共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 133 毫秒
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Yong在湖泊生态系统建模中的应用 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
基于达尔文“适者生存”理论的热力学表述，本文把热力学概念“Ｙｏｎｇ”作为一些重要模型参数的目标函数引入湖泊生态动力学模型，应用Ｙｏｎｇ控制下的参数组合模拟程序实现了参数随时间的变化，并通过变化的模型参数来反映湖泊生态系统中物种组成和生态结构随时间的变化。这一改进克服了以往模型刚性较强，适应性差和生态系统特性考虑少的缺陷，该改进的湖泊生态动力学模型被成功用于滇池生态系统的模拟。 相似文献
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目前,我国湖泊富营养化及蓝藻水华问题十分突出,国家高度重视湖泊的生态环境保护.自“九五”以来,国家就投入太湖、巢湖、滇池“老三湖”等重污染湖泊的治理,但成本巨大,且历经近30年才初见成效.按照湖泊污染程度,湖泊治理与保护可分为“污染治理型”“防治结合型”“生态保育型”3大类.“老三湖”的治理是典型的“先污染、后治理”的模式,水质较好湖泊主要属于生态保育型湖泊,因此,“老三湖”治理模式不适用于水质较好湖泊的保护.本文系统总结了我国水质较好湖泊优先保护理念的形成和水质较好湖泊专项实施的历程.根据水质较好湖泊的特点,及其生态系统退化与修复的一般过程,提出了水质较好湖泊保护的基本思路.从热力学角度,阐明了氮磷营养盐输入湖泊生态系统中是熵增过程,也是湖泊生态系统退化的根本原因,湖泊氮磷污染负荷源头控制是关键.湖泊流域生态安全格局是确保湖泊生态系统健康的基础,从景观生态学角度,阐明了优化湖泊流域水土资源利用、优化发展模式是减轻湖泊环境压力的重要途径.在浅水湖泊生态系统,以沉水植物占优势的“清水态”和以浮游植物占优势的“浊水态”转换过程不是沿着同一条途径,存在上临界阈值和下临界阈值,水生态修复过程表现出一种迟滞的现象.从湖泊水生态系统稳态转换理论角度,阐明了湖泊生态修复工程应在湖泊生态系统发生退化转变之前实施,才能获得较高的环境效益.通过国家财政专项对81个水质较好湖泊的支持,既能促进湖泊流域经济社会发展,又能确保湖泊水环境质量变好,湖泊水生态系统逐步改善.建议加强不同类型湖泊保护模式的总结,深入对水质较好湖泊生态系统演替理论和保护技术研究,支撑国家系统开展水质较好湖泊保护. 相似文献
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湖泊生态水位计算新方法与应用 总被引：6，自引：4，他引：2
水位是湖泊水文情势的主要特征指标,对湖泊的水量、水质和生物的栖息地等有直接或间接的影响,被认为是湖泊生态系统健康的关键影响因素.如何确定合理的湖泊水位以保证生态系统健康成为湖泊科学研究的重要科学问题.根据湖泊天然水位情势,从天然水文变化中识别多项反映完整水位过程的指标,构建了湖泊生态水位的计算方法.从湖泊天然水位情势中提取出高、低水位的历时、发生时间和变化率等水位指数来表征其生态水位.该方法弥补了传统湖泊生态水位计算方法仅给出最小生态水位的不足,体现了湖泊生态系统健康对水位过程的要求.基于提出的生态水位计算方法和鄱阳湖都昌水位站1952-2000年共49年的日均监测数据,计算了鄱阳湖的生态水位目标值区间,以期为鄱阳湖水利工程生态调度提供决策依据. 相似文献
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福建闽江水口库区飘浮植物覆盖对水体环境的影响 总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18
为了探索城市富营养化湖泊生态修复技术,2000年9月在南京市莫愁湖物理生态工程试验区内,开展了隔离外源污染、覆盖底泥和种植水生植物对湖泊水质平均水平和水体脉动强度影响的比较研究．试验结果表明,通过围隔隔离外源污染可在较短时间内迅速改善湖泊TN的平均水平,但难以提高湖泊生态系统的稳定性;通过覆盖底泥控制内源污染难以改善湖泊水质的平均水平,并且难以提高湖泊生态系统的稳定程度;种植水生植物不仅能够全面改善湖泊水质的平均水平,而且可以提高湖泊生态系统的稳定性．此外,富营养化湖泊中,藻类生长与湖水营养盐浓度并不存在正相关的关系．因此,对城市湖泊富营养化的防治,在控制外源污染降低营养盐浓度的同时,应恢复湖泊原有的以水生高等植物为主的生态系统． 相似文献
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由于湖泊生态问题日益突出,湖泊生态系统安全状态已经成为人们关注的热点问题,了解湖泊水生态系统的状况并根据湖泊生态系统健康状况开展精准治理和生态修复与保护尤为重要。本文基于对鄱阳湖及其流域生态环境的长期监测数据和资料收集,采用综合指标体系法,从物理形态、水文、水环境、水域生态、湿地生态和社会服务6个方面构建了鄱阳湖生态系统健康评估的指标体系,主要涵盖了湖泊口门状况、“五河”入湖径流变异程度、入湖河流水质达标率等26个指标。依据设置的阈值等级得到鄱阳湖生态系统健康评价各层次健康状况等级,通过对各湖泊生态系统各指标得分进行加权计算,得出生态系统健康评估准则层和目标层的得分,最终对鄱阳湖生态系统健康进行了客观的评价。结果表明,构建的湖泊生态系统健康评价体系针对性强、科学全面、具有可操作性,可为鄱阳湖及类似通江湖泊的生态系统健康评价提供案例和方法借鉴。评价结果表明鄱阳湖健康体征状况目标层得分为73.45分,评价结果为亚健康,鄱阳湖水生态系统健康主要受泄流能力、水文节律变化、富营养化程度和物种多样性的影响。最后根据鄱阳湖的水生态系统健康评分等级探讨了鄱阳湖水生态系统中亟需解决的问题,针对性地提出了... 相似文献
