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1.
浅水湖泊沉积物磷释放的波浪水槽试验研究 总被引：15，自引：1，他引：15
为探索浅水湖泊水动力扰动作用对沉积物内源营养盐释放的规律,采用波浪水槽试验研究了波浪扰动对太湖和巢湖沉积物悬浮和磷释放的作用.试验结果显示在强波浪扰动下,底泥大规模悬浮,使得水体中悬浮固体(SS)、总磷(TP)和溶解性总磷(DTP)含量显著升高,太湖和巢湖底泥水槽试验中上覆水体TP含量分别升高了6倍和3倍,DTP分别升高了1倍和70％,太湖底泥试验中溶解性活性磷(SRP)含量亦升高了25％.掀沙过程中,不但表层底泥间隙水中的溶解性磷释放到上覆水体当中,沉积物颗粒所吸附的磷也大量转化为SRP而解吸释放.然而,强波浪掀沙一段时间后,溶解态磷的释放逐渐受到限制.随着波浪扰动作用的持续,悬浮物的中值粒径减小,细颗粒组分的百分含量明显增加,使得悬浮物对溶解态磷的吸附能力增强;波浪扰动显著提高了水体的溶解氧浓度,也会促进水体铁锰物质的氧化,增大其对磷酸根离子的吸附能力.这些变化可能是波浪掀沙后期限制水体SRP浓度进一步升高的主要原因.太湖底泥波浪水槽试验的结果与太湖梅梁湾中心区域常见风浪扰动下底泥的悬浮起动情况相吻合,底泥起动的临界切应力也基本相同,强波浪掀沙的切应力条件及水体SS,TP及SRP浓度变化的特点也一致,表明本实验的结果接近太湖的实际状况.本研究说明太湖的水动力扰动能显著提高水体TP及SRP浓度,大波掀沙初期对底泥磷释放的影响最大,后期的影响强度则有所下降. 相似文献
2.
动力扰动引起的水-土界面沉积物悬浮是浅水湖泊蓝藻水华控制的难点,本文基于声学高频流速仪、浊度仪、气象、波浪等观测仪器获取的高时空分辨时间序列参量,以太湖为例对动力扰动下的底泥起悬驱动力进行研究.结果表明风速小于3 m/s时,水-土界面处平均悬浮物浓度为59 mg/L,波流综合切应力小于0.015 N/m~2,底泥未起悬或在底床附近极小范围内发生起悬;风速在3~6 m/s时,水-土界面处平均悬浮物浓度为103 mg/L,波浪产生的底切应力大部分情况远大于湖流产生的切应力,波流综合切应力处于0.015~0.25 N/m~2范围内,底泥中等规模起悬;风速大于6 m/s时,水-土界面处平均悬浮物浓度为174 mg/L,波浪产生的底切应力占据绝对的主导地位,波流综合切应力大于0.25 N/m~2,底泥大规模起悬.梅梁湾底泥起悬的临界切应力在0.015 N/m~2左右,临界风速大约为3 m/s. 相似文献
3.
大型浅水湖泊沉积物内源营养盐释放模式及其估算方法--以太湖为例 总被引：27，自引：1，他引：26
在新的野外调查和室内试验基础上,完善了有关大型浅水湖泊沉积物内源营养盐释放的模式,并在此基础上提出了太湖内源释放的估算方法.通过在太湖开展室内释放模拟实验和风浪期间底泥悬浮及上覆水中营养盐浓度变化的野外观测,提出了静态与动态二种浅水湖泊内源释放模式.静态情况下,营养盐主要通过浓度梯度扩散从沉积物进入上覆水,其释放强度受控于沉积物～水界面的温度,氧化还原环境及营养盐浓度差;动态条件下,沉积物由于动力扰动而发生悬浮,沉积物中溶解性及颗粒态的营养盐随着沉积物的悬浮而释放.虽然动态情况下总的营养盐释放较静态条件下大,但由于湍流导致水体及水土界面充氧,铁,锰等金属元素因氧化而吸附溶解性营养盐(特别是活性磷SRP)的能力增强,所以动力扰动仅引起总的营养盐释放,而不一定导致溶解性营养盐的释放.因此,在动态条件下,营养盐总释放量受控于动力扰动强度,底泥可悬浮量及沉积物中的营养盐含量;对于可溶性的营养盐,特别是SRP,其释放还受控于动力复氧的强度,沉积物中铁的含量及沉积物间隙水与上覆水中营养盐的浓度差.在此基础上,分别估算了静态和动态二种情况下沉积物内源释放量.根据实验室模拟结果,静态条件下太湖全湖一年NH4+-N释放量达1万吨左右,PO43--p释放量达900t左右;结合太湖2001年的风场观测记录,把太湖野外风浪过程分为风平浪静,小风浪,大风浪三种情况,分别占全年总日数的12％,82％,6％.在"风平浪静"条件下,其释放量根据实验室的静态释放试验来估算,而"小风浪"和"大风浪"条件下,其释放量则根据室内水槽试验得到的释放通量来估算.结果显示太湖全年释放量为总氮8.1万吨,总磷为2.1万吨;分别为外源氮磷年输入量的2～6倍. 相似文献
4.
