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通用的土壤水热传输耦合模型的发展和改进研究 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
一个既真实又简化、且适用于湿润与干旱、冻土与非冻土和均质与非均质多种情景下的通用土壤水热传输耦合模式对于陆面过程的模型发展研究至关重要. 研究首先通过量级估计和模型数值模拟结果的分析, 发展了简化且精度较好的土壤水热传输耦合统一模型. 为了克服该模型计算过程中由于需预估冰水相变速率项产生的误差造成的不确定性, 进一步对该简化的统一土壤模式进行变量变换, 以土壤总焓和土壤水总质量替代温度和体积含水量作为方程预报量, 建立了新的通用土壤模型统一体系, 并设计了一套行之有效、省时的数值计算方案. 此模型既可用于一般情况下的裸土, 也可用于较为难处理的非均质土、冻融土壤和干旱土壤等. 与观测结果相比, 改进后的统一土壤模型能很好地模拟出在湿润与干旱、冻土与非冻土和均质与非均质土壤中的水热传输过程. 且由于它的简化, 也适应当今陆面过程模式发展的需要. 相似文献
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洱海湖气界面水汽和二氧化碳通量交换特征 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
基于2012年涡动相关法取得的洱海湖气之间湍流通量资料,计算了湖面反照率、空气动力学粗糙度和整体输送系数等湖气交换过程的基本物理参数;分析高原湖泊表面动量通量、感热通量、潜热通量和二氧化碳通量的变化特征及其主要的控制因子;采用神经网络法对缺失蒸发量数据进行填补,估算了洱海湖面全年蒸发量。2012年全年蒸发量为（1165±15）mm,大于年实际降水量（2012年的年降水量为818mm）。洱海局地环流在全年范围内较显著;全年主导风向为东南（谷风／湖风）和西北风（山风／陆风）。高原湖泊感热通量通常只有每平方米几十瓦,通常午后感热通量为负值;即湖面向大气输送热量。夏季湖泊大气界面感热通量最大值出现在清晨,与湖气温差的出现时间一致;在白天湖面的有效能量主要分配为潜热通量;湖气温差和水汽压差分别是感热通量和潜热通量日变化的主要控制因子。湖气界面二氧化碳通量除夏季存在弱的吸收外,其余季节（冬季）表现为弱的排放。湖面反照率的季节变化规律与太阳高度角的季节变动有关,同时湖面反照率与水的浑浊度等有关。与实际观测得到的湖面反照率相比,CLM4湖泊模式在冬季低估（夏季高估）了湖面反照率。 相似文献
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考虑冻土的陆面过程模型及其在青藏高原GAME/Tibet试验中的应用 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
陆面过程的研究对于更好地认识气候和天气系统的演变规律、陆地-大气水热交换过程、人类活动对气候和环境的影响等具有重要意义. 建立了综合考虑土壤冻融、土壤水汽通量、植被覆盖和陆面-大气近地层水热交换的一维冻土-植被-大气连续体模型, 模拟了固液相变、汽态水迁移、土壤水、汽、热耦合迁移等过程, 反映了液态水从未冻区向冻结区迁移、冻结及其引起的潜热迁移的冻土物理本质, 也反映了汽态水分从高温区向低温区迁移所引起的温度及水分场的变化, 并对模型进行了检验. 水分运动方程采用混合Richards方程, 可适应各种边界条件. 土壤水热传输模型求解引入了修正的Picard迭代法, 不仅使计算迭代收敛更快, 而且能更好地保证数值计算过程中的水量平衡. 结合GAME/Tibet实验1998年5月份、7月份的观测数据, 应用该模型对青藏高原安多观测点的水热交换过程进行了模拟分析. 模拟结果表明: 土壤的冻融过程对地温变化会产生负反馈作用; 若净辐射相同, 土壤表层含水量较高的情况下考虑冻结时其地热通量在冰融化时明显增加, 显热通量减少, 而潜热通量变化不大, 但是冻结时各通量的变化不明显; 而土壤发生融化时, 尽管地热通量增加, 但是地表温度仍然减小; 土壤发生冻结时, 尽管土壤负温要比不考虑冻结时高, 但整体上热通量变化不大. 相似文献
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本文利用有限差分方法,计算了全地幔对流模式和双层地幔对流模式下日本海沟俯冲带热结构、浮力及P波速度异常分布,基于亚稳态橄榄石相变模型推测亚稳态橄榄石的存在范围,同时分析了热传导系数、热膨胀系数和热源对俯冲带热结构的影响,以及俯冲带所受浮力与俯冲带形态的关系.结果表明,双层地幔对流模式下模拟的P波速度异常分布与层析成像结果更为相符,也与深源地震的分布有较好的相关性.板块内部亚稳态橄榄石的存在范围随热传导系数和热膨胀系数的减小而增大,同时忽略相变潜热和剪切生热的影响也会造成模型所预测的亚稳态橄榄石范围偏大.俯冲带所受负浮力在400 km深度附近达到最大值,亚稳态橄榄石的存在使负浮力逐渐减小,甚至在板块内部产生正浮力,不利于俯冲带穿透660 km相变界面. 相似文献
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针对中深层相变取热系统存在的携液问题，通过数值方法，研究了液态CO2在蒸发段的相变过程，分析了产生携液问题的原因，同时分析了进口流速、管内压力、热储层温度对蒸发率和携带率的影响.结果表明：管内液体呈液滴状分布在管中，一部分液滴随气体携带出系统，另一部分液滴回落井底形成液池.管内气体温度从井底到出口先升高后下降.气体压力相差较小，但在6～8 m的管段存在较高压力.积液质量随时间增长逐渐稳定，但被携带出去的液体质量将不断升高.蒸发段的取热效率和出口温度在系统运行初期存在峰值.通过研究，采用较低的入口流速，能够明显改善携液情况.当热储层温度为105℃时，进口流速为0.05 m/s和0.45 m/s,管内压力应当分别控制在6.7 MPa和4.7 MPa,对改善蒸发和携液情况更有利.当管内压力为3.7 MPa时，进口流速为0.05 m/s和0.45 m/s,携液问题最小时的井底温度分别为145℃和125℃. 相似文献
