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1.
本文在小扰动条件下,从粘性可压缩流体的运动方程、状态方程以及连续性方程导出了它的波动方程,从而表明粘性可压缩流体中能够存在有耗损的纵波与横波。文中还针对自由界面、刚性界面、粘性流体内部分界面、粘性流体与弹性固体分界面等,求出了平面波的反射系数和透射系数。 相似文献
2.
1990年4月26日青海共和7.0级地震的震后垂直形变速率具有典型的指数型衰减特征．本文根据Okada弹性位错地表垂直位移表达式，利用对应原理导出了其标准线性固体粘弹性解．通过引入地球有效弛豫时间和有效粘度的概念，进一步导出了由震后垂直形变求地球有效弛豫时间和粘度的简单公式，该公式与发震断层的位错参数无关．反演结果表明，共和震区地球介质的有效弛豫时间＝/为2.6 a，有效粘滞系数为约1018 Pas． 相似文献
3.
地震作用下浮放物体的运动研究 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
本文从浮放物体的基本运动方程出发，导出了浮放物体受震振动的震振动的运动参数表达式，它是用仿真技术研究浮放物体地震运动的基本公式。 相似文献
4.
１９９０年４月２６日青海共和７．０级地震的震后垂直形变速率具有典型的指数型衰减特征．本文根据Ｏｋａｄａ弹性位错地表垂直位移表达式，利用对应原理导出了其标准线性固体粘弹性解．通过引入“地球有效弛豫时间和有效粘度”的概念，进一步导出了由震后垂直形变求地球有效弛豫时间和粘度的简单公式，该公式与发震断层的位错参数无关．反演结果表明，共和震区地球介质的有效弛豫时间τ＝η／μ为２．６ａ，有效粘滞系数η为约１０１８Ｐａｓ． 相似文献
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6.
为了模拟三维地层中交流电测井的响应,本文考虑位移电流的影响,导出了用位函数A-Ф描述此问题的矩阵算子方程;证明了该矩阵算子是自伴算子;并由自伴算子的具势性得到了矩阵算子方程的泛函.最后用基于A-Ф的有限元方法计算了一维、二维及三维地层模型的交流电测井的响应. 相似文献
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8.
基于双相各向异性介质模型,首先推导了双相各向异性介质中弹性波传播的动力学方程及其Galerkin变分方程和有限元运动方程,然后给出了孔隙弹性波方程的有限元数值解法以及二维双相PTL介质中波场模拟的人为吸收边界条件. 最后,利用本文给出的有限元方法对双相PTL介质和双相各向同性介质中的弹性波传播进行了数值模拟. 结果表明:有限元方法和吸收边界条件有效、可行,在理想相界条件下,不论是从固体位移,还是从流体位移的波场快照都能看到明显的慢速拟P波;在黏滞相界情况下,能否观察到慢速拟P波,与含流体地层介质的耗散性质有关.对实际含流体介质,从流体位移分量的波场快照比从固体位移波场快照更容易观察到慢速拟P波. 相似文献
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10.
基于GPS信标观测数据重建电离层电子密度的时变三维电离层层析问题的数学基础，在简化电离层电子密度随时间变化的条件下，导出了三维平行束层析重建公式. 在二维情况下，本文导出的三维平行束层析重建公式与Yeh等给出的二维电离层层析重建公式相同. 文中还讨论了有限视角和有限接收机孔径对重建图像的影响. 根据文中给出的三维平行束层析重建公式，在这些非理想条件下，对一个脉冲源函数进行CT重建的结果表明，基于GPS信标观测数据重建电离层电子密度的时变三维电离层层析是可行的. 相似文献
11.
