首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 125 毫秒
1.
2000年以来青藏高原湖泊面积变化与气候要素的响应关系   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
青藏高原星罗密布的湖泊对气候变化十分敏感,在自然界水循环和水平衡中发挥着重要作用.以MODIS MOD09A1和SRTM DEM为数据源,提取了2000-2016年青藏高原丰水期面积大于50 km2的湖泊边界,从内外流分区、湖泊主要补给来源和湖水矿化度三个方面对2000年以来湖泊面积变化进行分析,并结合青藏高原近36年气象数据,根据气象要素变化趋势分区,初步探讨青藏高原湖泊面积变化与气候要素的关系.结果表明:青藏高原面积大于50 km2的138个湖泊整体扩张趋势显著,总面积增加2340.67 km2,增长率为235.52 km2/a.其中,扩张型湖泊占67.39%,萎缩型湖泊占12.32%,稳定型湖泊占20.29%.内流湖扩张趋势显著,外流湖扩张趋势较明显;以冰雪融水为主要补给来源的湖泊整体扩张趋势明显,以地表径流和河流补给为主要补给源的湖泊也呈扩张趋势;盐湖和咸水湖以扩张为主,淡水湖的扩张、萎缩和稳定三种类型较均衡.在青藏高原气候暖湿化方向发展背景下,湖泊面积变化与气候要素具有显著的区域相关性.气温和降水变化趋势分区结果表明,气温增加、降水增加强趋势的高原Ⅰ区湖泊扩张程度(78.18%)依次大于气温降低、降水量呈增加趋势的Ⅴ区(66.67%),气温、降水量呈增加趋势的Ⅱ区(60.78%),气温呈降低、降水量呈增加强趋势的Ⅳ区(58.83%)和气温呈增加、降水量呈减少趋势的Ⅲ区(50.00%).湖泊面积变化对气候变化响应研究表明,升温引起的冰雪融水补给对Ⅰ区、Ⅱ区和Ⅲ区湖泊面积扩张的影响显著,加之降水量的增加,湖泊扩张速率明显;Ⅳ区和Ⅴ区湖泊面积扩张主要受降水量增加影响显著.整体而言,气温主要影响以冰雪融水为主要补给来源的湖泊,降水量主要影响以降水和地表径流为主要补给来源的湖泊.  相似文献   

2.
陈晨  金章东  徐阳  李良波  苟龙飞  张飞 《湖泊科学》2020,32(6):1882-1890
2008年5月12日里氏7.9级汶川大地震引发了超过56000多个山体滑坡,在龙门山地区产生巨量的碎屑物质,极大地影响了流域的地表过程.然而,地震对河流碎屑物质组成及沉积过程的改变却知之甚少.紫坪铺水库超高沉积速率(平均74 cm/a)的沉积物完整记录了汶川地震前后的沉积过程,为研究2008年汶川地震对流域地表物质搬运及沉积物组成的影响提供了宝贵的素材.本研究测试了汶川地震前后紫坪铺水库沉积物的Sr同位素以及元素组成,结果表明其在地震之后均发生了显著变化.震后沉积物87Sr/86Sr与Rb/Sr比值同步降低,并且和沉积物化学蚀变指数(CIA)呈正相关性,反映了地震滑坡导致的新鲜物质对沉积物的贡献,特别是地震后强径流的2010—2011年.地震前后沉积物组成的差异性,为利用沉积物反演水文气候和构造事件及其环境效应提供了基础和潜在指标.  相似文献   

3.
呼伦湖盆地扎赉诺尔晚第四纪湖泊沉积物为砂,泥质碎屑沉,地东露天矿剖面沉积物样品进行了低,高频磁化率测量,粒度分析,磁性矿物成分鉴定和Al2O3 ,Fe2O3含量分析,分析表明,磁铁矿是沉积物磁化率的主要贡献者,全铁含量控制了磁化率值的变化,磁化率与沉积物粒度呈负相关,进一步讨论认为,磁性矿物主要为粉砂-粘土级碎屑,集中分布在细粒沉积物中,因此造成其率较高,砂质沉积物中频率磁化率较高,其原因可能是其中的磁性颗粒比粉砂一粘土级沉积物中的磁性颗粒更细一些。  相似文献   