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古生态记录揭示的长江中下游太白湖生态系统稳态转换过程 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
长江中下游浅水湖泊在过去百年内受到强烈的人类活动影响,生态系统状态发生显著的变化,服务功能逐渐丧失.为了更科学有效地管理浅水湖泊,当前迫切需要了解湖泊的生态系统转变过程.以长江中下游典型富营养化浅水湖泊太白湖为例,结合历史资料和监测数据,基于铅铯同位素重建年代序列,利用粒度、地化指标和沉积物中硅藻群落的时间序列数据,对太白湖过去百年间生态系统转变进行分析.基于T检验的STARS法检测硅藻群落的结果显示,有2个稳态转换分别发生在1950s末和1990s末.1950s末太白湖硅藻群落代表的生态系统状态发生了显著突变,这主要归因于由于建闸筑坝造成的水文条件和营养条件的改变;1990s期间的湖泊生态系统整体转变则是由长期营养输入和渔业活动加强导致的生态系统弹性损失引起的.讨论了不同阶段太白湖生态系统主要要素间反馈机制在水文条件改变和营养富集影响下的变化,加深了对人类活动干扰下太白湖生态系统结构变化过程的理解,为建立浅水湖泊系统动力学模型提供基础. 相似文献
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生态需水是湖泊生态系统的重要指标,维持着湖泊生态系统的良性循环.以内蒙古中部半干旱湖泊岱海为研究对象,对湖泊动态生态需水进行分析.本研究在遥感和气象数据的基础上,获得1975-2020年长时间序列高精度水文要素数据,分析岱海水文要素时空演变规律;通过天然生态水深分析法、水深经验频率分析法和湖泊形态分析法分析岱海的水深随面积变化的关键水深;构建基于生态耗水规律的湖泊生态需水模型,计算自然状态下岱海生态需水动态变化范围.研究结果如下:岱海地区6-9月为丰水期,10月至次年5月为枯水期;45 a以来岱海水面面积呈显著下降趋势,近年来下降速率减缓;枯水期岱海适宜生态水深为8.72~9.92 m,丰水期为9.40~10.69 m,适宜生态需水量为5.62亿~7.71亿m3,适宜湖面面积为70.92~84.77 km2.本文构建了长时间序列气候水文数据库,确定岱海动态生态需水范围可以实现对湖泊生态健康的实时监测,为相关规划与管理提供科学依据及可操作性指导,从而为岱海湖泊治理提供理论参考. 相似文献
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通过固城湖沉积物中高分辨率的岩石磁学取样及其实验研究，取得了环境磁学参数及各种磁参数的比值随深度的变化曲线，结合其他气候指标和同位素年龄结果，表明湖泊沉积中磁参数及其比值的变化能与末次晚冰期以来的古气候变化很好地相对应，尤其是在４．００ｍ和１２．０３ｍ的气候转折点上，沉积物中环境磁参数及其比值同样出现明显的变化，有力地说明沉积物中磁参数及其比值能很好地记录湖泊沉积物沉积时的古气候变化，并且可用来认识古环境突变的界线． 相似文献
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湖泊生态系统服务（LES）在维持区域乃至全球生态安全格局中发挥重要作用,是目前生态系统服务研究的热点之一。由于湖泊面广量大、类型丰富、区域差异大及基础数据较为缺乏等原因,适用于LES定量评估且较为便捷、可行的模型方法较少。本文以博斯腾湖为例,基于生态系统最终服务与关键特征指标构建湖泊生态服务生产函数（LEPF）,用于定量评估湖泊生态系统服务价值（LESV）并甄别关键特征指标的贡献度。结果表明：（1）博斯腾湖1990 2019年生态系统最终服务年均价值量为2226.84亿元,总体呈“上升下降上升”的变化趋势,气候调节、防洪蓄水为主导生态系统服务;（2）LEPF拟合结果较好地反映了5类关键特征指标对LESV的贡献度,从高到低依次为：湖泊水位>蒸发量>面积>水生植被面积>综合营养状态指数;（3）5类关键特征指标中水位的产出弹性较高,表明水位波动与生态系统最终服务价值变化密切相关。 相似文献
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A series of field experiments were carried out in natural model ecosystems (mesocosms) with the aim to study the effect of
pollutants on processes proceeding within water body. The generalized thermodynamic state parameters used in the study were