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假设地幔地震层析成像数据对应的地幔横向不均匀结构是地幔热对流的结果. 将地震层析成像数据转化为地幔温度(或密度)不均匀分布，考虑热流体动力学的三个基本方程，顾及热输运方程中的非线性项，直接将地震层析成像转化的地幔温度不均匀分布作为内部荷载引入基本方程, 反演计算地幔对流. 本文在利用地震层析成像数据计算地幔对流模型的新理论和方法的基础上，用SH12WM13地震层析成像模型数据，计算了全球地幔对流格局. 结果表明，对流格局不仅依赖地震层析成像数据，而且在很大程度上受地幔动力学框架、热动力参数和边界条件的所确定的系统响应函数的影响. 显示了地幔中复杂的对流格局，特别是区域性层状对流以及多层对流环可能在地幔中存在的现象. 相似文献
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以微分热惯量为基础的地表蒸发全遥感信息模型及在甘肃沙坡头地区的验证 总被引：26，自引：0，他引：26
首先综合回顾了目前采用的地表通量遥感方法和途径.分析了现有遥感思路中不能摆脱非遥感参数的现实和困扰. 在实践的基础上, 建立了以微分热惯量为基础的地表蒸发全遥感信息模型. 其思路的关键是以微分热惯量提取土壤水分可供率而独立于土壤质地、类型等局地参数; 以土壤水分可供率推算波文比而摆脱气温、风速等非遥感参数. 并以净辐射通量和表观热惯量对土壤热通量进行参数化. 实现了以全遥感信息反演裸地蒸发(潜热通量)的目标. 应用接近最高和最低地表温度出现时刻的两幅NOAA- AVHRR 5个波段的影像图和地面同步观测数据, 作出了我国西北沙坡头地区的土壤蒸发的区域分布影像图. 同时以同步观测的地表蒸发值对影像图对应点的输出值进行了对比, 验证了本思路和模型的可行性, 并且讨论了本模型扩展到浓密植被区所能造成的误差和进一步改进途径. 相似文献
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岩石圈和软流圈的相互作用是现今地球动力学研究的热点问题之一．本文针对岩石圈与软流圈的相互作用模型,开发了新的基于热-流-固三场耦合方法的有限元程序．岩石圈变形和对流的地幔之间的耦合方式为：地幔在热驱动（或运动岩石圈的拖曳）下产生对流,对流的地幔对耦合边界施加载荷并造成岩石圈的变形,变形的岩石圈反作用于软流圈从而影响其地幔对流的状态．温度场根据速度场和网格变形的结果适时调整,如此反复推动整个系统的演化．利用该耦合方法模拟了“地幔柱作用下地表隆升”地质过程, 其结果与实际地质资料和地质认识能很好的吻合,验证了该方法模拟地幔与软流圈相互作用过程的有效性及处理复杂耦合问题的能力. 相似文献
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金星表层年龄和构造活动特点表明其岩石层在最近的地质历史时期经历过广泛的更新.这种全球性的表层改造与其内部热演化历史进程密切相关.如果金星存在相变形成的上、下地幔，依据现今所了解的金星物理性质和参量化的热对流理论，并且考虑金星地幔相变边界层状态对对流的控制作用，我们计算了金星热演化历史.结果表明，金星的热演化历史是一种非单调的冷却过程，在这种非单调的热演化历史进程中，金星地幔会出现大体等周期的翻转.由于参数选取的不同，翻转时金星上、下地幔的温差随时间可能出现稳定变化、逐渐加强、逐渐减弱三种不同演化模式，目前尚不能确定实际金星热演化历史究竟是哪一种模式.金星地幔相变边界层的穿透对流可能是推动其表层岩石层全球性更新的关键，导致其表层火山活动和地表构造以大致500 Ma时间间隔更新和重造. 相似文献
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全球变化下青藏高原湖泊在地表水循环中的作用 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
青藏高原是地球上最重要的高海拔地区之一,对全球变化具有敏感响应.青藏高原作为"亚洲水塔",其地表水资源及其变化对高原本身及周边地区的经济社会发展具有重要的影响.然而,在气候变暖的情况下,构成高原地表水资源的各个组分,如冰川、湖泊、河流、降水等水体的相变及其转化却鲜为人知.湖泊是青藏高原地表水体相变和水循环的关键环节.湖泊面积、水位和水量对西风和印度季风的降水变化非常敏感,但湖泊面积和水量变化在不同区域和时段的响应也不尽相同.湖泊水温对气候变暖具有明显响应,湖泊水温和水下温跃层深度的变化能够对水—气的热量交换具有明显影响,从而影响了区域蒸发和降水等水循环过程.由于湖泊水量增加,高原中部色林错地区湖泊盐度自1970s以来普遍下降.根据60多个湖泊实地监测建立的遥感反演模型研究发现,2000—2019年湖泊透明度普遍升高.对不同补给类型的大湖水量平衡监测发现,影响湖泊变化的气象和水文要素具有较大差异.在目前的暖湿气候条件下,青藏高原的湖泊将会持续扩张.为了深入认识湖泊变化在青藏高原区域水循环和气候变化中的作用,需要全面了解湖泊水量赋存及连续的时间序列变化,需要深入了解湖泊理化参数变化及对湖泊大气之间热量交换的影响,需要更多来自大湖流域的综合连续观测数据. 相似文献
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Land surface process is of great importance in global climate change, moisture and heat exchange in the interface of the earth and atmosphere, human impacts on the environment and eco- system, etc. Soil freeze/thaw plays an important role in cold land surface processes. In this work the diurnal freeze/thaw effects on energy partition in the context of GAME/Tibet are studied. A sophisti- cated land surface model is developed, the particular aspect of which is its physical consideration of