4.
新疆博斯腾湖沉积物粒度的古环境意义初探   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
湖泊沉积物的粒度分析是一种研究古环境变化常用的手段,但是其环境意义具有多解性,尤其是沙(荒)漠干旱区的湖泊沉积物粒度变化,代表的是沙尘天气的多寡强弱还是其它环境因素的变化值得细致研究。在对我国最大的内陆淡水湖—新疆博斯腾湖的沉积物短岩芯进行了^210Pbex,^137Cs定年的基础上,对近50多年沉积物的粒度进行分析,结果表明平均粒径与粗颗粒含量与区域最大河流—开都河大山口站的最大一天洪量、洪峰流量、天山巴音布鲁克站年降水量、湖泊水位变化以及湖泊附近焉耆站3-6月风力强度变化记录等环境因素对比发现,湖泊中部沉积物中粗颗粒含量变化主要反映的是入湖河流径流量、区域洪水强度及频率、山地降水,而并不反映大风天气或者湖泊水位的变化。对其近千年沉积岩芯的多指标分析结果表明,即使在数百年时间尺度上,博斯腾湖沉积物粒度的环境意义依然与十年时间尺度上一致。  相似文献   

5.
长江口潮滩沉积物的磁学性质及其与粒度的关系   总被引:43,自引:0,他引:43  
对长江口潮滩沉积物的环境磁学研究表明, 沉积物磁性特征由多畴/假单畴磁铁矿所主导. 磁铁矿除陆源碎屑成因外, 在磁性最强的石洞口排污口附近沉积物中出现了球形磁性颗粒, 系工业污染的产物. 粒度是影响长江口潮滩沉积物磁性特征的重要因素, 磁化率、饱和等温剩磁与8~16 mm粒级含量呈正相关, 而非磁滞剩磁磁化率等指示细颗粒亚铁磁性矿物的参数与<4 mm乃至<32 mm粒级组分高度正相关. 这一特征表明, 在将磁化率作为污染物含量代用指标时, 需考虑粒度造成的磁化率波动的可能影响, 非磁滞剩磁磁化率则可以作为沉积物细粒级组分的代用指标, 并应用于污染物含量的粒度校正.  相似文献   

6.
盐湖中的矿物沉积记录着丰富的环境气候变化信息,是古环境研究的重要对象.在无地表径流补给的盐湖中,其矿物组成及沉积特征与有地表径流补给的湖泊相比是否有一定的特殊性,是值得探讨的问题.采集巴丹吉林沙漠33个不同矿化度地下水补给型湖泊的表层沉积物和10个地表风积砂样品,通过X衍射的方法,分析样品的矿物组成.结果显示:湖泊表层沉积物主要为石英、长石、辉石、云母等碎屑矿物,部分湖泊含有少量的碳酸盐和氯化物盐类矿物.湖泊沉积物的矿物组成与湖水矿化度的关系较为密切,淡水湖仅分布碎屑矿物,微咸水湖含有碎屑矿物和碳酸盐类矿物,盐湖含有碎屑矿物、碳酸盐类矿物和氯化物.风积砂样品中主要为碎屑矿物,占总矿物含量的90%,对湖泊沉积物的矿物组成影响较大,但对湖泊沉积物中的盐类矿物没有贡献,表明湖泊表层沉积物中盐类矿物主要是自生作用形成的.虽然本地区湖泊边缘的沉积物中盐类矿物种类相对较少并且含量较低,但其盐类矿物组成与分布能够响应湖水矿化度的变化,其环境指示意义与有径流补给的盐湖相同,可以指示其湖水的盐度.因此,可以从巴丹吉林沙漠地下水补给型湖泊沉积的盐类矿物中提取相应的古环境信息,用于恢复古气候和古环境的研究.  相似文献   