动力扰动下太湖梅梁湾水-沉积物界面的营养盐释放通量 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：2
通过波浪水槽试验,研究了不同水动力扰动条件下太湖梅梁湾水-沉积物界面的营养盐通量.结果发现,水动力扰动对该通量的影响很大,在中等扰动强度下(水底波切应力为0.019N·m-2,相当于梅梁湾中部夏季盛行风-东南风风速5～7 m·s-1),TN,DTN和NH4+-N的通量分别为1.92×10-3,-1.81×10-4和5.28×10-4mg·m-2·s-1(向上为正,向下为负),而TP,TDP和SRP的通量分别为5.69×10-4,1.68×10-4和-1.29×10-4mg·m-2·s-1.根据对气象资料的统计,夏季5～7 m·s-1东南风风速的最大持续时间为15h,以上述通量和风速持续时间进行计算,太湖底泥区域按水面积的47.45％,将分别有111tTN,32tNH4+-N,34tTP和10tTDP进入水体,可分别导致整个太湖水体中相应的平均浓度升高约0.025,0.007,0.007和0.002 mg·1-1.当扰动增大时(水底波切应力为0.217 N·m-2,相当于梅梁湾中部东南风速10～11 m·s-1),营养盐通量显著增加,其中TN,DTN和NH4+-N分别达1.16×10-2,6.76×10-3和1.14×10-2 mg·m-2·s-1,而TP通量亦大幅度上升,达到2.14×10-3 mg·m-2·s-1,上述通量的增加幅度均达到一个量级以上.但是,TDP的通量有所减小,其值为9.54×10-5 mg·m-2·s-1,而SRP虽然存在增加趋势,但其通量值却很小(5.42×10-5 mg·m-2·s-1).统计结果显示,太湖地区该风速的持续时间不超过5h.若以5h计,在上述强扰动情况下,营养盐释放量分别为232t TN,134.9t TDN,228t NH4+-N,42.7 t TP,2.0t TDP和1.1tSRP,水体中相应的平均浓度的升高量为0.050,0.029,0.049,0.009,0.0004和0.0002 mg·1-1.由此可见,在浅水湖泊中,动力扰动能造成水体中营养盐浓度的急骤升高,虽然在微扰动情况下,有些指标的释放通量出现负值(如DTN和SRP),水底沉积物表现为上述营养盐成分的汇集场所,但沉积物中大多数营养盐成分会随着底泥悬浮和水体-沉积物界面环境条件的改变而进入水体,给水体生态系统带来严重影响,这也是浅水湖泊所具有的显著特征之一. 相似文献
5.
风浪作用下太湖悬浮态颗粒物中磷的动态释放估算 总被引：68，自引：6，他引：68
用振荡试验方法模拟了不同风速对太湖沉积物扰动产生的悬浮颗粒物(SPM)量, 研究了SPM中磷的物化形态转化和生物矿化衰减过程, 定量估算了动力扰动作用下, SPM中磷转化对太湖磷负荷贡献. 结果表明: SPM中以物化形态转化为可溶性活性磷(SRP)为主的释磷作用对太湖水体磷负荷的贡献为0.44 t/a, 因生物矿化作用为主的磷衰减对水体磷负荷的贡献量约425.8 t/a, 占太湖外源入湖总量的15.0%, 约为河道SRP入湖量的4.7~7.5倍, 因此是太湖内源动态释放量的最主要来源. 在风浪影响相同情况下, 易悬浮颗粒物中有机磷含量及其生物可转化性是决定湖体内源动态负荷量的主要因素. 相似文献
6.
