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1.
We investigate the evolution of wear and friction along experimental faults composed of solid rock blocks. This evolution is analyzed through shear experiments along five rock types, and the experiments were conducted in a rotary apparatus at slip velocities of 0.002–0.97 m/s, slip distances from a few millimeters to tens of meters, and normal stress of 0.25–6.9 MPa. The wear and friction measurements and fault surface observations revealed three evolution phases: A) An initial stage (slip distances <50 mm) of wear by failure of isolated asperities associated with roughening of the fault surface; B) a running-in stage of slip distances of 1–3 m with intense wear-rate, failure of many asperities, and simultaneous reduction of the friction coefficient and wear-rate; and C) a steady-state stage that initiates when the fault surface is covered by a gouge layer, and during which both wear-rate and friction coefficient maintain quasi-constant, low levels. While these evolution stages are clearly recognizable for experimental faults made from bare rock blocks, our analysis suggests that natural faults “bypass” the first two stages and slip at gouge-controlled steady-state conditions. 相似文献
2.
Time-dependent friction and the mechanics of stick-slip 总被引：21，自引：0，他引：21
James H. Dieterich 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1978,116(4-5):790-806
Time-dependent increase of static friction is characteristic of rock friction undera variety of experimental circumstances. Data presented here show an analogous velocity-dependent effect. A theor of friction is proposed that establishes a common basis for static and sliding friction. Creep at points of contact causes increases in friction that are proportional to the logarithm of the time that the population of points of contact exist. For static friction that time is the time of stationary contact. For sliding friction the time of contact is determined by the critical displacement required to change the population of contacts and the slip velocity. An analysis of a one-dimensional spring and slider system shows that experimental observations establishing the transition from stable sliding to stick-slip to be a function of normal stress, stiffness and surface finish are a consequence of time-dependent friction. 相似文献
3.
通过对饱和砂岩和大理岩的循环荷载实验,分析了饱和岩石在循环荷载下的应力-应变滞后回线、瞬时杨氏模量、泊松比的“X”形变化曲线,以及杨氏模量随应变振幅的增加而减少等滞后现象,并分析了施加外力的应变振幅对衰减的影响,认为岩石在循环荷载作用下的衰减与应变振幅成正比,提出的衰减b值反映了岩石在循环荷载作用下衰减的程度. 岩石的衰减和滞后存在密切的关系,通过饱和岩石的宏观行为,探讨了饱和岩石在循环荷载下的滞后和衰减现象的微观机理,认为孔隙流体流动在岩石的滞后和衰减中起着重要作用,岩石内部的颗粒接触粘合和黏滑摩擦可能是孔隙岩石在循环荷载作用下产生滞后和衰减的原因. 相似文献
4.
断层自发破裂动力过程的研究对于认识地震过程及减轻地震灾害有着重要的科学意义.为合理地模拟断层的自发破裂过程,本文首先对经典的滑移弱化摩擦关系进行了改进,然后利用有限单元方法对破裂过程进行动态数值模拟.模拟结果表明,利用改进后的摩擦关系能够产生脉冲型（pulse-like）破裂模式,而经典的滑移弱化摩擦关系不能产生这种破裂形态.模拟结果还显示,断层自发破裂过程受初始应力场及摩擦关系影响,当初始应力场中剪应力水平较低时,容易产生脉冲型破裂;但当初始剪应力较高时,会产生裂纹型（crack-like）破裂.这个现象与在实验室里进行的岩石破裂实验结果是一致的.在相同的初始应力情况下,若滑移弱化摩擦本构关系中的动摩擦系数较大,断层将易于产生脉冲型破裂;若动摩擦系数较小,将倾向于产生裂纹型破裂.此外,本文也采用速率弱化摩擦关系对断层自发破裂过程进行了模拟,结果发现,在初始场及其他条件不变时,如果摩擦关系中的b-a值较小,容易产生脉冲型破裂;如果b-a值较大,会产生裂纹型破裂. 相似文献
5.
Among the second-order effects on friction the most important are those of variable normal stress and of slip velocity. Velocity weakening, which is usually considered the source of the stick-slip instability in rock friction, has been observed in velocity stepping experiments with Westerly granite. The friction change, , was –0.01 to –0.008 for a tenfold velocity increase. Using normal closure measurements, we observed dilation upon each increase in sliding rate. We also observed, for the first time, time-dependent closure between surfaces during static loading. The dilation that occurred during the velocity stepping experiment was found to be that expected from the static time-dependent closure phenomenon. This change in closure was used to predict friction change with an elastic contact model. The calculated friction change which results from a change in contact area and asperity interlocking, is in good agreement with the observed velocity dependence of steady-state friction. Variable normal stress during sliding has two effects, first in creating new partial slip contacts and locking some existing fully sliding contacts and second in increasing interlocking, for instance when normal load is suddenly increased. As a result, a transient change in friction occurs upon a sudden change in normal load. 相似文献
6.
