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1.
青海湖西岸镭同位素的解吸和扩散特征 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
对青海湖布哈河河口悬浮颗粒物、底部沉积物和青海湖湖底沉积物中的镭(Ra)同位素进行不同盐度和pH值的解吸实验以及扩散实验,得到不同盐度湖水(2.8‰、5.8‰、8.8‰、11.8‰和14.8‰)对悬浮颗粒物中镭的解吸活度,和不同时间段沉积物中镭同位素的扩散速率,探讨盐度、pH值与颗粒物中镭同位素解吸的关系.结果表明,224Ra的解吸活度均高于~(226)Ra和~(228)Ra的解吸活度;在盐度为12‰附近时布哈河河口悬浮颗粒物中223Ra、~(226)Ra和~(228)Ra的解吸程度达到最大值,当盐度9‰时,~(226)Ra解吸活度大于~(228)Ra,当盐度9‰时,~(228)Ra的解吸活度大于~(226)Ra,这可能与当地岩石中富铀矿有关.河流沉积物~(226)Ra和~(228)Ra的扩散速率分别是0.039和0.290 dpm/(m~2·h);湖底沉积物~(226)Ra和~(228)Ra的扩散速率分别为0.018和0.092 dpm/(m~2·h),湖底沉积物扩散速率小于河流沉积物扩散速率. 相似文献
2.
为了查明大柴旦湖周围水体相互作用过程,2016年3月和7月分别采集了大柴旦周围多种水体样品、悬浮颗粒物和湖底沉积物.测试了大柴旦盐湖、深部地下热水、表层地下水热水、浅层地下水、河流水体中镭同位素的活度值,通过解吸和扩散实验,获得了河流悬浮颗粒物和湖底沉积物扩散的镭同位素活度值.结果表明:河口区(3L10、3L11、3L12)~(223)Ra、~(224)Ra、~(226)Ra和~(228)Ra活度比湖中心的活度值高,湖水中~(223)Ra、~(224)Ra、~(226)Ra和~(228)Ra活度先随着盐度的增加而升高,当盐度大于168.99‰时,则随着盐度的增加而降低,这表明镭同位素在进入湖体是先发生解吸,后发生镭同位素的共沉淀.深部地下热水~(223)Ra、~(224)Ra和~(228)Ra的活度值是表层地下热水~(223)Ra、~(224)Ra和~(228)Ra活度值的3～4倍,而~(226)Ra活度值正好相反,表层地下热水中~(226)Ra的活度值比深部地下热水中~(226)Ra的活度值高,在表层具有明显的积累现象.这是由于短半衰期~(223)Ra、~(224)Ra和~(228)Ra发生衰减,而长半衰期~(226)Ra得到积累的原因,从而表明镭同位素的运移方向是从深部往上涌的过程.大柴旦盐湖中的镭同位素主要来源于深部地下热水、浅层地下水和河流.大柴旦周围水循环过程是雨和冰雪融水下渗补给深部和浅层地下水以及地表径流;深部地下热水一部分上涌至表层,经过出山口之后全部转化为浅层地下水,一部分通过深大断裂汇集到大柴旦湖;浅层地下水直接汇集到湖盆;地表径流在山区下渗补给浅层地下水,丰水期汇入到湖盆. 相似文献
3.
北冰洋、白令海226Ra的分布及其水文学意义 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：2
中国首次北极科学考察期间(1999年7～9月), 于北冰洋、白令海分别采集了13份和20份大体积水样, 用于226Ra的分析. 结果表明, 北冰洋、白令海表层海水中226Ra含量分别介于0.28～1.56和0.25～1.26 Bq/m3之间, 平均含量分别为0.76和0.71 Bq/m3, 明显低于其他中低纬度开阔大洋表层水的数值, 说明部分研究海域受海冰融化水的影响. 白令海表层水226Ra的空间分布呈现由南向北降低的趋势, 体现出低226Ra海冰融化水与高226Ra太平洋水的混合交换. 北冰洋表层水中226Ra的空间分布呈现由南向北、由西向东增加之态势, 与水团组成中河水份额的变化趋势相一致. 这与河水具有高226Ra的特征相吻合. 北冰洋加拿大海盆226Ra的垂直分布显示, “上跃层水”所处的200 m深度存在226Ra的极大值, 鉴于高226Ra特征主要出现在太平洋水或与沉积物交换的水体中, 说明该极大值主要来自太平洋水或底部陆架水的输入, 与2H和18O示踪剂获得的结果相吻合. 相似文献
4.