利用二维有限元数值模型，结合断层滑移弱化摩擦准则对断层滑动规律以及应力扰动对其影响进行了研究．数值计算结果表明，在均匀应力分布情况下, 平面断层滑动显示出典型的特征地震规律，断层面上的应力扰动对断层滑动规律产生影响，压应力增加明显延迟地震的发生时间，并增加地震释放的能量．应力扰动发生在地震破裂临界区时的影响比在震前滑移区时的影响显著．当发生在地震滑移区时，若应力扰动足够大，则压应力增大会造成地震发生时部分动力断层被暂时锁住，使得地震释放的能量变小，但可增加后续地震的能量； 而压应力减小则可导致地震规律产生更加复杂的变化，会即时触发地震．如果应力扰动发生在一个地震周期的早期，则触发的地震较小，但可导致随后的地震提前发生； 如果应力扰动发生在一个地震周期的后期，则会触发大地震．当应力扰动位于震前滑移区或破裂临界区时，小的扰动也可能产生类似的效果．应力扰动产生越晚，这种影响也越明显．应力扰动发生在破裂临界区的影响最明显．应力扰动的影响一般主要集中在应力发生扰动后的1—2个地震周期内．后续地震基本恢复无应力扰动时的特征地震规律． 相似文献
7.
太湖波浪数值模拟 总被引：8，自引：7，他引：1
在太湖实际波浪观测的基础上,采用率定验证后的第三代动谱平衡方程,考虑实际水底地形、波浪折射、浅化、反射、破碎、湖流等条件下,对太湖波浪进行数值模拟,研究太湖波浪的主要影响因素.结果表明:SWAN模型可以较好地模拟风作用下太湖风浪的生成和传播过程,模型在太湖应用是合适的;波高、波长、波周期等波浪参数在太湖的分布与风速、风向、水深等因素密切相关;在相同风向、不同风速情况下,太湖波浪发展至稳定状态的时间不一样;在不同风向,相同风速持续作用下,有效波高达到稳定的时间差不多,变化趋势也比较相同.说明波浪的发展不光取决于风速的大小,还同风的持续吹的时间和风区长度有关. 相似文献
8.
基于简化双层黏弹介质模型及其变形过程的时间属性,考虑震后地壳上层(黏滞性相对较弱)短时间的弹性扰动及后续较长时间内下层(黏滞性相对较强)黏性变形对上层应力扰动的联合作用,研究地震应力扰动的时空变化.结果显示,地震应力扰动在震后一段时间内逐渐增大,之后缓慢衰减.并且模型参数越接近真实地体,应力扰动增大及衰减过程就越缓慢,持续时间越长,即地震活动具有较长时期的时间"记忆"特性.因而,在地震活动及库仑应力变化研究中,长时期的应力扰动影响不宜忽略.地震应力扰动有一定的空间作用范围,在此范围内应力扰动随距离衰减明显,距离震源较近处衰减较快、距离震源较远处衰减相对较慢,此范围之外应力扰动可忽略不计.在本文所取与实际地壳相对较为接近的模型参数条件下,应力扰动的空间作用范围大体是震源线性破裂尺度的2.5倍.地震应力扰动随震级增大而逐渐增大,在本文模型参数条件下,震级大于6级之后,应力扰动随震级快速增加.地震破裂尺度测量误差所导致的应力扰动计算误差的相对大小,与时间无关,与破裂尺度(震级)及震源距有关,随震源距的增大而增大,但对应力扰动的总体变化趋势及变化范围影响甚微.当距离足够远时,应力扰动计算误差的相对大小趋于常数,就6、7、8级地震而言,最大应力扰动计算误差分别小于应力扰动值本身的22%、30%及38%. 相似文献
9.