soil freeze/thaw and vapor flux. The simultaneous water and heat transfer soil sub-model not only reflects the water flow from unfrozen zone to frozen fringe in freezing/thawing soil, but also demon- strates the change of moisture and temperature field induced by vapor flux from high temperature zone to low temperature zone, which makes the model applicable for various circumstances. The modified Picard numerical method is employed to help with the water balance and convergence of the numerical scheme. Finally, the model is applied to analyze the diurnal energy and water cycle char- acteristics over the Tibetan Plateau using the Game/Tibet datasets observed in May and July of 1998. Heat and energy transfer simulation shows that: (i) There exists a negative feedback mechanism between soil freeze/thaw and soil temperature/ground heat flux; (ii) during freezing period all three heat fluxes do not vary apparently, in spite of the fact that the negative soil temperature is higher than that not considering soil freeze; (iii) during thawing period, ground heat flux increases, and sensible heat flux decreases, but latent heat flux does not change much; and (iv) during freezing period, soil temperature decreases, though ground heat flux increases. 相似文献
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The paper is based on a box model of heat and mass exchange with the incorporation of a block for calculating latent heat
flux, supplemented by parameterization of heat and mass exchange between shallow water area and the atmosphere. The results
of calculation of evaporation from the water area of the Ivankovo Reservoir, with allowance made for more intense evaporation
from shallows, are given. The latent heat fluxes from shallow and deep-water zones of the water body are shown to differ,
depending on weather conditions and water level; the increase in the evaporated-water volume due to taking into account the
shallow-water effect is evaluated. 相似文献
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In the under-ice period, gas exchange between Baikal and the atmosphere is taking place through a system of coastal and perennial fractures and airholes in the ice, as well as through the surface of the ice-free part of the lake at the Angara source [24]. The total area of the open water never exceeds 0.03% of lake water area. The emission of CO2 in the course of ice sublimation over the entire period is ≤0.02 g CO2 from 1 m2. The transport of dissolved gases from under-ice water into the atmosphere is limited by molecular diffusion in microfractions of ice cover. The narrow daily variations of CO2 in the air in lake coastal zone is due to the effect of populated localities on its coast and large coniferous forests, which serve as diffuse sources of CO2, as well as diurnal variations of the direction and velocity of air mass transport by local winds. 相似文献