5.
为探究河湖过渡带地下水来源及其水质影响因素,本文分析了不同水体氢氧同位素的分布特征,确定地下水的补给来源,而后采用贝叶斯混合模型(MixSIAR)定量解析不同补给源对地下水的贡献率,并计算混合水源对地下水酸碱度(pH)、电导率(Cond)和总溶解固体(TDS)的贡献量,探究水源混合对地下水水质的影响.研究发现:近长江和湖岸的地下水同位素特征与长江水、湖水接近,其水力联系密切,而中部地下水同位素特征与河水接近,受河水补给明显;河水对地下水的贡献率最大,约为47%,降水贡献率约为20%,湖水和长江水的贡献率分别约为16%和17%;混合水源对pH的贡献率接近100%,对Cond的贡献率约为70%,而对TDS的贡献率很小.此外,生活污水、农业污染等外源输入也会导致地下水pH下降,Cond和TDS明显升高. 相似文献
6.
位于阿拉善高原的巴丹吉林沙漠分布有大量盐湖.为揭示盐湖分层特征以及地下水对盐湖水体的影响,选取沙漠腹地的第二大盐湖——苏木巴润吉林,对9月份湖水的温度和电导率剖面进行了观测.结果表明,尽管所测盐湖宽深比大于90,还是存在温跃层.温跃层的矿化度(TDS)为60~160 g/L,靠近湖底的水体存在TDS低值异常区,形成化跃层,推测为地下淡水集中排泄所致.这种湖底泉在其它较浅的盐湖水体中也存在,说明深、浅层地下水对盐湖水分及盐分都有贡献.温跃层水温随深度的变化近似符合静止水体的热传导规律,并没有受到地下水排泄热量的显著影响.研究区盐湖跃层的季节性变化还有待进一步研究. 相似文献
7.
湖泊沉积记录研究对了解流域侵蚀、揭示区域气候环境变化及人类活动影响、建立外生地球化学循环模式等均具有重要意义.放射性同位素~(210)Pb和~(137)Cs组合定年法是百年尺度湖泊沉积记录研究的首选方法,在过去几十年中得到了广泛应用,大力推动了湖泊沉积记录的高分辨率气候环境变化研究的开展.然而,如何理解和选择适用的计算模式来尽可能地提高定年准确度目前仍存在争议,这在一定程度上限制了该方法的应用.鉴于上述问题,本文基于本实验室近年来从青藏高原获取的若干支代表性湖芯的定年结果,从样品前处理、仪器及测试、数据分析及计算等全过程对~(210)Pb、~(137)Cs定年原理和方法进行了较为系统的阐述;在此基础上,提出了~(210)Pb定年样品封装原则,探讨了高纯锗γ谱仪在放射性活度测量中的影响因素,并建立了准确有效的比活度校正方法;明确指出了恒定初始浓度模式(constant initial concentration,CIC)可用于计算沉积物每层的年龄,而不是部分研究中认为的平均沉积速率,这对于深刻理解该定年模式并提供准确的定年结果具有重要的参考意义.同时,通过对比两种放射性核素的分布特征发现,相对于~(210)Pb而言,~(137)Cs更容易发生垂向迁移进而影响其时标准确性,这需引起研究者的充分重视,因此,当二者定年结果出现明显差异时,建议以~(210)Pb定年结果为准. 相似文献
8.
