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《Journal of Atmospheric and Solar》2000,62(13):1177-1187
Continuous MF radar measurements of mesospheric mean winds are in progress at the observatories in Yamagawa (31.2°N, 130.6°E) and Wakkanai (45.4°N, 141.7°E). The observations at Yamagawa and Wakkanai were started in August 1994 and September 1996, respectively. The real-time wind data are used for the study of major large scale dynamic features of the middle atmosphere such as mean winds, tides, planetary waves, and gravity waves, etc. In the present study of mean winds, we have utilized the data collected until June 1999, which include the simultaneous observation period of little more than two and a half years, for the two sites. The database permits us to draw conclusions on the characteristics of mean winds and to compare the mean wind structure over these sites. The mean prevailing zonal winds at both sites are dominated by westward/eastward motions in summer/winter seasons below 90 km. Meridional circulation at meteor heights is generally southward during most times of the year and it extends to lower mesospheric heights during summer also. The summer westward jet at Wakkanai is consistently stronger than those at Yamagawa. However, the winter eastward winds have identical strength at both locations. Meridional winds also show larger values at Wakkanai. The mean wind climatology has been examined and compared with the MU radar observations over Shigaraki (34.9°N, 136.1°E). The paper also presents the results of the comparison between the MF radar winds and the latest empirical model values (HWM93 model) proposed by Hedin et al. (1996. Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics 58, 1421–1447). Hodograph analyses of mean winds conducted for the summer and winter seasons show interesting similarities and discrepancies. 相似文献
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One of the main morphological changes along the Southern Central Andes occurs from 36° to 39°S. The northern portion is characterized by prominent basement structures and a thick-skinned orogenic front with relief of over 2000 m with a deep level of exhumation where more than 4 km of section has been eroded. Contrastingly, the southern part is formed by mildly inverted basement structures restricted mainly to the hinterland zone, which reaches only 1500–1700 m relief. We quantify the variable contributions of two main contractional stages through the construction of three regionally balanced sections across the Andes, constrained by field and geophysical data. Extensional re-activation described for this segment in late Oligocene-early Miocene and Pliocene to Quaternary times, after the two main contractional episodes, suggests only 3 km of stretching that represents 30–10% of the original longitude. We, therefore, conclude that while initial Late Cretaceous to Eocene compression was similar along strike (∼10–7 km), it is the contrasting degrees of Neogene shortening (∼16–6 km) that have played the largest role in the along strike differences in structure and morphology along this portion of the southern Andes. Variable Neogene arc expansion could be responsible for the contrasting contractional deformation: In the north, late Miocene arc-related rocks cover most of the retroarc zone (>200 km with respect to the late Miocene arc front in the south), presumably driven by a shallow subduction episode in the area, whereas to the south they remain restricted to the continental drainage divide. Other factors involving architecture of previous rift structures, are proposed as additional mechanisms that accommodated variable shortening magnitudes through inversion. 相似文献
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Irina V. Medvedeva Anatoly I. Semenov Vladimir I. Perminov Alexander B. Beletsky Andrey V. Tatarnikov 《Acta Geophysica》2014,62(2):340-349
Data about the variations of mesopause temperature (～87 km) obtained from ground-based spectrographic measurements of the OH emission (834.0 nm, band (6-2)) at Irkutsk and Zvenigorod observatories were compared with satellite data on vertical temperature distribution in the atmosphere from Aura MLS v3.3. We analyzed MLS data for two geopotential height levels: 0.005 hPa (～84 km) and 0.002 hPa (～88 km) as the closest to OH height (～87 km). We revealed that Aura MLS temperature data have lower values than ground-based (cold bias). In summer periods, that difference increases. Aura cold biases compared with OH(6-2) at Irkutsk and Zvenigorod were calculated. For the 0.002 hPa height level, the biases are 10.1 and 9.4 K, and for 0.005 hPa they are 10.5 and 10.2 K at Irkutsk and Zvenigorod, respectively. When the bias is accounted for, an agreement between Aura MLS and OH(6-2) data obtained at both Irkutsk and Zvenigorod is remarkable. 相似文献
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Rafael Bartolomé Juanjo Dañobeitia François Michaud Diego Córdoba Luis A. Delgado-Argote 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2011,168(8-9):1373-1389