7.
石梁河水库是江苏省最大的人工湖泊.开展水库沉积速率研究,对认识水库环境变化具有重要意义.本文对石梁河水库沉积物岩芯粒度组成特征进行了分析,表明沉积物以黏土质粉砂和粉砂质黏土为主,从底部向上呈明显的变细趋势,并记录了1970年的强降雨事件.采用137Cs同位素测年分析,得到1963年和1986年两个时标.通过石梁河水库的沉积年代序列,推算出平均沉积速率:1963 1970年为10.85 cm/a,1970 1986年为3.81 cm/a,1986 2005年为1.32 cm/a.对比粒度沉积特征和流域降水记录,粗颗粒物质和降雨量的变化趋势基本相同,沉积物粒度组成特点直接反映了沉积时的降水、水动力搬运强度等信息.在河川来水来沙、坝前水位变化和地形等条件下,石梁河水库表现为三角洲淤积,且沉积速率逐渐变缓,符合水库淤积的一般规律.此外,石梁河水库上游建设的众多大型水库,拦截了大量泥沙,也使得沉积速率呈现减小趋势.  相似文献   

8.
小冰期弱化学风化的湖泊沉积记录   总被引:38,自引:3,他引:38  
封闭湖泊沉积物的低Sr含量、低磁化率和高Rb/Sr比记录了单一湖泊流域在以冷干为特征的小冰期气候环境下经历的弱化学风化过程. 由于Rb, Sr在表生环境下不同的地球化学行为, 内陆湖泊沉积物中Rb/Sr比值是沉积记录中具有明确气候意义的有效指标. 与热带气候和现代温湿环境下化学风化受降水控制不同, 湖泊沉积岩芯的磁化率、Sr含量与冰芯δ18O一致的变化趋势揭示了小冰期最盛期极弱的化学风化过程是受气温控制的. 而随着气温的升高, 化学风化强度逐渐受降水的制约.  相似文献   

9.
1860年以来博斯腾湖碳沉积过程演变   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
选取博斯腾湖3个不同点位岩芯,在210Pb和137Cs年代序列基础上,利用沉积物中的各理化指标,分析了该湖碳沉积的时空变化特征,结合各指标的相关性、沉积速率、C/N、同位素特征等,探讨了该湖1860年以来碳沉积环境的变化过程,为干旱区湖泊碳埋藏研究提供了依据.结果表明:1860-1910年,沉积速率相对较小,受人类活动影响较小,磁化率、中值粒径、总无机碳(TIC)较为稳定,总有机碳(TOC)含量相对较低,此时该湖有较多陆源有机质的输入;1910-1950年,湖泊西部浅水域沉积速率明显高于东部深水区,西北湖区水域有大量外源物质的输入,而湖泊初级生产力较低,内源贡献相对较小;1950-1980年,全湖TOC、TIC含量均呈现升高的趋势,尤其是西北近黄水沟水域升高最快,湖泊内源贡献在增加,陆源组分的输入相对前一阶段要少;1980-2002年,沉积速率快速升高,尤其湖泊东部水域最为明显,TOC含量均呈现升高的趋势,湖泊西部水域初级生产力要高于东部深水区,湖面蒸发较强,气候比较温暖;2002年以来,全湖沉积速率相对较高,外源有机质贡献较小.过去150年博斯腾湖沉积物碳累积速率整体上呈现出升高的趋势,尤其是近50年来快速升高,东部湖区碳累积速率比西部湖区高.  相似文献   

10.
陕西红碱淖近百年来环境变化的湖泊沉积记录   总被引:14,自引:1,他引:14  
本文通过岩性、粒度、磁化率、有机碳、化学元素的多指标综合分析,对陕西红碱淖近百年以来的环境演化进行了探讨。红碱淖于1927年后开始成湖,以较低的磁化率值、低湖泊生产力和较高的Fe/Mn比值为特征;1952-1960年,为短暂湖泊快速扩张时期,在沉积物中表现为粘粒含量一度下降、各元素浓度明显被稀释;自1960年以来,岩性和指标特征反映了该湖演化为稳定的深湖环境。湖泊的形成和扩张与区域降水量的增加有关,而50年代后期以来湖面的迅速扩大同时得益于人类滩地疏导导致的入湖水量增加。人类活动也引起了近40年来湖泊生产力的提高和沉积物-水界面氧系统的变化。此外,钻孔粒度特征较好地分辨出20世纪30年代末至40年代3次强沙尘暴事件。  相似文献   