水库或湖泊的热分层结构是其动力与环境过程的重要研究方面,虽然很多学者针对水体分层结构和演变机理开展了大量研究,但水体通过水-气界面与大气进行热交换的过程,各气象因子的贡献机理等研究成果还很缺乏。本文基于三峡水库香溪河库湾2019年3月-2020年2月期间的水温、水位及气象等监测数据,针对水-气界面热交换过程如何影响水温垂向结构及表层水体湍流混合作用开展研究。结果表明,(1)香溪河水体年内呈高温期分层、低温期混合的基本特征,高温期混合层深度小于8 m,低温期混合层深度超过30 m。(2)太阳短波辐射是香溪河水体的主要热源,潜热通量和长波辐射是香溪河水体的主要冷源,感热通量贡献极小。(3)香溪河平均风速较弱,约为1.6 m/s,主要通过增强潜热和感热通量的方式影响水体垂向稳定性结构特征,其机械扰动作用较弱。(4)表层水体湍能通量在高温期较低(10-7m3/s3量级),此时水体处于分层状态,风应力大概率主导表层水体湍流发育;低温期表层水体湍能通量较高(10-6 m3/s3<... 相似文献
9.
青藏高原上分布着大量的大陆性冰川,其对区域及全球气候变化响应极其敏感.工业革命以来,随着全球升温速率加快(特别是北半球),青藏高原部分地区的冰川在近百年显著退缩.冰前湖沉积物是最直接的冰川变化记录载体之一,但其沉积速率如何响应冰川及气候变化,能否反演冰川进退过程却知之甚少.本文依据~(210)Pb和~(137)Cs限定藏南冰前湖枪勇错QY5沉积岩芯的年龄,计算出不同深度沉积物的沉积速率,且与前人(QY-3)的沉积速率进行对比,揭示了近百年来枪勇错流域冰川变化历史及其与气温之间的关系.结果表明,枪勇错QY5近百年来的平均沉积速率为0.21 cm/a,比湖心(QY-3)快2倍左右,但两者的变化基本同步,高沉积速率对应温度上升期,是冰川退缩的直接响应:(1)1900—1960年,枪勇错沉积速率整体增加且变幅较大,与1890—1950年之间西藏温度波动式升高相对应,反映枪勇冰川总体处于退缩状态;(2)1960—1985年,沉积速率低且变幅较小,同期气温下降,枪勇冰川退缩程度相对较低且保持平稳;(3)1985年以来,枪勇错沉积速率呈上升趋势,是全球增暖下冰川显著退缩的直接响应.在短时间尺度内冰前湖沉积速率所揭示的枪勇冰川变化主要受控于温度,降水量对冰川变化的影响较小,但冰川对温度变化的响应滞后5～10 a.由于全球变暖和冰川对温度响应的滞后,在未来几十年高原冰川的融化速率可能会加快,亚洲水塔将面临着新的挑战. 相似文献
10.
在实验室模拟静态湖泊体系条件下,通过向实际底泥中投加零价铁(Fe~0),考察反应前后底泥中有机物数量、种类、总有机质含量以及上覆水体溶解氧(DO)浓度、氧化还原电位(Eh)、pH和化学需氧量(CODCr)浓度等指标的变化,探讨Fe~0对底泥有机物的降解效果以及对上覆水体水质的影响.结果表明,投加Fe~0处理80 d后,(1)经GC-MS检测出底泥中易被降解的小分子有机物(分子量小于200)数量明显增多,底泥总有机去除率为44%.(2)上覆水体的DO浓度、Eh和pH都有不同程度的变化.DO浓度从6.6 mg/L迅速下降至0.2 mg/L,Eh从150 mV左右下降至74 mV,pH升高至8.4,此体系易形成厌氧环境;且上覆水体中CODCr低于纯底泥-水体系,上覆水中DO浓度、Eh及pH与CODCr浓度具有一定相关性.综上,底泥中投加Fe~0可有效降解有机物,且不会对上覆水体产生持久、较大的影响. 相似文献
11.
青海湖最近25年变化的遥感调查与研究 总被引：23，自引：6，他引：23
青海湖是我国最大的内陆水体，它及其流域的生态环境近来一直倍受广泛关注．其水位下降、湖水面积缩小、湖体分离等更是研究的热点问题．本文针对这些问题展开遥感调查与研究，收集了多时相、多种信息源的影像数据；分析了1975年至2000年25年以来湖泊的变迁及成因，湖岸变化及湖体分离状况；用遥感方法反推25年以来湖水位的变化；计算了1975、2000年两个年份的湖水面积，并遥感分析了湖水面积萎缩的原因．此外，对青海湖进行了实地调查与水深测量，建立了该湖泊水深反演模型． 相似文献
12.