According to an opinion widespread in the literature, high viscosity regions (HVRs) in the mantle always affect the structure of mantle flows, changing it in both the HVR itself and the entire mantle. Moreover, a simplified relation is often adopted according to which the flow velocity in the HVR decreases in inverse proportion to viscosity. Therefore, in order to treat a smoother value, some authors introduce a new variable equal to the product of the flow velocity and the viscosity value in a given place. On the basis of numerical modeling, this paper shows that HVRs of two types should be distinguished in the mantle. If an HVR is immobile, mantle flows actually do not penetrate it. If the viscosity increase is more than five orders, the HVR behaves as a solid and flow velocities within it almost vanish. However, if an HVR is free, it moves together with the mantle flow. Then, the general structure of flows changes weakly and flow velocities within the HVR become approximately equal to the average velocity of flows in the absence of the HVR. Horizontal layers and vertical columns differing in viscosity from the mantle behave as regions of the first type, whose flow velocities can differ by a few orders. However, even such large-scale regions as the continental lithosphere, whose viscosity is four to five orders higher than in the surrounding mantle, float together with continents at velocities comparable to mantle flows, i.e., behave as regions of the second type. 相似文献
12.
Assuming a radially stratified Newtonian mantle in a steady-state approximation, we demonstrate that the permeability of a viscosity interface at 660-km depth strongly depends on the wavelength of buoyancy forces driving the flow. The flow induced by long-wavelength loads penetrates through the boundary freely even if the viscosity increases by two orders. In contrast, the boundary is practically impermeable for short-wavelength loads located in the upper mantle. Thus, a stepwise increase of viscosity is a significant obstacle for small descending features in the upper mantle, but huge upper mantle downwellings, or upwellings formed in the-lower mantle can overcome it easily. This indicates that certain care is necessary in interpreting the seismic structure of the mantle by means of flow models. The global tomographic image includes only the first few degrees of the harmonic series and, consequently, its interpretation in terms of a present-day flow field results in a predominantly whole-mantle circulation even for extreme viscosity contrasts. 相似文献
13.
Some consequences arising from the superposition of flows of two different kinds or scales in a non-Newtonian mantle are discussed and applied to the cases mantle convection plus postglacial rebound flow as well as small- plus large-scale mantle convection. If the two flow types have similar magnitude, the apparent rheology of both flows becomes anisotropic and the apparent viscosity for one flow depends on the geometry of the other. If one flow has a magnitude significantly larger than the other, the apparent viscosity for the weak flow is linear but develops direction-dependent variations about a factorn (n being the power exponent of the rheology). For the rebound flow lateral variations of the apparent viscosity about at least 3 are predicted and changes in the flow geometry and relaxation time are possible. On the other hand, rebound flow may weaken the apparent viscosity for convection. Secondary convection under moving plates may be influenced by the apparent anisotropic rheology. Other mechanisms leading to viscous anisotropy during shearing may increase this effect. A linear stability analysis for the onset of convection with anisotropic linear rheology shows that the critical Rayleigh number decreases and the aspect ratio of the movement cells increases for decreasing horizontal shear viscosity (normal viscosity held constant). Applied to the mantle, this model weakens the preference of convection rolls along the direction of plate motion. Under slowly moving plates, rolls perpendicular to the plate motion seem to have a slight preference. These results could be useful for resolving the question of Newtonian versus non-Newtonian or isotropic versus anisotropic mantle rheology. 相似文献
14.
全球地表热流是反映地球内部热与动力学过程的一种主要能流.本文在三维球坐标框架下，就几个不同的粘度模型分别研究地幔内部密度异常(基于全球地震层析结果)以及板块运动激发的地幔流动的热效应及其对于观测地表热流产生和分布特征的贡献.由于地幔动力系统具有较高的Pe数，可以期望由板块运动激发的地幔流动将强烈地扰动地幔内部初始传导状态下的温度场以及地表热的热流分布.结果表明，与地幔内部密度异常产生的热效应相比，运动的板块及其激发的地幔流动在全球地表观测热流的产生和分布特征上起着更为重要的作用.观测到的大洋中脊处的高热流在很大程度上可以归因于板块激发的地幔流动的热效应.计算的平均温度剖面较好地揭示了岩石圈和D″层的温度特征，即温度随深度的剧烈变化，这与我们目前通过其他手段对岩石圈和D″层的温度结构了解是一致的.一个下地幔粘度比上地幔高出30倍的粘度结构(文中使用的粘度模型2)较之其余模型的拟合程度似乎更好. 相似文献
15.