the rate of photosynthetic production and destruction of organic matter. The ratio of destruction to primary production and
the rate of changes in this ratio were used to construct phase portraits of ecosystems. Analysis showed that the dynamics
of ecosystem states described by those characteristics corresponds to the general regularities in the evolution of the state
of dissipative structures, hence the rate of changes in the destruction-to-production ratio can be taken as a thermodynamic
criterion of evolution of aquatic ecosystems. The proposed approach allows this criterion to be used to develop methods for
standardization of ecological loads. 相似文献
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Eugene A. SILOW 《湖泊科学》1998,10(S1):421-435
The changes of biomass, exergy and structural exergy under the action of various chemical pollution (addition of nutrient compounds, pesticides, chlorinated phenols, oil, heavy metal ions, acidification etc.) are analysed for 50 experimental works with model aquatic ecosystems -microcosms, mesocosms and experimental ponds.Structural exergy is shown to remain at constant level or to increase when the allochtonous compounds can be metabolised by ecosystem, or when the ecosystem can adapt itself to the input of toxicant by structural changes. When the substance is too conservative, too toxic or/and is coming in too high concentrations, structural exergy is decreasing, demonstrating the inability of ecosystem to adapt to this influence and irreversibility of changes in ecosystem.The possibility to use such parameter as structural exergy for estimation of ecosystem state and its changes under various external influences is demonstrated. It reflects the state of ecosystem and can indicate the degree of ecosystem adaptation, decreasing when important for ecosystem functioning components are eliminated.In experiments with mathematical model of lake Baikal ecosystem exergy content is shown to increase after addition of nutrients and to decrease after addition of phenolic compounds, reflecting the general shifts in ecosystem. 相似文献
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The electrical properties of rocks and minerals are controlled by thermodynamic parameters like pressure and temperature and
by the chemistry of the medium in which the charge carriers move. Four different charge transport processes can be distinguished.