Strontium (Sr) concentrations and isotopic ratios have been measured in a series of water and rock samples from most of the major tributaries of the Lake Qinghai basin on the north‐eastern Tibetan Plateau. Dissolved Sr and 87Sr/86Sr show ranges of 488–12 240 nmol/l and 0·710497–0·716977, respectively. These data, together with measurements of major cations and anions in rivers and their tributaries and various lithologies of the catchment, were used to determine the contributions of Sr and its isotopic expense to rivers and lakes. Our results demonstrate that the chemical components and 87Sr/86Sr ratios of the alkaline waters are derived from mixing of carbonate and silicate sources, with the former contributing 72 ± 18% dissolved Sr to rivers. The difference in tributary compositions stems from the lithology of different river systems and low weathering intensity under a semi‐arid condition. Variation in 87Sr/86Sr ratios places constraint on the Sr‐isotopic compositions of the main tributaries surrounding Lake Qinghai. The water chemistry of the Buha River, the largest river within the catchment underlain by the late Paleozoic marine limestone and sandstones, dominates Sr isotopic composition of the lake water, being buffered by the waters from the other rivers and probably by groundwater. However, the characteristic chemical composition of the lake itself differs remarkably from the rivers, which can be attributed to precipitation of authigenic carbonates (low‐magnesium calcite, aragonite, and dolomite), though this does not impact the Sr isotope signature, which may remain a faithful indicator in paleo‐records. Regarding the potential role of groundwater input within the Lake Qinghai systems in the water budget and water chemistry, we have also determined the Sr concentration and 87Sr/S6Sr ratio of groundwater from diverse environments. This has allowed us to further constrain the Sr isotope systematic of this source. A steady‐state calculation gives an estimate for the groundwater flux of 0·19 ± 0·03 × 108 m3/yr, accounting for about 8% of contemporary lake Sr budget. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
13.
Radium-226 (226Ra) activities were measured in the surface water samples collected from the Arctic Ocean and the Bering Sea during the First
Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition. The results showed that 226Ra concentrations in the surface water ranged from 0.28 to 1.56 Bq/m3 with an average of 0.76 Bq/m3 in the Arctic Ocean, and from 0.25 to 1.26 Bq/m3 with an average of 0.71 Bq/m3 in the Bering Sea. The values were obviously lower than those from open oceans in middle and low latitudes, indicating that
the study area may be partly influenced by sea ice meltwater. In the Bering Sea, 226Ra in the surface water decreased northward, probably as a result of the exchange between the 226Ra-deficient sea ice meltwater and the 226Ra-rich Pacific water. In the Arctic Ocean, 226Ra in the surface water increased northward and eastward. This spatial distribution of 226Ra reflected the variation of the 226Ra-enriched river component in the water mass of the Arctic Ocean. The vertical profiles of 226Ra in the Canadian Basin showed a concentration maximum at 200 m, which could be attributed to the inputs of the Pacific water
or/and the bottom shelf water with high 226Ra concentration. This conclusion was consistent with the results from 2H, 18O tracers. 相似文献
14.
