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1.
Activated carbons prepared from sunflower seed hull have been used as adsorbents for the removal of acid blue 15 (AB‐15) from aqueous solution. Batch adsorption techniques were performed to evaluate the influences of various experimental parameters, e. g., temperature, adsorbent dosage, pH, initial dye concentration and contact time on the adsorption process. The optimum conditions for AB‐15 removal were found to be pH = 3, adsorbent dosage = 3 g/L and equilibrium time = 4 h at 30°C. The adsorption of AB‐15 onto the adsorbent was found to increase with increasing dosage. It was found from experimental results that the Langmuir isotherm fits the data better than the Freundlich and Temkin isotherms. The maximum adsorption capacity, Qm (at 30°C) was calculated for SF1, SF2, and SF3 as 75, 125 and 110 mg g–1 of adsorbent, respectively. It was found that the adsorption follows pseudo‐second order kinetics. The thermodynamic parameters such as ΔG°, ΔH°, and ΔS° were also evaluated. The activated carbons prepared were characterized by FT‐IR, SEM and BET analysis.  相似文献   

2.
The present study was aimed at removing cadmium ions from aqueous solution through batch studies using adsorbents, such as, granular activated carbon (GAC) and activated clay (A‐clay). GAC was of commercial grade where as the A‐clay was prepared by acid treatment of clay with 1 mol/L of H2SO4. Bulk densities of A‐clay and GAC were 1132 and 599 kg/m3, respectively. The surface areas were 358 m2/g for GAC and 90 m2/g for A‐clay. The adsorption studies were carried out to optimize the process parameters, such as, pH, adsorbent dosage, and contact time. The results obtained were analyzed for kinetics and adsorption isotherm studies. The pH value was optimized at pH 6 giving maximum Cd removal of 84 and 75.2% with GAC and A‐clay, respectively. The adsorbent dosage was optimized and was found to be 5 g/L for GAC and 10 g/L for A‐clay. Batch adsorption studies were carried out with initial adsorbate (Cd) concentration of 100 mg/L and adsorbent dosage of 10 g/L at pH 6. The optimum contact time was found to be 5 h for both the adsorbents. Kinetic studies showed Cd removal a pseudo second order process. The isotherm studies revealed Langmuir isotherm to better fit the data than Freundlich isotherm.  相似文献   

3.
The present work involves the study of Se(IV) adsorption onto granular activated carbon (GAC) and powdered activated carbon (PAC). The adsorbents are coated with ferric chloride solution for the effective removal of selenium. The physico-chemical characterization of the adsorbents is carried out using standard methods, e. g., proximate analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermo-gravimetric (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA), etc. The FTIR spectra of the GAC and PAC indicate the presence of various types of functional groups, e. g., free and hydrogen bonded OH groups, silanol groups (Si-OH), alkenes, and CO group stretching from aldehydes and ketones on the surface of adsorbents. Batch experiments are carried out to determine the effect of various factors such as adsorbent dose (w), initial pH, contact time (t), and temperature (T) on the adsorption process. The optimum GAC and PAC dosage is found to be 10 g/L and 8 g/L, respectively, for Se(IV) removal with C0 = 100 mg/L. The percent removal of Se(IV) increases with increasing adsorbent concentration, while removal per unit weight of adsorbent increases with decreasing adsorbent concentration. Se(IV) adsorption onto both the GAC and PAC adsorbents is high at low pH values, and decreases with increased initial pH. The results obtained are analyzed by various kinetic models. The parameters of pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order kinetics, and Weber-Morris intra particle kinetics are determined. It is seen that the sorption kinetics of Se(IV) onto GAC and PAC can be best represented by the pseudo-second order kinetic model.  相似文献   