11.
对云南洱海湖泊岩芯沉积物进行了多环境指标(年代学、色素、硅藻、有机碳稳定同位素、磁化率、化学元素)的分析,建立了近1800年来云南洱海流域气候与环境变化的序列,气候演化具有暖干、冷湿交替的组合呈些特征气候阶段如中世纪温暖期、小冰期气候特征在洱海源泊沉积记录中均有反映,洱海湖泊上沉积记录的气候暖干-冷湿交替变化规律,反映了西南委风影响下的气候演化特征,湖泊沉积记录中包含丰富的人类以的信息,磁化率,元  相似文献   

12.
蒋庆丰  钱鹏  周侗  洪佳  范华  刘静峰 《湖泊科学》2016,28(2):444-454
通过对现代乌伦古湖附近出露的古湖相沉积剖面的AMS~(14)C测年,粒度、总有机碳、总有机氮以及碳酸盐等环境代用指标的分析及其与全新世钻孔沉积记录的对比研究,结果发现:乌伦古湖在MIS-3晚期的33600-22500 cal a BP以及冰后期至早中全新世的16500-6500 cal a BP期间,维持着湖相沉积环境,湖面约比现在湖面高40 m.33600-22500 cal a BP的MIS-3晚期,气候相对温暖,乌伦古湖呈现高湖面特征,湖泊沉积物来源以流水搬运为主;22500-16500 cal a BP的末次冰期冰盛期,气候寒冷干燥,湖泊沉积物来源以风力搬运为主;16500-6500 cal a BP的冰后期以及早、中全新世期间,气候回暖,湖泊沉积物主要来源于河流径流作用.6500-5500 cal a BP,受高温干旱事件的影响,湖面收缩、水位剧降,除沉积中心外的其它钻孔位置出现沉积中断.5500 cal a BP后气候转冷变湿,湖泊重新恢复到现在的状态.乌伦古湖MIS-3晚期以来的古湖相沉积环境变化及其反映的古气候万年尺度上的干湿变化与周边区域气候环境变化记录有很好的一致性,响应了区域环境变化和全球气候突变事件.季风和西风的强度消长变化及其引起的环流条件改变以及温度变化引起的蒸发效应可能是区域气候环境变化的主要原因.这一古湖相沉积记录的研究可为MIS-3晚期以来北疆地区的古湖泊演化以及长时间尺度上西风和季风环流相互关系及其影响区的气候环境演化提供地质证据.  相似文献   

13.
全球变化下青藏高原湖泊在地表水循环中的作用   总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0  
青藏高原是地球上最重要的高海拔地区之一,对全球变化具有敏感响应.青藏高原作为"亚洲水塔",其地表水资源及其变化对高原本身及周边地区的经济社会发展具有重要的影响.然而,在气候变暖的情况下,构成高原地表水资源的各个组分,如冰川、湖泊、河流、降水等水体的相变及其转化却鲜为人知.湖泊是青藏高原地表水体相变和水循环的关键环节.湖泊面积、水位和水量对西风和印度季风的降水变化非常敏感,但湖泊面积和水量变化在不同区域和时段的响应也不尽相同.湖泊水温对气候变暖具有明显响应,湖泊水温和水下温跃层深度的变化能够对水—气的热量交换具有明显影响,从而影响了区域蒸发和降水等水循环过程.由于湖泊水量增加,高原中部色林错地区湖泊盐度自1970s以来普遍下降.根据60多个湖泊实地监测建立的遥感反演模型研究发现,2000—2019年湖泊透明度普遍升高.对不同补给类型的大湖水量平衡监测发现,影响湖泊变化的气象和水文要素具有较大差异.在目前的暖湿气候条件下,青藏高原的湖泊将会持续扩张.为了深入认识湖泊变化在青藏高原区域水循环和气候变化中的作用,需要全面了解湖泊水量赋存及连续的时间序列变化,需要深入了解湖泊理化参数变化及对湖泊大气之间热量交换的影响,需要更多来自大湖流域的综合连续观测数据.  相似文献   