Three thousand kilometres of multichannel (MCS) and wide-angle seismic profiles, gravity and magnetic, multibeam bathymetry and backscatter data were recorded in the offshore area of the west coast of Mexico and the Gulf of California during the spring 1996 (CORTES survey). The seismic images obtained off Puerto Vallarta, Mexico, in the Jalisco subduction zone extend from the oceanic domain up to the continental shelf, and significantly improve the knowledge of the internal crustal structure of the subduction zone between the Rivera and North American (NA) Plates. Analyzing the crustal images, we differentiate: (1) An oceanic domain with an important variation in sediment thickness ranging from 2.5 to 1 km southwards; (2) an accretionary prism comprised of highly deformed sediments, extending for a maximum width of 15 km; (3) a deformed forearc basin domain which is 25 km wide in the northern section, and is not seen towards the south where the continental slope connects directly with the accretionary prism and trench, thus suggesting a different deformational process; and (4) a continental domain consisting of a continental slope and a mid slope terrace, with a bottom simulating reflector (BSR) identified in the first second of the MCS profiles. The existence of a developed accretionary prism suggests a subduction–accretion type tectonic regime. Detailed analysis of the seismic reflection data in the oceanic domain reveals high amplitude reflections at around 6 s [two way travel time (twtt)] that clearly define the subduction plane. At 2 s (twtt) depth we identify a strong reflection which we interpret as the Moho discontinuity. We have measured a mean dip angle of 7° ± 1° at the subduction zone where the Rivera Plate begins to subduct, with the dip angle gently increasing towards the south. The oceanic crust has a mean crustal thickness of 6.0–6.5 km. We also find evidence indicating that the Rivera Plate possibly subducts at very low angles beneath the Tres Marias Islands. 相似文献
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K. Nielsen M.J. Taylor R.E. Hibbins M.J. Jarvis 《Journal of Atmospheric and Solar》2009,71(8-9):991-1000
We present a first detailed climatological study of individual quasi-monochromatic mesospheric, short-period gravity-wave events observed over Antarctica. The measurements were made using an all-sky airglow imager located at Halley Station (76°S, 27°W) and encompass the 2000 and 2001 austral winter seasons. Distributions of wave parameters were found to be similar to findings at other latitudes. The wave headings exhibited unusually strong anisotropy with a dominant preference for motion towards the Antarctic continent and a rotation from westward during fall, to poleward in mid-winter, to eastward in spring. This rotation was accompanied by a systematic increase of ～50% in the magnitudes of the horizontal wavelengths and observed phase speeds. It is postulated that the observed wave anisotropy was due to a succession of wave sources of different characteristics lying equatorward of Halley, or a dominant source mechanism evolving with time during the winter months. 相似文献
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Ocean Dynamics - The concept of water type richness wtr and inversion count inv is introduced and applied to high-resolution Argo float data in a meridional strip in the southern Indian Ocean as a... 相似文献
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《地球物理学进展》2017,(4)
本文利用中国廊坊站(39.4°N,116.7°E)流星雷达在2012年4月1日至2013年3月31日期间的水平风场观测数据,分析了廊坊上空中间层和低热层(MLT,80~100 km)大气纬向风、经向风潮汐的季节变化特征.研究表明:廊坊MLT区域周日潮汐和半日潮汐波动比较显著,有明显的季节变化特征.周日潮汐振幅在88 km以下为半年变化,极大值位于2-3月和10月,极小值位于冬、夏季;在88 km以上为周年变化,振幅冬末春初最强,夏季最弱.周日潮汐相位在秋、冬季比春、夏季提前.半日潮汐主要呈现半年变化,在5月和9月最强,冬、夏季最弱.半日潮汐相位在春、夏季比秋、冬季提前.此外,廊坊风场潮汐的观测结果与WACCM4模式模拟结果进行比较,结果表明两者的主要特征相似,在细节上有显著区别.与40°N附近其他站点风场潮汐观测结果的比较结果表明中纬度MLT风场潮汐有显著的随经度变化特性. 相似文献
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Jeong-Han Kim Yong Ha Kim Chang-Sup Lee Geonhwa Jee 《Journal of Atmospheric and Solar》2010,72(11-12):883-889
We analyzed meteor decay times measured by a VHF radar at King Sejong Station by classifying strong and weak meteors according to their estimated electron line densities. The height profiles of monthly averaged decay times show a peak whose altitude varies with season at altitudes of 80?85 km. The higher peak during summer is consistent with colder temperatures that cause faster chemical reactions of electron removal. By adopting temperature dependent empirical recombination rates from rocket experiments and meteor electron densities of 2×105?2×106 cm?3 in a decay time model, we are able to account for decreasing decay times below the peak for all seasons without invoking meteor electron removal by hypothetical icy particles. 相似文献
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Dr. W. Rau 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1954,29(1):201-211
Zusammenfassung An künstlich erzeugten unterkühlten Nebeln wurde die Eiskeimbildung his –85°C untersucht. Bei tiefen Temperaturen treten so hohe Eisteilchendichten auf, daß sie erst an fotografischen Aufnahmen der Eiswolken bei geeigneter Vergrösserung bestimmt werden konnten. Die von anderer Seite bei –40°C behauptete und mit homogener Keimbildung gedeutete Vervielfachung der Eisteilchenzahl konnte nicht festgestellt werden. Meistens steigt die Teilchendichte spätestens bei –30°C stark an, bleibt dann aber zwischen –40°C und –65°C praktisch konstant bei im Mittel 174 Eisteilchen pro cm3. Dieser Uebergang, der an der vollständigen Vereisung der Tröpfchenwolke direkt zu erkennen ist, findet je nach Wetterlage zwischen –40 und –50°C statt und muß somit noch durch Gefrierkerne hervorgerufen sein.Erst bei Annäherung an –70°C bilden sich in Uebereinstimmung mit früheren Ergebnissen des Verf. ausserordentlich dichte und beständige Nebel aus feinsten Eisteilchen mit. Anzeichen von homogener Bildung.