4.
In India, the annual production of tea is ca. 857,000 tonnes, which is 27.4% of the total world production. The amount of tea factory waste (TFW) produced per annum after processing is ca. 190,400 tonnes. TFW can be used as a low cost adsorbent for the removal of toxic metals from the aqueous phase. An investigation was carried out to study the feasibility of the use of TFW as an adsorbent for the removal of the heavy metal, zinc. Equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies were reported. The straight line plot of log (qe–q) versus time t for the adsorption of zinc shows the validity of the Lagergren equation. The various steps involved in adsorbate transport from the solution to the surface of the adsorbent particles were dealt with by using a Weber‐Morris plot, qe versus t0.5 for the TFW. The rate controlling parameters, kid,1 and kid,2, were determined and it was found that the macro‐pore diffusion rate was much larger than micro‐pore diffusion rate. A batch sorption model, which assumes the pseudo‐second‐order mechanism, was used to predict the rate constant of sorption, the equilibrium sorption capacity and the initial sorption rate with the effect of initial zinc (II) ion concentration. Equilibrium data obtained from the experiments were analyzed with various isotherms, i. e., Freundlich, Langmuir, Redlich‐Peterson and Tempkin. The adsorption equilibrium was reached in 30 min and the adsorption data fitted well to all models. The maximum adsorption capacity of TFW for zinc (II) ions was determined to be 14.2 mg/g. The capacity of adsorption on Zn(II) increased with increasing temperatures and pH. The maximum uptake level of zinc was observed at pH of 4.2. The various thermodynamic parameters, i. e., ΔG°, ΔH° and ΔS°, were estimated. The thermodynamics of the zinc ion/TFW system indicated a spontaneous, endothermic and random nature of the process. The results showed that the TFW, which has low economical value, is a suitable adsorbent for the removal of zinc (II) ions from aqueous solutions.  相似文献   

5.
This paper is an experimental investigation into the removal of arsenic species from simulated groundwater by adsorption onto Ca2+ impregnated granular activated carbon (GAC‐Ca) in the presence of impurities like Fe and Mn. The effects of adsorbent concentration, pH and temperature on the percentage removal of total arsenic (As(T)), As(III) and As(V) have been discussed. Under the experimental conditions, the optimum adsorbent concentration of GAC‐Ca was found to be 8 g/L with an agitation time of 24 h, which reduced As(T) concentration from 188 to 10 μg/L. Maximum removal of As(V) and As(III) was observed in a pH range of 7–11 and 9–11, respectively. Removal of all the above arsenic species decreased slightly with increasing temperature. The presence of Fe and Mn increased the adsorption of arsenic species. Under the experimental conditions at 30°C, the maximum percentage removals of As(T), As(III), As(V), Fe, and Mn were found to be ca. 94.3, 90.6, 98.0, 100 and 63%, respectively. It was also observed that amongst the various regenerating liquids used, a 5 N H2SO4 solution exhibited maximum regeneration (ca. 91%) of the spent GAC‐Ca.  相似文献   

6.
This study investigates structural and adsorption properties of the powdered waste shells of Rapana gastropod and their use as a new cheap adsorbent to remove reactive dye Brilliant Red HE‐3B from aqueous solutions under batch conditions. For the powder shells characterization, solubility tests in acidic solutions and X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier transform IR spectroscopy (FT‐IR) and thermogravimetric analyses were performed. The results revealed that the adsorbent surface is heterogeneous consisting mainly from calcium carbonate layers (either calcite or aragonite) and a small amount of organic macromolecules (proteins and polysaccharides). The dye adsorptive potential of gastropod shells powder was evaluated as function of initial solution pH (1–5), adsorbent dose (6–40 g L?1), dye concentration (50–300 mg L?1), temperature (5–60°C), and contact time (0–24 h). It was observed that the maximum values of dye percentage removal were obtained at the initial pH of solution 1.2, shells dose of 40 g L?1, dye initial concentration of 50–50 mg L?1 and higher temperatures; the equilibrium time decreases with increasing of dye concentration. It is proved that the waste seashell powder can be used as low cost bioinorganic adsorbent for dyes removal from textile wastewaters.  相似文献   