S. Karato 《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》1981,24(1):1-14
The rheology of the lower mantle of the Earth is examined from the viewpoint of solid state physics. Recent developments in high-pressure research suggest that the lower mantle contains a considerable amount of (Mg, Fe)O with Fe/Mg + Fe = 0.2–0.3. The pressure and temperature dependences of diffusion in (Mg, Fe)O are estimated by the theory of diffusion in ionic solids. Of the materials composing the lower mantle, (Mg, Fe)O may be the “softest”, and therefore the rheology of the lower mantle may be that of (Mg, Fe)O, unless the framework effect is important.Temperatures in the lower mantle are inferred from the depths of phase transitions and the melting temperatures of the core materials. A thermal boundary layer at the base of the mantle is suggested. The physical mechanisms of creep are examined based on a grain size-stress relation and non-Newtonian flow is shown to be the dominant flow mechanism in the Earth's mantle.The effective viscosity for the temperature models, with and without the thermal boundary layer, is calculated for constant stress and constant strain rate (with depth). For constant strain rate, which may be appropriate for discussing the mechanics of descending slabs, the increase in effective viscosity with depth is smaller than for the constant-stress case, which may be appropriate for discussing the flow induced by the surface motion of plates.The relatively small depth gradient of viscosity, for constant strain rate, suggests that the lower mantle could also participate in convection. The effective viscosity increases with depth, however, by at least 102 to 103 from the top to the bottom of the lower mantle, for a reasonable range of activation volumes and temperatures. There will be a low-viscosity layer at the base of the mantle, in contrast to the high-viscosity layer at the top of the mantle (plates), if a thermal boundary layer is present. The constant Newtonian viscosity inferred from rebound data may be an apparent feature resulting from the difference in deformation mechanisms between isostatic rebound and large-scale flow. 相似文献
16.
本文采用依赖温度的黏度结构以及考虑海洋板块和大陆板块厚度差异等特征,以太平洋板块向欧亚板块会聚速率作为板块速度的主要约束,通过变化海沟后撤速度模型,数值模拟西太平洋板块向中国东北的俯冲过程.结果表明,要产生类似于中国东北之下低角度的板片俯冲,海沟后撤是重要条件;而上下地幔黏度的较大差异是决定俯冲板片不穿透660 km相变面的决定因素;西太平洋板块向欧亚板块的俯冲应早于70 Ma B.P.,海沟后撤速度可能小于一些地质学家估计的45 mm/a, 而且可能是分阶段变化的;速度场表明运动学模型的反过程：大陆岩石圈之下物质的不断水平向东的流动和推挤可能成为海沟后撤的力源之一,地幔物质的这种东向流动可能与印度板块挤压碰撞欧亚板块有关,沿欧亚板块东缘的扩张构造可能是太平洋-欧亚板块运动和印度-欧亚板块运动的综合效应. 相似文献
17.