14.
Two sediment cores, one 396 cm long from west Taihu Lake, another 246 cm long from east Taihu Lake, are interpreted from the analysis of their magnetic susceptibility, total organic carbon, total nitrogen, total pigments, organic carbon isotope, hydrogen index, saturated hydrocarbons, 14C dating and surficial sediment conditions. The west Taihu Lake core is the longest one studied in this lake so far, and has provided us the most complete environmental and climatic information for this lake. The results from the west Taihu lake core indicate that Taihu Lake has undergone the following stages:from ca.14 300 to 13 300 aB.P. Taihu Lake was in low lake-level, and there existed exposed features from the proxies reflecting arid paleoclimate. From ca.13 300 to 12 400 aB.P. an arid transitional stages occurred with a slightly warmer and wetter climate. From ca. 12 400 to 10 900 aB.P. a period of large climatic fluctuation occurred and from 10900-10 000 aB.P. a warm period developed with deep water and strongly reducing sediments. During ca.10 000-7 200aB.P., a cool transitional period alternating with a warm climate occurred. It was warm and wet during 7 200-5 700aB.P.; some proxies changed violently in 5 050aB.P., reflecting obvious changes in material source and a probable interruption of sedimentation. The east Taihu Lake history from ca. 6 550 to 6 450 aBP, the climate was cold and dry, and gradually turned warm and wet in ca. 6 450-6 050 aBP. It was warm and wet in ca. 6 050-5 800 aBP and had a cold tendency in 5 800-ca. 5 000 aBP. An abrupt change occurred at ca. 5 000 aBP, and the lake sediment in the uppmost part was disturbed by wave action indicating shallow water conditions.  相似文献   

15.
湖泊不同位置岩芯沉积物相同代用指标的变化是否一致对于重建可靠的区域气候变化历史至关重要.目前多数研究仅利用深水区单一的沉积岩芯来反演区域的气候环境变化,对于不同位置岩芯重建结果的异同尚缺乏研究.本文选择托素湖不同位置、不同水深的4根短钻岩芯沉积物,在放射性核素(210 Pb和137 Cs)定年的基础上,对比分析各岩芯沉积物粒度、碳酸盐含量等代用指标的变化情况.结果显示,湖泊内相近的沉积岩芯沉积物粒度变化相似,但相距较远的岩芯之间粒度变化差异较大;浅水区的沉积物粒度(粒径或组分含量)在短时间尺度上变化很大,而深水区的沉积环境比较稳定,在百年尺度上的变化不明显;有机质与碳酸盐含量总体变化趋势一致且有较好的相关性,表明碳酸盐可能受到湖泊生产力的影响.碳酸盐含量、碳酸盐氧同位素(δ18 O)和TL06孔孢粉的A/C比值变化基本一致,反映的有效湿度变化与同期气象记录的相对湿度一致,但与降水量和蒸发量的变化不一致.因此,托素湖粒度指标仅指示不同位置钻孔沉积环境状况,与气候变化的关系并不明显,用碳酸盐及其同位素等地球化学指标恢复区域气候变化历史更可靠.  相似文献   

16.
对青海湖南盆沉积中心钻取的一根长18.6 m的高取芯率沉积岩芯(1F)进行磁化率测试显示,该岩芯在8.15~8.96 m和15.50~17.28m两沉积段具有非常高的磁化率.详细的岩石磁学测量和矿物分析表明这两段沉积物中有大量的胶黄铁矿存在,其磁畴特征主要以单畴(SD)为主,并显示少量超顺磁(SP)颗粒特征,这是导致磁...  相似文献   

17.
The use of stable isotopes is a practical tool in the study of the lake water budget. This is an one way to study the hydrological cycle in the large numbers of inland lakes on the Tibetan Plateau, in which the isotope record of the sediment is believed to reflect the climatic and environmental changes. The monitoring of stable isotopes of the precipitation, river and lake waters during 2004 in the inland Yamdruk‐tso basin, southern Tibetan Plateau, reveals the lake water δ18O is over 10‰ higher than the local precipitation. This high difference indicates strong isotope enrichment due to lake water evaporation. The simulation results based on the isotope technique show that the present lake water δ18O level corresponds to an average relative humidity of around 54–58% during evaporation, which is very close to the instrumental observation. The simulation results also show that the inland lakes on the Tibetan Plateau have a strong adjustability to the isotope shift of input water δ18O. On average, the isotope component in the inland lake water is to a large extent controlled by the local relative humidity, and can also be impacted by a shift of the local precipitation isotope component. This is probably responsible for the large consistence in the isotope component in the extensive inland lakes on the Tibetan Plateau. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