In this paper, we develop a mechanical model that relates the destabilization of thawing permafrost rock slopes to temperature‐related effects on both, rock‐ and ice‐mechanics; and laboratory testing of key assumptions is performed. Degrading permafrost is considered to be an important factor for rock–slope failures in alpine and arctic environments, but the mechanics are poorly understood. The destabilization is commonly attributed to changes in ice‐mechanical properties while bedrock friction and fracture propagation have not been considered yet. However, fracture toughness, compressive and tensile strength decrease by up to 50% and more when intact water‐saturated rock thaws. Based on literature and experiments, we develop a modified Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion for ice‐filled rock fractures that incorporates fracturing of rock bridges, friction of rough fracture surfaces, ductile creep of ice and detachment mechanisms along rock–ice interfaces. Novel laboratory setups were developed to assess the temperature dependency of the friction of ice‐free rock–rock interfaces and the shear detachment of rock–ice interfaces. In degrading permafrost, rock‐mechanical properties may control early stages of destabilization and become more important for higher normal stress, i.e. higher magnitudes of rock–slope failure. Ice‐mechanical properties outbalance the importance of rock‐mechanical components after the deformation accelerates and are more relevant for smaller magnitudes. The model explains why all magnitudes of rock–slope failures can be prepared and triggered by permafrost degradation and is capable of conditioning long para‐glacial response times. Here, we present a synoptic rock‐ and ice‐mechanical model that explains the mechanical destabilization processes operating in warming permafrost rocks. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
7.
The physical meaning of the characteristic displacement that has been observed in velocity-stepping friction experiments was investigated based on the micromechanics of asperity contact. It has been empirically found for bare rock surfaces that the magnitude of the characteristic displacement is dependent only on surface roughness and insensitive to both slip velocity and normal stress. Thus the characteristic displacement has been interpreted as the displacement required to change the population of contact points completely. Here arises a question about the physical mechanism by which the contact population changes. Because individual asperity contacts form, grow and are eliminated with displacement, there are at least two possible interpretations for the characteristic displacement: (1) it is the distance over which the contacts existing at the moment of the velocity change all fade away, being replaced by new asperity contacts, or (2) it is the distance required for a complete replacement in the real contact area that existed at the moment of the velocity change. In order to test these possibilities, theoretical models were developed based on the statistics of distributed asperity summits. A computer simulation was also performed to check the validity of the theoretical models using three-dimensional surface topography data with various surface roughnesses. The deformation was assumed to be elastic at each asperity contact. The results of both the simulation and the theoretical models show that the characteristic displacement in (1) is about three times longer than that in (2). Comparison of the results with the experimental observations obtained by others indicates that the possibility (2) is the correct interpretation. This means that the state in the rate and state variable friction law is memorized in a very confined area of real contact. Further, our results explain why the characteristic displacement is insensitive to normal stress: this comes from the fact that the microscopic properties such as the mean contact diameter are insensitive to normal stress. The approach based on the micromechanics of asperity contact is useful to investigate the underlying mechanism of various phenomena in rock friction. 相似文献
8.
速率和状态相依赖的摩擦定律是本文采用的重要定律。结合Chester-Higgs摩擦模型和McKenzie-Brune摩擦生热模型，在一维弹簧-滑块-断层近似模型下，利用四阶变步长的Dormand-Prince算法，研究探讨了断层摩擦生热对断层演化的影响。结果表明:与忽略温度影响的情形相比，摩擦生热造成的温度上升可导致断层滑移时刻的略微提前，并伴随着摩擦系数和状态变量的下降，同时也使得断层的滑移量和应力降略有减小，而滑移速率有所增大；另外，在考虑温度影响时，有效正应力和临界滑移距离也会影响断层的演化过程，断层上的有效正应力越大，断层失稳时刻越提前，温度上升越明显；断层的临界滑移距离越大，断层失稳时刻则越迟，温度上升越显著，但当临界滑移距离超过5 cm时，具有不同临界滑移距离的断层，失稳时的温度则基本保持一致。 相似文献
9.
Many models of incision by bedrock rivers predict water depth and shear stress from discharge; conversely, palaeoflood discharge is sometimes reconstructed from flow depth markers in rock gorges. In both cases, assumptions are made about flow resistance. The depth–discharge relation in a bedrock river must depend on at least two roughness length scales (exposed rock and sediment cover) and possibly a third (sidewalls). A conceptually attractive way to model the depth–discharge relation in such situations is to partition the total shear stress and friction factor, but it is not obvious how to quantify the friction factor for rough walls in a way that can be used in incision process models. We show that a single flow resistance calculation using a spatially averaged roughness length scale closely approximates the partitioning of stress between sediment and rock, and between bed and walls, in idealized scenarios. Both approaches give closer fits to the measured depth–discharge relations in two small bedrock reaches than can be achieved using a fixed value of Manning's n or the Chézy friction factor. Sidewalls that are substantially rougher or smoother than the bed have a significant effect on the partitioning of shear stress between bed and sidewalls. More research is needed on how best to estimate roughness length scales from observable or measurable channel characteristics. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
10.
安德逊理论表明地震的共轭破裂现象可以用库仑准则解释,断层面夹角与地下岩石内摩擦系数之间存在简单的定量关系。基于本文提出的通过共轭地震计算介质内摩擦系数的方法,对国内外19个具有X形或不完整的X形（L形）共轭破裂特征的地震进行系统性分析,与震源机制、区域应力轴方向等资料进行对比,确定共轭断层面,进而确定共轭面夹角并计算岩石的内摩擦系数。研究结果进一步证实了天然地震的共轭破裂与实验室岩石破裂具有较好的一致性,给出了库仑准则与安德逊理论在大尺度下也成立的证据,表明通过共轭角确定地下介质的内摩擦系数是对地下介质特性认知的有益补充。 相似文献