7.
Adsorptive removal of EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) from aqueous solution was studied using steam pyrolyzed activated carbon. Rubber wood sawdust, obtained from a local timber facility at Kodangavila, Trivandrum, Kerala, India was used as the precursor for the production of the activated carbon. Batch adsorption experiments were employed to monitor and optimize the removal process. The experimental parameters, i. e., solution pH, agitation time, initial EDTA concentration and adsorbent dosage, affecting the adsorption of EDTA onto sawdust activated carbon (SDAC) were optimized. The inner core mechanism for the interaction between EDTA and SDAC, which resulted in the adsorption process, was also discussed. The change in amount of EDTA adsorbed onto SDAC and CAC (commercial activated carbon) was compared over a wide range of pH (2.0–8.0). The maximum removal of EDTA took place in the pH range of 4.0–6.0 for SDAC and 5.0–5.5 for CAC, which demonstrates the effectiveness of the former adsorbent. Kinetic as well as equilibrium studies were performed to determine the rate constant and adsorption capacity, respectively. The adsorption kinetic data was fitted with pseudo‐first‐order kinetics and the equilibrium data was shown to follow the Langmuir isotherm model. These observations explain the formation of a monolayer of EDTA on the surface of SDAC as confirmed by the slow approach to equilibrium after 4 h of contact time. The adsorption capacity of SDAC for the removal of EDTA was 0.526 mmol/g and is seen to be greater than that of CAC and other reported adsorbents (0.193–0.439 mmol/g). Finally, it is clear that the production of steam pyrolyzed activated carbon in the presence of K2CO3 greatly enhanced EDTA removal and resulted in a product with possible commercial value for wastewater treatment strategies.  相似文献   

8.
This study reports on the adsorption characteristics of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solutions using ZnCl2‐activated date (Phoenix dactylifera) bead (ADB) carbon with respect to change in adsorbent dosage, initial pH, contact time, initial concentration, and temperature of the solution. Kinetic studies of the data showed that the adsorption follows the pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model. Thermodynamic parameters, enthalpy change (ΔH° = 55.11 kJ/mol), entropy change (ΔS° = ? 0.193 kJ/mol/K), and Gibbs free energy change (ΔG°) were also calculated for the uptake of Pb(II) ions. These parameters show that adsorption on the surface of ADB was feasible, spontaneous in nature, and endothermic between temperatures of 298.2 and 318.2 K. The equilibrium data better fitted the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models than the D–R adsorption isotherm model for studying the adsorption behavior of Pb(II) onto the ADB carbon. It could be observed that the maximum adsorption capacity of ADB was 76.92 mg/g at 318.2 K and pH 6.5.  相似文献   

9.
This study investigates the potential use of activated carbon prepared from the peel of Cucumis sativa fruit for the removal of malachite green (MG) dye from simulated wastewater. The effects of different system variables, adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration, pH, and contact time were investigated and optimal experimental conditions were ascertained. The results showed that when the amount of the adsorbent increased, the percentage of dye removal increased accordingly. Optimum pH value for dye adsorption was 6.0. Maximum dye was sequestered within 50 min of the start of every experiment. The adsorption of MG followed the pseudo‐second‐order rate equation and fits the Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin–Radushkevich (D–R), and Tempkin equations well. The maximum removal of MG was obtained at pH 6 as 99.86% for adsorbent dose of 1 g/50 mL and 25 mg L?1 initial dye concentration at room temperature. Activated carbon developed from the peel of C. sativa fruit can be an attractive option for dye removal from diluted industrial effluents since test reaction made on simulated dyeing wastewater showed better removal percentage of MG.  相似文献   

10.
Batch and continuous flow adsorption experiments are carried out and the design of a full‐scale facility for removing dissolved natural organic matter (DNOM) from Catalan Lakewater is demonstrated. The adsorption efficiency is proportional to the temperature and the amount of adsorbent unlike pH increase. The highest DNOM removal rate is obtained at 35 °C, pH 4, and an adsorbent amount of 0.8 g L?1. Optimum contact time for batch studies is 60 min at equilibrium. Correlation constants (r) of Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms are 0.8905 and 0.9739, respectively. Based on the Freundlich isotherm, the highest adsorption capacity (qmax) obtained is 2.44 and 6.01 mg DNOM/g granulated activated carbon (GAC) for raw and enriched water, respectively. Consequently, the effects of adsorbent amount, bed depth, empty bed contact time, and organic loading on removal performance are investigated in the rapid small‐scale column test (RSSCT) columns. The targeted effluent concentration of 1 mg DNOM/L can easily be achieved in the columns. At the design capacity of the facility, 15 adsorption columns with dimensions of 7 m height, 4.33 m diameter, and 22 days of operation cycle are required to remove DNOM from raw water.  相似文献   