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Volcanic lakes have a wide range of characteristics, and we make an attempt to delineate the limiting physical conditions
for several lake classes. The ratio between heat input and heat dissipation capacity of a lake constrains the temperature
for perfectly mixed steady-state volcanic lakes. Poorly mixed lakes are also conditioned by this ratio, but their temperature
structure is also strongly influenced by the hydrodynamics resulting from different mechanisms of heat transfer. The steady-state
temperatures of volcanic lakes are largely determined by the magnitude of the volcanic heat influx relative to the surface
area of the lake. Small lakes have only a small capacity for heat dissipation and their temperature rises quickly with only
small heat inputs; large lakes are buffered against variations in heat input. Both the heat dissipation and meteoric water
input into a lake are functions of lake surface area and therefore each lake water temperature demands a certain precipitation
rate for mass conservation, independent of lake size. The results of energy/mass-balance modeling shows that under common
atmospheric conditions, most steady-state volcanic lakes are unlikely to maintain a temperature in excess of 45–50 °C. Validation
of the volcanic lake model was performed using published data from Yugama Lake (Japan) and the Keli Mutu lakes (Indonesia).
Also, the model was applied to 24 natural systems to provide a baseline assessment of energy fluxes under the model assumptions
so future work on those systems can identify nuances in individual systems that deviate from the simple model conditions.
We recommend the model for use in assessing temperature variations and volcanic lake stability in settings with known physical
and atmospheric conditions. Application of the energy/mass balance calculations of model lakes provides a genetic classification
scheme largely based on physical process parameters.
Received: 28 February 1996 / Accepted: 23 November 1996 相似文献
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本模式用以K半经验理论为基础的闭合方程组求解,引进了地形作用、动量、热量和水汽的侧向扩散和垂直湍流交换以及凝结加热等物理过程,其中湍流交换系数K是地表粗糙度、几何高度、大气稳定度及风速切变等因子的函数。本模式还考虑了山地、平原和水面在地形高度、地表粗糙度、辐射、蒸发及热交换等方面的差异,在下垫面上建立热平衡方程与边界层内控制方程耦合。将模式应用于太湖流域,计算得到的该流域边界层内温、压、湿、风的分布特征与实际情况相似,模式具有一定的实用性。 相似文献
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本模式用以K半经验理论为基础的闭合方程组求解,引进了地形作用、动量、热量和水汽的侧向扩散和垂直湍流交换以及凝结加热等物理过程,其中湍流交换系数K是地表粗糙度、几何高度、大气稳定度及风速切变等因子的函数。本模式还考虑了山地、平原和水面在地形高度、地表粗糙度、辐射、蒸发及热交换等方面的差异,在下垫面上建立热平衡方程与边界层内控制方程耦合。将模式应用于太湖流域,计算得到的该流域边界层内温、压、湿、风的分布特征与实际情况相似,模式具有一定的实用性。 相似文献
18.