226Ra and210Pb were measured in sections and profiles collected in the Weddell Sea during the International Weddell Sea Oceanographic Expedition in 1973. The results can be correlated with the circulation and mixing schemes deduced from hydrographic observations. Along the surface cyclonic gyre the Ra activities are fairly uniform at about 17 dpm/100 kg, quite similar to those of the Circumpolar surface water south of the Antarctic Convergence. The210Pb activities in the northern flank of the gyre, probably influenced by the high210Pb-bearing Circumpolar Deep Water in the north, are as high as 12 dpm/100 kg. At the central gyre and its southern flank, the surface water210Pb activities are about 7 dpm/100 kg. The warmer surface water at the central gyre has a Ra activity of about 19 dpm/100 kg, slightly higher than the colder surface water at the flanks. Thus lower210Pb/226Ra activity ratios are observed in the central gyre, and higher ratios in its flanks. Similar relationships between Ra and Pb are noted in the Weddell Sea Bottom Water (WSBW): lower Pb associated with higher Ra in the center; higher Pb with slightly lower Ra in the flanks.Vertical profiles along the cyclonic gyre show lower Ra and Pb activities in the southwestern Weddell Basin where lower temperature and lower silicate are observed. Similar to Ba, both Ra and Si are non-conservative in the Weddell Sea, with significant input from the bottom sediments and particulate dissolution during subsurface mixing.Each water mass or type in the Weddell Sea is well characterized by its Ra content, but not well by its Pb content. Ra and Si are crudely correlated with a slope of about 7 × 10?4 dpm Ra per μmole of Si. The fact that the WSBW values fall on the slope suggests that the net input rate for Ra (corrected for the decay rate) is proportional to that of Si. The linear extrapolation to zero Si gives a Ra value of 13 dpm/100 kg. These relationships are quite similar to those observed in the Circumpolar waters. 相似文献
15.
Coupling of groundwater and surface water at Lake Willersinnweiher: Groundwater modeling and tracer studies 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Ute Wollschläger Johann Ilmberger Margot Isenbeck-Schröter Andreas M. Kreuzer Christoph von Rohden Kurt Roth Wolfgang Schäfer 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》2007,69(1):138-152
16.
Recent radium measurements from the near-surface Caribbean Sea are presented. The surface horizontal and vertical distributions of226Ra are essentially the same as reported by Szabo et al. (1967) for the early 1960's. The226Ra activity at the surface is relatively uniform across the Caribbean, with an average of8.2±0.4dpm/100kg. The subsurface distribution to ～200 m averages7.8±0.4dpm/100kg and increases slowly below 200 m. reaching ～9.5 dpm/100 kg at 560 m. In contrast to226Ra, the surface concentration of228Ra was much more variable in both time and space. An average increase of 33% was found between 1968 and 1976 in the western Caribbean and during both years an anomalously high228Ra activity was found in the eastern Caribbean. These data support previous hypotheses that water entering the eastern Caribbean has been enriched in228Ra prior to entry and that variable mixing of the Atlantic water masses found to the northeast and southeast of the Lesser Antilles may produce temporal variations in the near-surface228Ra activity. Scatter plots of228Ra vs. salinity and sigma-t indicate that the near-surface vertical distribution of228Ra in the Caribbean Sea is predominantly influenced by advection. Thus228Ra cannot be used to study near-surface vertical mixing rates in this region. 相似文献
17.
228Ra concentrations were measured in 12 subsurface water samples collected during August–September 1970 in the North Atlantic at the Second Geosecs Intercalibration Station.228Ra concentrations ranged from 1.5 to 2.1 dpm/100 kg in the water layer between 100 and 600 m depth, above the main thermocline, but decreased with increasing depth to less than 0.5 dpm/100 kg at 1.5 km, below the main thermocline. The two deepest samples, collected below 4 km depth, indicated that the228Ra concentration increased again to at least 1.2 dpm/100 kg as the interface with the sea floor sediments was approached. Above the 4 km level, the228Ra profile was roughly similar to the tritium profile measured by Roether and Münnich. 相似文献
18.
Comprehensive studies on the spatial distribution, water quality, recharge source, and hydrochemical evolution of regional groundwater form the foundation of rational utilization of groundwater resources. In this study, we investigated the water levels, hydrochemistry, and stable isotope composition of groundwater in the vicinity of the Qinghai Lake in China to reveal its recharge sources, hydrochemical evolution, and water quality. The level of groundwater relative to the level of water in the Qinghai Lake ranged from −1.27 to 122.91 m, indicating most of the groundwater to be flowing into the lake. The local evaporation line (LEL) of groundwater was simulated as δ2H = 6.08 δ18O-3.01. The groundwater surrounding the Qinghai Lake was primarily recharged through local precipitation at different altitudes. The hydrochemical type of most of the groundwater samples was Ca-Mg-HCO3; the hydrochemistry was primarily controlled by carbonate dissolution during runoff. At several locations, the ionic concentrations in groundwater exceeded the current drinking water standards making it unsuitable for drinking. The main source of nitrate in groundwater surrounding the Qinghai Lake was animal feces and sewage, suggesting that groundwater pollution should be mitigated in areas practicing animal husbandry in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, regardless of industrial and urbanization rates being relatively low in the region. The scientific planning, engineering, and management of livestock manure and wastewater discharge from animal husbandry practices is a crucial and is urgently required in the Tibetan Plateau. 相似文献
19.