Spatial fields of temperature, velocity, overlithostatic pressure, and horizontal stresses in the Earth’s mantle are studied
in two-dimensional (2D) numerical Cartesian models of mantle convection with variable viscosity. The calculations are carried
out for three different patterns of the viscosity distribution in the mantle: (a) an isoviscous model, (b) a four-layer viscosity
model, and (c) a temperature- and pressure-dependent viscosity model. The pattern of flows, the stresses, and the surface
heat flow are strongly controlled by the viscosity distribution. This is connected with the formation of a cold highly viscous
layer on the surface, which is analogous to the oceanic lithosphere and impedes the heat transfer. For the Rayleigh number
Ra = 107, the Nusselt number, which characterizes the heat transfer, is Nu = 34, 28, and 15 in models with constant, four-layered,
and p, T-dependent viscosity, respectively. In all three models, the values of overlithostatic pressure and horizontal stresses σ
xx
in a vast central region of the mantle, which occupies the bulk of the entire volume of the computation domain, are approximately
similar, varying within ±5 MPa (±50 bar). This follows from the fact that the dimensionless mantle viscosity averaged over
volume is almost similar in all these models. In the case of temperature- and pressure-dependent viscosity, the overlithostatic
pressure and stress σ
xx
fields exhibit much stronger concentration towards the horizontal boundaries of the computation domain compared to the isoviscous
model. This effect occurs because the upwellings and downwellings in a highly viscous region experience strong variations
in both amplitude and direction of flow velocity near the horizontal boundaries. In the models considered with the parameters
used, the stresses in the upper and lower mantle are approximately identical, that is, there is no denser concentration of
stresses in the upper or lower mantle. In contrast to the overlithostatic pressure field, the fields of horizontal stresses
σ
xx
in all models do not exhibit deep roots of highly viscous downwelling flows. 相似文献
18.
The effects of variable viscosity on flow dynamics within spherical shells are investigated using a finite-element thermal convection model, and preliminary result for cases with relatively low Rayleigh numbers and small viscosity contrasts are reported. These results demonstrate some general effects of viscosity variation on mantle dynamics, and, in particular, the generation of toroidal energy. Since lateral viscosity variations are necessary in the generation of toroidal motion in a thermally driven convective system, it is not surprising our results show that flows with greater viscosity contrasts produce greater amounts of toroidal energy. Our preliminary study further shows that solutions become more time-dependent as viscosity contrasts increase. Increasing the Rayleigh number is also found to increase the magnitude of toroidal energy. Internal heating, on the other hand, appears to lead to less toroidal energy compared wth bottom heating because it tends to produce a thermally more uniform interior and thus smaller viscosity variations. 相似文献
19.
Wolfgang R. Jacoby 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1978,116(6):1231-1249
A one-dimensional model of flow between a fixed boundary at the bottom and a moving one on top with no net flow through vertical sections is tested for geophysically interesting mantle viscosity-depth functions. Such a model, although simplistic, may help in answering the question to what depth the return flow extends, at least in the case of moving plates measuring many thousand kilometers across, such as the Pacific plate.It the viscosity in the asthenosphere is less than three orders of magnitude smaller than that of the mantle below, the return flow extends to great depth and the asthenosphere is a zone of concentrated shear. If the viscosity contrast is greater, the return flow is concentrated in the asthenosphere. For a wide range of model parameters typical flow velocities below the asthenosphere are about one-tenth of the plate velocity. The pressure gradient required by the mantle flow may be manifest in gravity trends across moving plates, but no excessive gravity anomalies are required by the model if the absolute viscosity values conform to those inferred from post-glacial rebound data. A thinner and lower-viscosity layer is favored over a thicker and more viscous layer if both fit glacial rebound evidence. The present model may not be applicable if down to the core the viscosity is as low as about 1021 N s m–2 with a free-slip bottom boundary. 相似文献
20.
Masaki Yoshida 《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》2004,147(1):67-85
In a traditional analytical method, the convective features of Earth’s mantle have been inferred from surface signatures obtained by the geodynamic model only with depth-dependent viscosity structure. The moving and subducting plates, however, bring lateral viscosity variations in the mantle. To clarify the effects of lateral viscosity variations caused by the plate-tectonic mechanism, I have first studied systematically instantaneous dynamic flow calculations using new density-viscosity models only with vertical viscosity variations in a three-dimensional spherical shell. I find that the geoid high arises over subduction zones only when the vertical viscosity contrast between the upper mantle and the lower mantle is O(103) to O(104), which seems to be much larger than the viscosity contrast suggested by other studies. I next show that this discrepancy may be removed when I consider the lateral viscosity variation caused by the plate-tectonic mechanism using two-dimensional numerical models of mantle convection with self-consistently moving and subducting plates, and suggest that the observed geoid anomaly on the Earth’s surface is significantly affected by plate-tectonic mechanism as a first-order effect. 相似文献