1950年以来青藏高原兹格塘错碳酸盐稳定碳同位素变化及其原因 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
兹格塘错是青藏高原中部一个典型的半混合型咸水湖泊。本文在~(210)Pb和~(137)Cs定年的基础上,研究了兹格塘错重力岩芯(ZGTC A-1)小于38.5μm细颗粒组分碳酸盐稳定碳同位素1950年以来的变化及其影响因素。对冬夏季湖水水化学特征的分析表明,夏季湖水溶解CO_2呈逸出状态,冬季湖水钙离子浓度是夏季湖水的10倍,据此可以得出兹格塘错碳酸盐矿物主要在夏季沉淀。通过与那曲气象站气象记录对比发现,1950年以来A-1岩芯碳酸盐碳同位素变化与年均温度有很好的相关性,表现出年均温度高时碳同位素偏重,而年均温度低时碳同位素偏轻的特征。兹格塘错1950年以来自生碳酸盐碳同位素的变化是由湖区及水体碳循环(如碳酸盐沉淀,有机质的沉淀与分解,有机碳和无机碳的转化等)的变化引起的,但各种因素的相互作用非常复杂。碳酸盐含量也与温度有关,温度越高,碳酸盐含量越高,同时降水量与碳酸盐含量也存在明显的相关关系。1950年以来有机质含量与温度呈反相关,可能与湖泊生产力的下降有关。 相似文献
19.
Atmospheric stability conditions over the water surface can affect the evaporative and convective heat fluxes from the water surface. Atmospheric instability occurred 72.5% of the time and resulted in 44.7 and 89.2% increases in the average and maximum estimated evaporation, respectively, when compared to the neutral condition for a small shallow lake (Binaba) in Ghana. The proposed approach is based on the bulk-aerodynamic transfer method and the Monin-Obukhov similarity theory (MOST) using standard meteorological parameters measured over the surrounding land. For water surface temperature, a crucial parameter in heat flux estimation from water surfaces, an applicable method is proposed. This method was used to compute heat fluxes and compare them with observed heat fluxes. The heat flux model was validated using sensible heat fluxes measured with a 3-D sonic anemometer. The results show that an unstable atmospheric condition has a significant effect in enhancing evaporation alongside the sensible heat flux from water surfaces. 相似文献
20.
Freezing characteristics were investigated for a sedge covered floating fen and spruce covered swamp located beside a shallow lake in the Western Boreal Forest of Canada. Thermal properties were measured in situ for one freeze‐thaw cycle, and for two freeze‐thaw cycles in laboratory columns. Thermal conductivity and liquid water content were related to a range of subsurface temperatures above and below the freezing thresholds, and clearly illustrate hysteresis between the freezing and thawing process. Thermal hysteresis occurs because of the large change in thermal conductivity between water and ice, high water content of the peat, and wide variation in pore sizes that govern ice formation. Field and laboratory results were combined to develop linear freezing functions, which were tested in a heat transfer model. For surface temperature boundary conditions, subsurface temperatures were simulated for the over‐winter period and compared with field measurements. Replication of the transient subsurface thermal regime required that freezing functions transition gradually from thawed to frozen state (spanning the ?0·25 to ?2 °C range) as opposed to a more abrupt step function. Subsurface temperatures indicate that the floating fen underwent complete phase change (from water to ice) and froze to approximately the same depth as lake ice thickness. Therefore, the floating fen peatland froze as a ‘shelf’ adjacent to the lake, whereas the spruce covered swamp had a higher capacity for thermal buffering, and subsurface freezing was both more gradual and limited in depth. These thermal properties, and the timing and duration of frozen state, are expected to control the interaction of water and nutrients between surface water and groundwater, which will be affected by changes in air temperature associated with global climate change. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献