异常增温现象,异常增温与发震时间有一定对应性。显著增温主要表现在震前半个月左右,震后温度逐步下降;(2)对地形地貌、季节性气候等非构造因子进行相关分析表明,环江MS4.9地震反映出反季节变化的震前构造"增温"信息;(3)异常升温由震中沿NW与NE向共轭断裂交叉发育,与此次环江地震NW向发震构造较为一致。充分考虑地形地貌、季节性气候等非构造因素对异常升温的影响,认为此次环江MS4.9地震前热红外升温可能为震前短临异常现象。 相似文献
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卫星遥感资料在地震预报中的应用研究——以1991年柯坪6.5级地震为例 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
以１９９１年柯坪６．５级地震为例，对利用卫星热红外遥感资料监测临震地表热红外异常进行了探索研究，在柯坪地震前，震中地区出现热红外异常，震前２天异常最显著，震后３天异常恢复。异常形态呈条带状，分布范围与柯坪断裂基本一致，６．５级地震就发生在增温异常的中心地区附近。 相似文献
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对祁连山地震带1991—2004年间发生的13次中强地震,采用NOAA卫星热红外遥感资料数据库进行地面温度的时空网格化扫描,获得多年连续的热红外时序,研究地震前后的温度演化过程,提取震前地表温度的异常特征。研究结果表明,有38%的地震在震前出现了热红外异常现象,有的表现为温度降低,有的则表现为温度升高,体现了地震诱发因素的复杂性;温度异常幅度均为2~3℃,异常出现的时间均在2个月内;震级越大,异常越明显,但并非所有6级以上地震都比5~6级地震的热红外异常明显。 相似文献
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卫星遥感资料在地震预报中的应用研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以１９９１年柯坪６．５级地震为例，对利用卫星热红外遥感资料监测临震地表热红外异常进行了探．索研究。在柯坪地震前，震中地区出现热红外异常，震前２天异常最显著，震后３天异常恢复。异常形态呈条带状，分布范围与柯坪断裂基本一致，６．５级地震就发生在增温异常的中心地区附近。这说明卫星热红外异常是很好的地震短临信息，对发展地点有很好的指示作用，在地震监测预报中将展现出良好的应用前景。 相似文献
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《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2014,(9)
正SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences,an academic journal cosponsored by the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the National Natural Science Foundation of China,and published by Science China Press and Springer,is committed to publishing high-quality,original results in 相似文献
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《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2014,(12)
正SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences,an academic journal cosponsored by the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the National Natural Science Foundation of China,and published by Science China Press and Springer,is committed to publishing high-quality,original results in both basic and applied research. 相似文献
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In natural waters arsenic concentrations up to a few milligrams per litre were measured. The natural content of arsenic found in soils varies between 0.01 mg/kg and a few hundred milligrams per kilogram. Anthropogenic sources of arsenic in the environment are the smelting of ores, the burning of coal, and the use of arsenic compounds in many products and production processes in the past. A lot of arsenic compounds are toxic and cause acute and chronic poisoning. In aqueous environment the inorganic arsenic species arsenite (As(III)) and arsenate (As(V)) are the most abundant species. The mobility of these species is influenced by the pH value, the redox potential, and the presence of adsorbents such as oxides and hydroxides of Fe(III), Al(III), Mn(III/IV), humic substances, and clay minerals. 相似文献
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Due to deleterious effects on non-target organisms, the use of organotin compounds on boat hulls of small vessels (<25 m) has been widely prohibited. The International Maritime Organisation (IMO) resolved that the complete prohibition on organotin compounds acting as biocides in antifouling systems should commence in 2008. As a result of restrictions on the use of organotin based paints, other antifouling formulations containing organic biocides have been utilised. This survey was conducted to assess the contamination of replacement biocides in the marine environment following the ban of TBT-based paints. Surface sediments samples were collected in the major ports and marinas along the France Mediterranean coastline (Cote d’Azur) and analysed for organotin compounds, Irgarol 1051, Sea-nine 211TM, Chlorothalonil, Dichlofluanid and Folpet. Every port and marina exhibited high levels of organotin compounds, with concentrations in sediments ranging from 37 ng Sn g−1dry wt in Menton Garavan to over 4000 ng Sn g−1dry wt close to the ship chandler within the port of Villefranche-sur-Mer. TBT degradation indexes suggested that fresh inputs are still made. Among the other antifoulants monitored, only Irgarol 1051 exhibited measurable concentrations in almost every port, with concentrations ranging from 40 ng g−1dry wt (Cannes) to almost 700 ng g−1dry wt (Villefranche-sur-Mer, ship chandler). 相似文献
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Ian R. Falconer 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2005,33(1):64-71