18.
Lake Zigetang is located on the central Tibetan Plateau(TP) and represents a rare but typical meromictic lake in China.The lake's stable meromixis sustains microflora communities, and changes in these communities are relatively independent of climate. Therefore, these communities can be used as paleoclimate proxies. In this paper, the stratification properties and their relationships with the microflora of Lake Zigetang were analyzed. We found that water depth and climate conditions were two important factors for maintaining meromixis in Lake Zigetang. Generally, stratification was enhanced during warm periods, while temperature differences between the mixolimnion and monimolimnion were decreased during cold periods. The presence of anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria(APB) was demonstrated by the discovery of bacteriopheophytin-a(Bph-a) in the sediments.This bacterial community is mainly concentrated at the bottom of the chemocline and the top of the monimolimnion, where it forms a thin APB layer. Moreover, total APB productivity is mainly affected by the light intensity penetrating to the APB layer,which exponentially increases as the thermocline becomes shallow. Therefore, high Bph-a values in the lake corresponded to a shallow thermocline and warm periods, low Bph-a values corresponded to cold periods, and zero changes indicated that the water was completely mixed and reflected an extreme cold climate or low lake level period. Thus, Bph-a can be used as a climate proxy to reconstruct the history of lake stratification and climate changes.  相似文献   

19.
Modern pollen analysis is the basis for revealing the palaeovegetation and palaeoclimate changes from fossil pollen spectra. Many studies pertaining to the modern pollen assemblages on the Tibetan Plateau have been conducted, but little attention has been paid to pollen assemblages of surface lake sediments. In this study, modern pollen assemblages of surface lake sediments from 34 lakes in the steppe and desert zones of the Tibetan Plateau are investigated and results indicate that the two vegetation zones are dominated by non-arboreal pollen taxa and show distinctive characteristics. The pollen assemblages from the desert zone contain substantially high relative abundance of Chenopodiaceae while those from the steppe zone are dominated by Cyperaceae. Pollen ratios show great potential in terms of separating different vegetation zones and to indicate climate changes on the Tibetan Plateau. The Artemisia/Chenopodiaceae ratio and arboreal/non-arboreal pollen ratio could be used as proxies for winter precipitation. Artemisia/Cyperaceae ratio and the sum of relative abundance of xerophilous elements increase with enhanced warming and aridity. When considering the vegetation coverage around the lakes, hierarchical cluster analysis suggests that the studied sites can be divided into four clusters: meadow, steppe, desert-steppe, and desert. The pollen-based vegetation classification models are established using a random forest algorithm. The random forest model can effectively separate the modern pollen assemblages of the steppe zone from those of the desert zone on the Tibetan Plateau. The model for distinguishing the four vegetation clusters shows a weaker but still valid classifying power. It is expected that the random forest model can provide a powerful tool to reconstruct the palaeovegetation succession on the Tibetan Plateau when more pollen data from surface lake sediments are included.  相似文献   

20.
Lake Zigetang is located on the central Tibetan Plateau (TP) and represents a rare but typical meromictic lake in China. The lake’s stable meromixis sustains microflora communities, and changes in these communities are relatively independent of climate. Therefore, these communities can be used as paleoclimate proxies. In this paper, the stratification properties and their relationships with the microflora of Lake Zigetang were analyzed. We found that water depth and climate conditions were two important factors for maintaining meromixis in Lake Zigetang. Generally, stratification was enhanced during warm periods, while temperature differences between the mixolimnion and monimolimnion were decreased during cold periods. The presence of anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria (APB) was demonstrated by the discovery of bacteriopheophytin-a (Bph-a) in the sediments. This bacterial community is mainly concentrated at the bottom of the chemocline and the top of the monimolimnion, where it forms a thin APB layer. Moreover, total APB productivity is mainly affected by the light intensity penetrating to the APB layer, which exponentially increases as the thermocline becomes shallow. Therefore, high Bph-a values in the lake corresponded to a shallow thermocline and warm periods, low Bph-a values corresponded to cold periods, and zero changes indicated that the water was completely mixed and reflected an extreme cold climate or low lake level period. Thus, Bph-a can be used as a climate proxy to reconstruct the history of lake stratification and climate changes.  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号