为探讨水丝蚓(Tubificid worms)扰动对磷在湖泊沉积物-水界面间迁移的影响,选取太湖梅梁湾与大浦口两富营养化湖区为研究对象,通过室内培养实验,利用Rhizon间隙水采样器等技术,研究了水丝蚓扰动对太湖沉积物-水界面理化性质及溶解活性磷(SRP)在界面通量的影响.结果表明水丝蚓扰动能够增大表层沉积物含水率、氧化还原电位,减小间隙水中Fe2+浓度.水丝蚓没有显著改变梅梁湾间隙水中SRP浓度,同时促进了梅梁湾沉积物中SRP向上覆水的释放;但水丝蚓显著减小了大浦口间隙水中SRP浓度,并抑制了大浦口沉积物中SRP向上覆水的释放.水丝蚓扰动对磷在沉积物-水界面间迁移的不同影响可能是由沉积物中Fe2+含量差异较大造成的. 相似文献
10.
本文选取自2004年8月至2008年5月12日汶川地震发生前,紫坪铺库区发生的2.1L<4.0的65次小震,分别计算了历次地震在汶川地震震源处产生的应力扰动量,随后根据不同机构给出的汶川地震震源机制解求取震源区的静态库仑应力改变量,讨论了紫坪铺库区小震与汶川地震的关系.在不同计算参数下,小震震群在汶川震源处产生的静态库仑应力扰动量之和为6±3 Pa,尽管分析认为小震群可能在汶川震源处产生较大的动态应力扰动,约为百帕量级,但均远未达到触发阈值,认为小震群并未直接对汶川地震有触发作用.推测小震群之间相互作用产生连续振动改变了周边区域介质的渗透率及强度,进而可能与汶川地震的发生具有间接关系. 相似文献
11.
Experimental study on phosphorus release from sediments of shallow lake in wave flume 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：2
Influence of wave on sediment resuspension and nutrients release from sediments, collected from Lake Taihu and Lake Chaohu, was studied in flume experiments. Under strong-wave conditions, concentrations of suspended solids (SS), total phosphorus (TP) and dissolved total phosphorus (DTP) in overlying water were increased significantly following the sediments re-suspension. During the experiments on sediments of Lake Taihu and Lake Chaohu, TP concentrations increased 6 times and 3 times, and DTP concentration increased 100% and 70% more than it in presuspension, respectively. Concentration of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) of experiment on sediment of Lake Taihu increased 25%. During the massive sediment suspension, the dissolved phosphorus in pore water and much of the phosphorus adsorbed by the sediment particles were released into overlying water. The phenomena in this wave flume experiment are quite similar to the situation observed in situ of Lake Taihu. The critical wave stresses of sediment re-suspension are nearly equal. The change of concentrations of SS, TP, and SRP was the same as that in situ situation. This study showed that concentrations of TP and SRP in lake water could be increased significantly by wave disturbance. Phosphorus release was significantly enhanced by wave disturbance at the beginning of massive sediment re-suspension, but decreased later. 相似文献
12.
Influence of wave on sediment resuspension and nutrients release from sediments, collected from Lake Taihu and Lake Chaohu, was studied in flume experiments. Under strong-wave conditions, concentrations of suspended solids (SS), total phosphorus (TP) and dissolved total phosphorus (DTP) in overlying water were increased significantly following the sediments re-suspension. During the experiments on sediments of Lake Taihu and Lake Chaohu, TP concentrations increased 6 times and 3 times, and DTP concentration increased 100% and 70% more than it in presuspension, respectively. Concentration of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) of experiment on sediment of Lake Taihu increased 25%. During the massive sediment suspension, the dissolved phosphorus in pore water and much of the phosphorus adsorbed by the sediment particles were released into overlying water. The phenomena in this wave flume experiment are quite similar to the situation observed in situ of Lake Taihu. The critical wave stresses of sediment re-suspension are nearly equal. The change of concentrations of SS, TP, and SRP was the same as that in situ situation. This study showed that concentrations of TP and SRP in lake water could be increased significantly by wave disturbance. Phosphorus release was significantly enhanced by wave disturbance at the beginning of massive sediment re-suspension, but decreased later. 相似文献
13.