Microcystins are cyclic heptapeptide toxins produced by a range of cyanobacterial genera. These cyanobacteria occur naturally in drinking water reservoirs subject to eutrophication, and in rivers and natural lakes. Because of the diversity of organisms, the toxins occur, from oligo‐mesotrophic lakes in North Temperate latitudes, to hypertrophic tropical ponds. The toxins are responsible for numerous cases of injury and death of domestic animals, and human poisoning from drinking water. The initial poisoning includes hepatic cell death. This leads to secondary effects from liver deficiency, including jaundice and photosensitisation. The toxic effects are largely due to inhibition of phosphatase enzymes, acting to regulate protein phosphorylation. The consequences include structural damage, apoptosis and, at lower concentrations, cell cycle effects and tumour promotion. As there is no clear evidence for direct carcinogenesis by microcystins, they are classed as non‐carcinogenic toxins in drinking water. Guideline Values for safe drinking water are derived from data for subchronic rodent toxicity, using the No Observed Adverse Effect Level (the highest dose giving no toxicity). To this dose are applied uncertainty factors, to calculate a Tolerable Daily Intake. On the basis of a standard bodyweight and water consumption the Guideline Value is determined for drinking water. For microcystin‐LR the WHO have set a provisional Guideline Value of 1 μg/L for drinking water. 相似文献
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The geomagnetic field and secular variation exhibit asymmetrical spatial features which are possibly originating from an heterogeneous thermal control of the Earth's lower mantle on the core. The identification of this control in magnetic data is subject to several difficulties, some of which can be alleviated by the use of core surface flow models. Using numerical dynamos driven by heterogeneous boundary heat flux, we confirm that within the parameter space accessible to simulations, time average surface flows obey a simple thermal wind equilibrium between the Coriolis and buoyancy forces, the Lorentz, inertial and viscous forces playing only a secondary role, even for Elsasser numbers significantly larger than 1. Furthermore, we average the models over the duration of three vortex turnovers, and correlate them with a longer time average which fully reveals the signature of boundary heterogeneity. This allows us to quantify the possibility of observing mantle control in core surface flows averaged over a short time period. A scaling analysis is performed in order to apply the results to the Earth's core. We find that three vortex turnovers could represent between 100 and 360 years of Earth time, and that the heat flux heterogeneity at the core-mantle boundary could be large enough to yield an observable signature of thermal mantle control in a time average core surface flow within reach of the available geomagnetic data. 相似文献
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Richard McCreary John McGaughey Yves Potvin Dave Ecobichon Marty Hudyma Harald Kanduth Alain Coulombe 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1992,139(3-4):349-373
Located in northern Québec, the Lac Shortt Mine was a small gold mine consisting of a thin subvertical orebody which was mined in three main phases. High stress and rockbursting conditions were experienced when ore was extracted in the upper zone between the surface and a depth of 500 metres during the first two phases of mining. Severe rockbursts were experienced in late 1989 near the shaft and in the footwall development following a deepening of the mine shaft to a depth of 830 m and partial development of footwall drift access for the third phase of mining (the mining of the lower zone starting at a depth of 830 m moving upward toward a depth of 500 m). A 16-channel Electrolab MP250 microseismic system, with a Queen's University Full-Waveform piggy-back system, was installed underground at the site due to these problems.It was expected that the thinning sill would be subjected to an ever-increasing load as the thickness of the 500 m sill pillar decreased in the face of the mining excavation from below. A monitoring program consisting of the microseismic monitoring system, a range of conventional geomechanics monitoring tools as well as the undertaking of periodic seismic tomography surveys to assess the ongoing state of stress and rock mass condition within the sill was therefore warranted.The anomalously high-magnitude stress field and the brittle rockmass created a situation in which rockmass failure was common and violent. In the creation and thinning of the sill pillar, the location of banded microseismic activity was crucial in tracing rockmass failure and the associated ground control problems. Reliable source-location determination enabled the identification of areas of stress increase. The movement of the rockmass failure front could be followed, and was responsible for stope dilution, footwall and orebody development deterioration, and caving.Source-mechanism analyses gave accurate double-couple solutions for approximately forty percent of these events having at least ten recognizable polarities. Results suggested movement along vertical north-south striking or vertical east-west striking features. Underground observation of damaged access points showed that vertical north-south striking joints were experiencing failure.The microseismic activity, which was consistently concentrated close to the southwest and