11.
The performance of one pilot‐scale and two full‐scale membrane bioreactors (MBR) were evaluated based on the control of main operational parameters, composition of microbial community and pathogens concentration in the treated outlet. Plants were designed for 0.75 m3/day (A), 60 m3/day (B) and 30 m3/day (C). Inlet and outlet samples were monitored for chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand, total suspended solids, ammonia nitrogen concentration (NH4–N), nitrate nitrogen concentration, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, total phosphorus and phosphate phosphorus concentration concentrations. Plants showed good COD removal: 91.9% for Plant A, 97.8% for Plant B and 94.2% for Plant C. The targeted nitrogenous ion was NH4–N due to the requirements for outlet limits. NH4–N removal was moderate for Plant A (73.3%) and Plant B (86.1%) and excellent for Plant C (>99%). Excellent phosphorus removal was achieved by Plant A (average outlet concentration was 0.7 mg/L, efficiency 84.7%). Unsatisfactory results for phosphorus removal were achieved at the full‐scale plants due to operational problems. The dependency between the extracellular polymeric substances increase and decreasing mixed liquor volatile suspended solids for both lab and full‐scale plants was confirmed. Soluble microbial product concentrations were reduced by 65–68% after coagulant dosage for Plant A. Outlets from the MBR plants were monitored for the presence of pathogens (thermotolerant coliforms, Escherichia coli, intestinal Enterococci and culturable microorganisms at 22 and 37°C). The treated effluent from Plant A, B and C met Czech national legislation regarding reuse criteria (standards) for environment, irrigation and swimming purposes. Plants B and C were not able to achieve requirements for potable water and personal hygiene quality standards.  相似文献   

12.
Using batch method, the adsorption of thallium(I) ions from aqueous solutions on eucalyptus leaves powder, as a low cost adsorbent, was studied. The effect of various modification of considered adsorbent on the adsorption percentage of Tl(I) is an important feature of this study. The results showed that the unmodified and acidic modified adsorbent are the poor adsorbents for the Tl(I) ions while basic modified adsorbent is a suitable adsorbent. Also, the effect of some experimental conditions such as solution initial pH, agitation speed, contact time, sorbent dosage, temperature, particle size, and thallium initial concentration was studied. The results showed that the adsorption percentage depends on the conditions and the process is strongly pH‐dependent. The satisfactory adsorption percentage of Tl(I) ions, 81.5%, obtained at 25 ± 1°C. The equilibrium data agreed fairly better with Langmuir isotherm than Freundlich and Temkin models. The value of qm that was obtained by extrapolation method is 80.65 mg g?1. Separation factor values, RL, showed that eucalyptus leaves powder is favorable for the sorption of Tl(I). The negative values of ΔH0 and ΔS0 showed that the Tl(I) sorption is an exothermic process and along with decrease of randomness at the solid–solution interface during sorption, respectively.  相似文献   

13.
The increased accumulation of toxic pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the environment is a concern of worldwide relevance. Efficient technologies are needed to mitigate the level of such chemicals in natural waters. The suitability of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) to remove aqueous triclosan (a widely used anti‐microbial agent) was investigated in the present study. Tested operational parameters included the pH (3.0–11.0) value and the ionic strength (10?3, 10?2, and 10?1 M). Kinetic and thermodynamic studies were conducted at different initial concentrations (4, 8, and 10 mg/L) and temperatures (288, 298, and 308 K). Results showed higher triclosan adsorption at pH 3.0 (157.7 mg/g) than at pH 11.0 (103.9 mg/g). With an increase of ionic strength from 10?3 to 10?2 M, the adsorption capacity increased from 136.1 to 153.1 mg/g and from 80.8 to 105.8 mg/g at pH 3.0 and 10.0, respectively, while further increase of ionic strength to 10?1 M slightly reduced the triclosan adsorption to 149.9 and 94.7 mg/g due to the aggregation of MWCNTs. The Polanyi–Manes model (PMM) provided a best fitting of adsorption isotherms to the experimental data, and the kinetic process was well described by the pseudo second‐order kinetic model. The calculated thermodynamic parameters (ΔH0 = ?88.08 kJ/mol, ΔS0 = ?173.38 J/mol K) suggested that the adsorption of triclosan is spontaneous and exothermic in nature. The findings of the present work have significant implications for the removal of triclosan from aqueous solution with MWCNTs.  相似文献   