Summary The formation of ice germs down to –85°C was investigated with artificial supercooled nebula. At low temperatures the densities of ice particles are so high that they could only be determined by photographs of the ice clouds with suitable enlargements. The multiplication of the number of ice particles which, according to assertions from another side, should take place at –40°C and which was interpreted by homogeneous formation of germs, could not be ascertained. In most cases the density of particles increases considerably at –30° at the latest, and then remains practically constant between –40 and –65°C with an average of 174 ice particles per cm3. This transition which can directly be observed at the complete icing of the cloud of droplets, takes place — according to the weather conditions —between –40 and –50°C and must, therefore, also be caused by freezing nuclei.Extremely dense and constant nebula consisting of the finest ice particles with signs of homogeneous formation are only formed with an approximation to –70°C, which is in good agreement with earlier results of the author.相似文献
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Wind and temperature profiles measured routinely by rockets at Ryori (Japan) since 1970 are analysed to quantify interannual changes that occur in the upper stratosphere. The analysis involved using a least square fitting of the data with a multiparametric adaptative model composed of a linear combination of some functions that represent the main expected climate forcing responses of the stratosphere. These functions are seasonal cycles, solar activity changes, stratospheric optical depth induced by volcanic aerosols, equatorial wind oscillations and a possible linear trend. Step functions are also included in the analyses to take into account instrumental changes. Results reveal a small change for wind data series above 45 km when new corrections were introduced to take into account instrumental changes. However, no significant change of the mean is noted for temperature even after sondes were improved. While wind series reveal no significant trends, a significant cooling of 2.0 to 2.5 K/decade is observed in the mid upper stratosphere using this analysis method. This cooling is more than double the cooling predicted by models by a factor of more than two. In winter, it may be noted that the amplitude of the atmospheric response is enhanced. This is probably caused by the larger ozone depletion and/or by some dynamical feedback effects. In winter, cooling tends to be smaller around 40–45 km (in fact a warming trend is observed in December) as already observed in other data sets and simulated by models. Although the winter response to volcanic aerosols is in good agreement with numerical simulations, the solar signature is of the opposite sign to that expected. This is not understood, but it has already been observed with other data sets. 相似文献
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Francisco Jose da Silva Dias Belmiro Mendes Castro Luiz Drude Lacerda 《Ocean Dynamics》2018,68(8):967-985
This article characterizes the spatial and temporal current variations, in the subtidal and tidal ranges, during the rainy and dry seasons, at the continental shelf off the Jaguaribe River, through measurements of continuous current field data from an acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) mooring during 124 days, from June 12 to October 14, 2009. To support this dataset, we collected corresponding data from a meteorological station located at the estuary. The spatial variation showed that highest current speeds occur near the coast, with an offset of a NNW coastal jet, decreasing intensity, monotonically, towards offshore up to 0.1 ms?1. In the rainy season, small inversions of the wind field were observed, lasting 2 to 3 days on average and were accompanied by the direction of surface currents only. In the dry season, the period of reversal of wind fields and currents lasted 14 and 35 h, respectively. The analysis of empirical orthogonal functions in rainy and dry seasons showed that the continental shelf is predominantly barotropic, where the second and third modes explained only 7% of the total variance, during the dry season. The tidal currents are more intense in the direction normal to the coast, showing a semidiurnal tidal regime. Energy distribution between tidal currents and currents of longer periods showed that for the component parallel to bathymetry, subtidal frequency currents are dominant, contributing to more than 70% of the variance. For the normal component to the coastline bathymetry, there is a significant increase of power concerning tidal currents, at all depths, so they contribute with about 55% of the total variance. 相似文献