northeast corners of current production stopes, could be explained by a stress field oriented obliquely to the strike of the orebody, as measured prior to shrinkage of the sill pillar byin situ stress measurements and observed borehole overbreaks. The orientations of theP andT axes for the microseismic activity further confirmed that the stress field oriented obliquely to strike.While an increase in compressional-wave velocity of 2.3 percent, corresponding to a measured stress increase of approximately 10 MPa could be measured by repeated tomographic surveys, it was relatively small and only a factor of two or so above the velocity measured uncertainty. The relative insensitivity of thein situ rock mass modulus to the applied stress is believed to be largely due to the rockmass discontinuities being relatively closed prior to stress increase, as substantiated by the small deformations seen by the extensometer and borehole camera. This situation existed because of the very high pre-mining stress level.The experimental demonstration that the rock could not absorb substantially increased load through the mechanism of discontinuity closure or tightening (which would be reflected in the modulus) may be evidence in itself of potentially burst-prone ground, such as encountered at Lac Shortt. 相似文献
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The inability to detect the presence of viable Helicobacter pylori bacteria in environmental waters has hindered the public health community in assessing the role water may play in the transmission of this pathogen. This work describes a cultural enrichment method coupled with an H. pylori‐specific PCR to identify these bacteria in water. While far from perfected at the present time, this represents an exciting new approach to studying the significance of water as a transmission mechanism for H. pylori. Evidence is presented that indicates culturable H. pylori bacteria were found using this enrichment/PCR method in a local groundwater source. 相似文献
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Response spectrum predictions for potential near-field and far-field earthquakes affecting Hong Kong: rock sites 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
N. T. K. Lam A. M. Chandler J. L. Wilson G. L. Hutchinson 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2002,22(1)
To realistically assess the seismic risk relating to built infrastructures in Hong Kong and in the neighbouring coastal cities of southern Guangdong province, it is necessary to predict ground shaking induced by different earthquake scenarios with good accuracy. A companion paper has described the modelling of the spatial and temporal distribution of the diffused seismic activities in the region, based on the newly-developed ‘Expanding Circular Disc’ (ECD) method. Representative Magnitude–Distance (M–R) combinations for both near-field and far-field earthquakes (in relation to Hong Kong) have been derived using the ECD method. The present paper describes the modelling of the response spectrum on rock sites associated with the predicted M–R combinations, using the Component Attenuation Model (CAM) that was also developed recently by the authors, based on stochastic simulations of the seismological model. The significant effects of soil resonance on the response spectrum are described in a separate publication.The accuracy of CAM in modelling ground motion properties on rock sites has been tested here by comparisons with (i) strong motions recorded in Taiwan and South China from the 1999 ‘Chi-Chi’ earthquake in Taiwan (M=7.6), (ii) motions recorded in South China from another earthquake occurring in the southern Taiwan Strait in the same year (M=5.1), and (iii) historical seismic intensity data obtained within South China. The overall capability of CAM in modelling both near-field and far-field attenuation has been shown to be unmatched by existing empirical models. Results of the comparison studies confirm the accuracy of CAM, particularly within an epicentral distance of 300–400 km.This study shows that the developed serviceability response spectra (i.e. at short return periods) are controlled mainly by the earthquake recurrence behaviour of major distant seismic sources. In contrast, the ultimate response spectra (i.e. at long return periods) relate to events with magnitudes close to the maximum credible earthquake (MCE) limit, the effect of which may also be represented by the Characteristic Response Spectrum (CRS). Both types of earthquake scenario can be significantly affected by the regional crustal properties. The proposed response spectrum envelopes have been compared with previously developed recommendations, and a critical review has been conducted. The intrinsic advantages of the ECD–CAM modelling approach have been highlighted, emphasising its directness and transparency when compared with the more complex process required to implement traditional Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment (PSHA). 相似文献