Study on the simulation of transparency of Lake Taihu under different hydrodynamic conditions 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
It was indicated in this study that there were negative relations between the concentrations of suspended solid (SS) and transparency according to the analysis of measured data of Lake Taihu. Their relations in pervious studies were reviewed, which showed that the changes of transparency in Lake Taihu could be reflected by simulating suspended solid concentration (SSC). Measured data showed that the changes of SSC with wind speed were similar at different water depths. SSC increased with the increasing of wind speed. Both wave and lake current of Lake Taihu had positive relations with SSC. However, wave was the main factor affecting sediment suspension, while flow took the second place. In this study, a numerical model coupling lake current, wave and SSC of Lake Taihu was developed. In the SS model, the combined effects of wave and current were included. The amounts of suspended and deposited sediments near the lake bed surface layer were treated separately. The stochastic characteristics of turbulent flow pulsation near lake beds were also considered, and the start-up conditions of sediment suspension were introduced to the model. The model elucidated the mutual exchange processes between sediment particles in SS and active sediments within and on the bed surface layer. Simulated results showed that lake current had relatively significant effects on the SSC at littoral areas of Lake Taihu, while SSC at the central area of the lake was mainly influenced by wave. The changes of transparency with SSC were simulated for Lake Taihu using this model. Calculated results were validated by measured data with good fitness, which indicated that the model is basically suitable for the simulation and prediction of transparency of Lake Taihu. 相似文献
14.
It was indicated in this study that there were negative relations between the concentrations of suspended solid (SS) and transparency according to the analysis of measured data of Lake Taihu. Their relations in pervious studies were reviewed, which showed that the changes of transparency in Lake Taihu could be reflected by simulating suspended solid concentration (SSC). Measured data showed that the changes of SSC with wind speed were similar at different water depths. SSC increased with the increasing of wind speed. Both wave and lake current of Lake Taihu had positive relations with SSC. However, wave was the main factor affecting sediment suspension, while flow took the second place. In this study, a numerical model coupling lake current, wave and SSC of Lake Taihu was developed. In the SS model, the combined effects of wave and current were included. The amounts of suspended and deposited sediments near the lake bed surface layer were treated separately. The stochastic characteristics of turbulent flow pulsation near lake beds were also considered, and the start-up conditions of sediment suspension were introduced to the model. The model elucidated the mutual exchange processes between sediment particles in SS and active sediments within and on the bed surface layer. Simulated results showed that lake current had relatively significant effects on the SSC at littoral areas of Lake Taihu, while SSC at the central area of the lake was mainly influenced by wave. The changes of transparency with SSC were simulated for Lake Taihu using this model. Calculated results were validated by measured data with good fitness, which indicated that the model is basically suitable for the simulation and prediction of transparency of Lake Taihu. 相似文献
15.
水动力条件下底泥中氮磷释放通量 总被引：28，自引：4，他引：24
在环形水槽内模拟了水动力条件下底泥的起动规律,分析了底泥运动的不同状态。该环形水槽内水体流速基本均匀,水槽转速与槽内水体流速能够精确的相互转换,实验中通过改变水槽转速模拟了不同扰动强度下底泥悬浮和释放的规律．以太湖底泥为例,通过上覆水中TN、TP浓度的变化,建立了底泥中TN、TP的释放通量(y)与水流(x)的关系,其表达式为TN：y=137．88e^0.06x(R^2=0．94);TP：y=36．78e^0.56x(R^2=0．97);并将该实验结果应用在太湖的水量水质模型中,取得了比较满意的效果． 相似文献
16.
Forms of phosphorus in sediments from 25 lakes in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River were analyzed by the sequential extraction procedure. Contents and spatial distrubution of algal available phosphorus (AAP) in sediments of Lake Taihu, the third largest freshwater lake of China, were also studied. Relationships between phosphorus forms in sediment and macrophytes coverage in sample sites, as well as phosphorus forms in sediments and chlorophyal contents in lake water were discussed. Exchangeable form of phosphorus (Ex-P) in surface sediments was significantly positive correlative to total phosphorus (TP), dissolved total phosphorus (DTP) and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) contents in the lake water. Bioavailable phosphorus (Bio-P) contents in sediments from macrophytes dominant sites were significantly lower than that in no macrophyte sites. In Lake Taihu, Ex-P content in top 3 cm sediment was highest. However, content of ferric fraction phosphorus (Fe-P) was highest in 4–10 cm. Bioavalilble phosphorus (Bio-P) contents in surface sediments positively correlated to Chlorophyll a contents in water of Lake Taihu with significant difference. Therefore, contents of Bio-P and AAP could be acted as the indicators of risks of internal release of phosphorus in the shallow lakes. It was estimated that there were 268.6 ton AAP in top 1 cm sediments in Lake Taihu. Sediment suspension caused by strong wind-induced wave disturbance could carry plenty of AAP into water in large shallow lakes like Lake Taihu. 相似文献
17.