Electrolytic conduction in fluid saturated porous rocks depends on petrophysical properties, such as porosity, permeability and connectivity
of the pore system, and on chemical parameters of the pore fluid like ion species, its concentration in the pore fluid and
temperature. Additionally, electrochemical interactions between water dipoles or ions and the negatively charged mineral surface
must be considered. In special geological settings electronic conduction can increase rock conductivities by several orders of magnitude if the highly conducting phases (graphite or ores)
form an interconnected network. Electronic and electrolytic conduction depend moderately on pressure and temperature changes,
while semiconduction in mineral phases forming the Earth’s mantle strongly depends on temperature and responds less significantly to pressure
changes. Olivine exhibits thermally induced semiconduction under upper mantle conditions; if pressure and temperature exceed
~ 14 GPa and 1400 °C, the phase transition olivine into spinel will further enhance the conductivity due to structural changes
from orthorhombic into cubic symmetry. The thermodynamic parameters (temperature, pressure) and oxygen fugacity control the
formation, number and mobility of charge carriers. The conductivity temperature relation follows an Arrhenius behaviour, while
oxygen fugacity controls the oxidation state of iron and thus the number of electrons acting as additional charge carriers.
In volcanic areas rock conductivities may be enhanced by the formation of partial melts under the restriction that the molten phase is interconnected. These four charge transport mechanisms must be considered
for the interpretation of geophysical field and borehole data. Laboratory data provide a reproducible and reliable database
of electrical properties of homogenous mineral phases and heterogenous rock samples. The outcome of geoelectric models can
thus be enhanced significantly. This review focuses on a compilation of fairly new advances in experimental laboratory work
together with their explanation. 相似文献
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The Caspian Sea is characterized in the geographic and ecological aspects, and the state of its ecosystem is estimated. The natural and anthropogenic processes that control the formation of the environmental conditions in the Caspian Sea and the distribution of principal commercial hydrobionts and their food items are analyzed. Data on modern tendencies in changes in the abiotic and biotic parameters of the ecosystem, their causes and mechanisms are summarized. Prospects of further changes related to the development of shelf fields of petroleum hydrocarbons are assessed. 相似文献
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Ingeborg Schmidt 《Limnologica》1999,29(3):301
The importance of phytoplankton as a characteristic ecosystem component is closely connected with its position in the hierarchical ecosystem structure. Because of the relations to the levels below and above, phytoplankton biomass and composition integrate characteristic properties of the ecosystem. The information content of these parameters has been demonstrated for data from a tenyear-monitoringseries in the western branch of the Oder-estuary. Over all, phytoplankton species composition in coastal waters is closely correlated with salinity and temperature, biomass concentration first of all with the trophic level. Cyanobacterial blooms are attributable to physical processes and are not necessarily indicators for eutrophication. 相似文献
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During the implementation of the Belt and Road Initiative(BRI), simulating the change trends of terrestrial ecosystems in Eurasia under different climate scenarios is a key ecological issue. The HLZ ecosystem model was improved to simulate the changes in the spatial distribution and types of terrestrial ecosystems in Eurasia based on the climate data from Eurasian meteorological stations from 1981 to 2010 and the data from the RCP26, RCP45 and RCP85 scenarios released by CMIP5 from 2010 to 2100. Ecological diversity and patch connectivity index models were used to quantitatively calculate the future changes in ecological diversity and patch connectivity of terrestrial ecosystems in Eurasia. The results show that(1) cold temperate wet forest, cool temperate moist forest and desert are the major terrestrial ecosystem types and cover 36.71% of the total area of Eurasia.(2) Under all three scenarios, the polar/nival area would shrink more than other terrestrial ecosystem types and would decrease by 26.75 million km2 per decade on average, and the subpolar/alpine moist tundra would have the fastest decreasing rate of 10.49% per decade on average from 2010 to 2100.(3) Under the RCP85 scenario, the rate of terrestrial ecosystem changes will be greater than that under the other two scenarios, and the subpolar/alpine moist tundra would exhibit the fastest decreasing rate of 10.88% per decade from 2010 to 2100.(4) The ecological diversity would generally show decreasing trends and decrease by 0.09%, 0.13% and 0.16% per decade on average under the RCP26, RCP45 and RCP85 scenarios,respectively.(5) The patch connectivity would first increase and then decrease under all three scenarios. In general, the trends of the changes in terrestrial ecosystems would show an obvious difference in the different regions throughout the BRI area. 相似文献