14.
In this study, the removal of zinc(II) ion from an aqueous solution by pistachio shells (PS) is investigated. The dynamic behavior of the adsorption is examined on the effects of pH, adsorbent dosage, and contact time. The adsorption rates are determined quantitatively and simulated by the Lagergren first order, pseudo‐second order, Elovich, and intra‐particle diffusion kinetic models. The adsorption kinetic models are also tested for validity. The thermodynamic parameters, which are also deduced from adsorption experiments, are very useful in elucidating the nature of adsorption. The experimental results reveal that the optimum pH value and the contact time for the adsorption of Zn2+ onto PS are found as 6 and 10 min, respectively. According to these parameters, adsorption process follows the pseudo‐second order kinetic model with high correlation coefficients (R2 = 0.999). The obtained results demonstrate that PS is a reasonably effective adsorbent for the removal of Zn2+ from aqueous leachate of hazardous waste.  相似文献   

15.
In the present study, chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal by packed‐columns of activated carbon (AC) derived from two different materials (coal activated carbon, CAC and wood activated carbon, WAC) is reported as part of an on‐site wastewater treatment system for handling small volumes of wastewater generated at wood‐floor industries for which there are no proper on‐site treatment options available in the market. The performance of the sorbents, the effect of bed depth (0.19 and 0.57 m) and volumetric load (0.10 and 0.24 m h?1) on the breakthrough curve of sorption systems were studied. The results indicated the feasibility of using both ACs to treat these wastewaters. At the bed depth (0.57 m), volumetric load (0.24 m h?1), and 30% breakthrough, CAC and WAC showed treatment capacity of 40.5 L kg?1 in 250 h and 23.8 L kg?1 in 63 h, respectively. This indicated that CAC requires longer retention times to reach a performance similar to WAC. The experimental data was fit into the bed depth‐service time model showing that under the same conditions, CAC had higher maximum sorption capacity (N0) than WAC. Moreover, thermal regeneration at 500°C temperature could be a cost‐effective procedure since the reuse of spent AC through such regeneration process for further treatment could still achieve 90% of the initial sorption capacity, reducing then costs for the use of new sorbents and also the need for waste disposal.  相似文献   

16.
In view of water pollutants becoming more complex, both anionic and cationic pollutants need to be removed. The multi‐pollutants simultaneous removal is paid more and more attention. Hence, development composite materials for treatment complex wastewater are the aim of this study. In this research, iron–nickel nanoparticles deposited onto aluminum oxide (α‐Al2O3) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to form nanocomposite materials Fe–Ni/Al2O3 and Fe–Ni/CNTs, respectively, were used as adsorbents. The adsorption capacities of Fe–Ni/Al2O3 and Fe–Ni/CNTs for AO7, HSeO, and Pb2+ were observed to be 5.46, 8.28, 27.02, and 25.6 mg/g, 15.29 and 17.12 mg/g, separately. The composite materials with negative charges were superior in adsorption of anionic pollutants. Using orthogonal experimental design and analysis of variance to co‐treat dye AO7, HSeO and Pb2+ in aqueous solutions, seven testing factors were included: (1) adsorbent types, (2) amount of iron, (3) solution pHs, (4) AO7 concentrations, (5) Pb2+ concentrations, (6) HSeO concentrations and (7) reaction time. The experimental results showed that the removal of complex pollutants AO7, HSeO, and Pb2+ on Fe–Ni/CNTs could reach up to 90% in the optimal treatment conditions. When using Fe–Ni/CNTs as the adsorbent, the sorption isothermals were well fitted in the Freundlich isotherm, and R2 could reach up to 0.98.  相似文献   