Phosphorus forms and bioavailability of lake sediments in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：5
Forms of phosphorus in sediments from 25 lakes in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River were analyzed by the sequential extraction procedure. Contents and spatial distrubution of algal available phosphorus (AAP) in sediments of Lake Taihu, the third largest freshwater lake of China, were also studied. Relationships between phosphorus forms in sediment and macrophytes coverage in sample sites, as well as phosphorus forms in sediments and chlorophyal contents in lake water were discussed. Exchangeable form of phosphorus (Ex-P) in surface sediments was significantly positive correlative to total phosphorus (IP), dissolved total phosphorus (DTP) and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) contents in the lake water. Bioavailable phosphorus (Bio-P) contents in sediments from macrophytes dominant sites were significantly lower than that in no macrophyte sites. In Lake Taihu, Ex-P content in top 3 cm sediment was highest. However, content of ferric fraction phosphorus (Fe-P) was highest in 4 - 10 cm. Bioavalilble phosphorus (Bio-P) contents in surface sediments positively correlated to Chlorophyll a contents in water of Lake Taihu with significant difference. Therefore, contents of Bio-P and AAP could be acted as the indicators of risks of internal release of phosphorus in the shallow lakes. It was estimated that there were 268.6 ton AAP in top 1 cm sediments in Lake Taihu. Sediment suspension caused by strong wind-induced wave disturbance could carry plenty of AAP into water in large shallow lakes like Lake Taihu. 相似文献
18.
19.
Wind-induced hydrodynamic changes impact on sediment resuspension for large,shallow Lake Taihu,China
Abdul Jalil Yiping Li Ke Zhang Xiaomeng Gao Wencai Wang Hafiz Osama Sarwar Khan Baozhu Pan Salar Ali Kumud Acharya 《国际泥沙研究》2019,34(3):205-215
The internal sediment release is a key factor controlling eutrophication processes in large, shallow lakes. Sediment resuspension is associated with the wave and current induced shear stress in large, shallow lakes. The current study investigated the wind field impacts on sediment resuspension from the bottom at Meiliang Bay of large, shallow Lake Taihu. The impacts of the wind field on the wave, current, and wave-current combined shear stresses were calculated. The critical wind speed range was 4–6?m/s after which wave and current shear stress started to increase abruptly, and onshore wind directions were found to be mainly responsible for greater shear stress at the bottom of Lake Taihu. A second order polynomial fitting correlation was found between wave (R2 0.4756) and current (R2 0.4466) shear stresses with wind speed. Wave shear stress accounted for 92.5% of the total shear stress at Meiliang Bay. The critical wave shear stress and critical total shear stress were 0.13?N/m2 for sediment resuspension whereas the current shear stress was 0.019?N/m2 after which suspended sediment concentrations (SSC) increased abruptly. A second order polynomial fitting correlation was found between wave (R2 0.739), current (R2 0.6264), and total shear stress (R2 0.7394) with SSC concentrations at Meiliang Bay of Lake Taihu. The sediment resuspension rate was 120 to 738?g/m2/d during 4–6?m/s onshore winds while offshore winds contributed ≥ 200?g/m2/d. The study results reveal the driving mechanism for understanding the role of the wind field in sediment resuspension while considering wind speed and direction as control parameters to define wave and current shear stresses. 相似文献
20.
太湖水体的总磷分布及湖流对其影响的数值研究 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：4
用数值模拟的方法研究了太湖水体中ＴＰ分布特征及湖流对其影响，推导，建立了包括平流，水平扩散，沉降和底泥释放的浅水湖泊中污染物浓度分布计算的二维迎风有限元数值模式，并在给定若干点源条件下计算各种稳态流场下太湖水体中的ＴＰ分布。 相似文献