We report here on particulate and dissolved210Pb profiles at 16 stations, and on total210Pb profiles at 3 stations, all occupied during the Pacific GEOSECS expedition. Comparison with measurements at Yale on GEOSECS library samples indicates that during separation of particulate lead from dissolved lead, our filtered water samples suffered some loss of210Pb in the filtration system; this effect appears to have reduced the dissolved210Pb activities by ～ 20% in stations where the water was filtered. However, for these first Pacific data on the210Pb distribution between the two phases, this effect does not significantly interfere with our recognition of the major features of both particulate and dissolved210Pb distributions.The dissolved210Pb profiles in general vary geographically, following the226Ra profiles. In deep water,226Ra increases northward and eastward from the southwest Pacific, from ～ 22dpm/100kg, to over 40 dpm/100 kg in the northeast Pacific. Our dissolved210Pb profiles show a similar increase in deep water, varying from about 10 to 20 dpm/100 kg along this line, and are commonly characterized by a mid-depth maximum. This210Pb maximum reflects the mid-depth226Ra maximum of the Pacific Deep Water observed along the western boundary current.In surface water at low latitudes there is a significant210Pb flux from the atmosphere, which produces a210Pb/226Ra activity ratio generally greater than unity. This flux penetrates as deep as 600 m, as indicated by an “induced”210Pb minimum caused by the surface maximum. The surface water210Pb excess decreases toward high southern latitudes and vanishes in the Circumpolar region.The particulate210Pb profiles show a general increase with depth, from ～ 0.3dpm/100kg in subsurface water to ～ 1.5dpm/100kg in bottom water, with or without a mid-depth maximum that reflects the226Ra or dissolved210Pb maximum. The particulate210Pb normally comprises about 2% of the total210Pb in subsurface water, and this fraction increases to about 10% near the bottom. As the filtration loss is not taken into account, the fraction of particulate210Pb quoted here is an upper limit. Since the particulate matter concentrations are quite uniform in the water column below a few hundred meters, the210Pb activity of the particulate matter also increases with depth. The particulate matter has a210Pb concentration of ～ 100dpm/g in subsurface water, but the concentration increases to ～ 500dpm/g or more toward the bottom. This indicates that there is a cumulative adsorption of Pb onto the suspended particles as they are sinking through the water column. 相似文献
20.
226Ra data on eleven vertical profiles taken during the GEOSECS program from the Antarctic Ocean and its vicinity in both the Atlantic and the Pacific are presented. Replicate measurements were made on each sample using the Rn-emanation method. The precision (1 σ) based on triplicate analyses averages about ±2.5%. Waters all around the Antarctic continent below 2 km depth appear to exhibit a uniform226Ra concentration of 21.5 ± 1dpm/100kg, except perhaps locally such as the Ross Sea and the Drake Passage where small variations may be present. Higher in the water column, the226Ra contents decrease toward the surface with gradients which vary as a function of the influence exerted by the Antarctic Convergence. Across this oceanic front, a north-to-south increase of226Ra occurs (the increase being the largest near the surface: from 8 to 18 dpm/100 kg), reflecting the combining effect of deep-water upwelling and meridional water mixing. The core layer of the Antarctic Intermediate Water contains about 14 dpm/100 kg of226Ra and that of the Circumpolar Intermediate Water (O2 minimum and local T maximum) about 18 dpm/100 kg. To a first approximation,226Ra covaries with Si in the circumpolar waters. 相似文献