17.
The adsorption of three cationic dyes (rhodamine B, RB; crystal violet, CV; and malachite green, MG) onto termite feces, a low‐cost adsorbent, was investigated. The adsorbent was characterized by IR spectroscopy, point of zero charge measurement, and the Boehm titration method. The adsorption follows the pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model and the Langmuir–Freundlich isotherm with maximum adsorption capacities of 95.53 mg g?1 (RB), 75.71 mg g?1 (CV), and 44.78 mg g?1 (MG). The study of thermodynamics showed that the adsorption is a spontaneous and endothermic process. This works suggest that termite feces can be used as a new low‐cost adsorbent for cationic dye removal.  相似文献   

18.
The U-Th-~(40)K concentrations of granite are on 1―2 orders of magnitude greater than those of basal- tic-ultrabasic rocks. Radiogenic heat of a granitic melt has significant influence on the cool- ing-crystallization period of the melt. In this paper we derived a formula to calculate prolongation period (tA) of cooling-crystallization of a granitic melt caused by radiogenic heat. Calculation using this for- mula and radioactive element concentrations (U=5.31×10-6; Th=23.1×10-6; K=4.55%) for the biotite adamellite of the Jinjiling batholith shows that the tA of the adamellite is 1.4 times of the cooling period of the granitic melt without considering radiogenic heat from the initial temperature (Tm=960℃) to crystallization temperature (Tc=600℃) of the melt. It has been demonstrated that the radiogenic heat produced in a granitic melt is a key factor influencing the cooling-crystallization process of the granitic melt, and is likely one of the reasons for inconsistence between emplacement ages and crystallization ages of many Meso-Cenozoic granitoids.  相似文献   

19.
In this study, a new strain of microorganism Shewanella putrefaciens was used for biofiltration of a pyridine laden air stream in a corn‐cob packed biotrickling filter. In the biotrickling filter tested with S. putrefaciens, the maximum removal of pyridine is determined to be 100% at less than the average inlet concentration of 0.653 g m–3 and more than 93% at a higher average inlet concentration of 1.748 g m–3 (phase VIII) with an empty bed residence time (EBRT) of 106 s. However, when the biotrickling filter was operated at a low EBRT of 53 s and almost the same average inlet concentration of 1.752 g m–3 (phase VII), the removal level attained was not greater than 85%. The maximum elimination capacity (EC) of the biotrickling filter was 102.34 g m–3h–1 at an inlet pyridine load of 119.62 g m–3h–1 with an EBRT of 53 s in phase VII. The maximum deviation of the EC from the 100% conversion line varied from 0.257 to 10.166% when going from phase I to VIII. Kinetic analysis showed that the maximum removal rate, rmax, and saturation constant, Ks, values for pyridine were calculated as 0.24 g m–3h–1 and 6.44 g m–3, respectively, with a correlation coefficient, R2, of 0.9939 and a standard deviation of error of 23.94%. The information contained herein indicates that the corn‐cob packed biotrickling filter inoculated by S. putrefaciens should provide excellent performance in the removal of gaseous pyridine.  相似文献   

20.
This study investigated the effectiveness of a new packing material, namely mixed rice husk silica with dried activated sludge for removing H2S. Dried sewage sludge was collected from Putrajaya sewage treatment plant in Malaysia. Rice husk silica was prepared at temperature of 800°C, after acid leaching and mixed with dried sewage sludge to be utilized in a polyvinyl chloride filter. The system was operated under variable conditions of two parameters, different inlet gas concentration and different inlet flow rate. H2S was passed through the filter with one liter of the packing material. More than 99.96% removal efficiency (RE) with empty bed residence time (EBRT) of 90–45 s and 300 ppm inlet concentration was observed. However, the RE decreased to 96.87% with the EBRT of 30 s. The maximum elimination capacity (EC) of 52.32 g/m3/h was obtained with the RE of 96.87% and H2S mass loading rate of 54 g/m3/h, while at the RE of 99.96%, maximum EC was 26.99 g/m3/h with the H2S mass‐loading rate of 27 g/m3/h. A strong significant correlation between increasing of H2S mass loading rate and pressure drop was also detected (p < 0.01). Maximum pressure drop was 3.0 mm H2O after 53 days of operating time, the EBRT of 30 s, and 54 g/m3/h of H2S loading rate. These observations suggest that the mixture of rice husk silica with dried activated sludge is a suitable physico‐biological filter for H2S removal.  相似文献   

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