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1.
Properties of humic acids as biomarkers of lake catchment management   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
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2.
于2006年8月分层采集抚仙湖流域有机及传统农业农田砾质土壤,对土壤样品的机械组成、重金属含量、养分剖面积累进行测定分析;通过室内降雨模拟,对不同土壤样品氮磷流失风险进行评估.结果表明:①有机及传统农业模式下,砾质土壤机械组成发生明显变化,0-20cm土层砂粒含量明显降低:②除传统农业土壤Cd为二级标准,其他土壤重金属含量均符合国家土壤环境质量(GB/15618-1995)一级标准:③有机及传统农业模式下0-20cm土层有机质、全氮养分明显积累,但不同农业模式问无明显差异:有机农业土壤全磷、水溶性氮磷积累程度显著高于传统农业土壤;④有机农业土壤在780mm模拟降雨条件下,氮、磷流失风险更大,氮、磷流失总量分别是传统农业土壤的1.9倍、19.8倍.  相似文献   

3.
Characteristics of phenanthrene and pyrene's sorption and desorption on two local soils in solutions of simulated groundwater,simulated lung fluid,and simulated saliva were studied with batch equilibrium experiments to understand the fate of PAHs in the karst region of southwestern China and to assess the environmental exposure and the health risk of PAHs.The results showed that the sorption and desorption isotherms of phenanthrene and pyrene on two target soils in the three solution systems could be adequately described by the Freundlich model,while the fitted isotherm parameters for the simulated groundwater solution distinguished notably from those for the simulated body fluid solutions.For the sorption experiments,in the simulated groundwater,the n values were 0.722 and 0.672 for phenanthrene and were 0.724 and0.663 for pyrene,respectively,on the yellow soil and the limestone soil;The log KF values were 3.118 and 3.323 for phenanthrene and were 3.648 and 3.846 for pyrene,respectively,on the yellow soil and the limestone soil.In the simulated body fluids,the n values for phenanthrene and pyrene ranged from 0.622 to 0.836 and from 0.590 to0.865,respectively,and the log KF values of phenanthrene and pyrene ranged from 2.845 to 3.327 and from 3.344 to3.779,respectively.For the desorption experiments,in the simulated groundwater,the n values were 0.662 and 0.744 for phenanthrene and were 0.702 and 0.647 for pyrene,respectively,on the yellow soil and the limestone soil.The log K_F values were 3.666 and 3.686 for phenanthrene and were 4.128 and 4.225 for pyrene,respectively,on the yellow soil and the limestone soil.In the simulated body fluids,the n values for phenanthrene and pyrene ranged from 0.612 to 0.668 and from 0.631 to 0.819,respectively,and the log KF values of phenanthrene and pyrene ranged from 3.134 to 3.407 and from 3.533 to 3.839,respectively.The limestone soil had relatively higher log KF values but lower K_(OC) values compared to those of the yellow soil,indicated that the nature of sorbent soils played the dominant role in sorption and desorption behaviors of PAHs.The experimental results showed a remarkable differences in sorption and desorption behaviors of PAHs in simulated body fluids and groundwater.The nonlinearities of measured isotherms and the measured sorption capacities of soils in simulated body fluids were significantly lower than corresponding those in the simulated groundwater,and HI values for simulated body fluids systems were significantly smaller than corresponding those for the simulated groundwater systems.The results underscore cautions in assessing environmental exposure and health risks of PAHs based on their sorption-desorption data in simulated groundwater as this is traditionally done.  相似文献   

4.
Geostatistics of near-surface moisture in bare cultivated organic soils   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
The aim of this study was to characterise fine scale patterns of organic soil moisture content in the top 5 cm by means of semi-variogram modelling. Soil moisture content was observed along a transect on 2 occasions, early in the 1999 growing season to avoid any influences originating from vegetation and cultural practices. Soil moisture values were found to be normally distributed and were not significantly correlated with the soil organic matter content. Many similarities were depicted between the exponential semi-variograms characteristics of this study and another one in mineral soils, reported in the literature, except for the much higher sills associated with organic soils. Of particular interest were similar correlation lengths, indicating that a correlation range of the order of 100 m should be expected for mineral soils and for the level of moisture and organic matter contents found in this study.  相似文献   

5.
The enrichment of organic matter in interrill sediment is well documented; however, the respective roles of soil organic matter (SOM) and interrill erosion processes for the enrichment are unclear. In this study, organic matter content of sediment generated on two silts with almost identical textures, but different organic matter contents and aggregations, was tested. Artificial rainfall was applied to the soils in wet, dry and crusted initial conditions to determine the effects of soil moisture and rainfall and drying history on organic matter enrichment in interrill sediment. While erosional response of the soils varied significantly, organic matter enrichment of sediment was not sensitive to initial soil conditions. However, enrichment was higher on the silt with a lower organic matter content and lower interrill erodibility. The results show that enrichment of organic matter in interrill sediment is not directly related to either SOM content or soil interrill erodibility, but is dominated by interrill erosion processes. As a consequence of the complex interaction between soil, organic matter and interrill erosion processes, erodibility of organic matter should be treated as a separate variable in erosion models. Further research on aggregate breakdown, in particular the content and fate of the organic matter in the soil fragments, is required. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

6.
对贵州草海湿地4种水位梯度下(农田区、过渡区、浅水区和深水区)表层土壤(0~10 cm)碳、氮、磷含量及其生态化学计量比进行研究,以期揭示草海湿地不同水位梯度下土壤碳、氮、磷生态化学计量比的分布特征及其影响因素.结果表明:土壤总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)及总磷(TP)含量在不同水位梯度之间均差异显著,由过渡区至深水区,土壤TOC及TN含量均呈递增趋势,而TP含量呈先降低后增加的趋势;农田区土壤TN含量显著高于浅水区,但深水区土壤TP含量显著低于农田区.不同水位梯度土壤碳氮比(C/N)、碳磷比(C/P)和氮磷比(N/P)也存在显著差异,由过渡区至深水区,土壤C/P和N/P均呈递增趋势,而C/N呈先增加后降低的趋势;与过渡区相比,农田区土壤C/N、C/P和N/P总体偏低.相关性分析表明:土壤C/N、C/P和N/P的空间分布与土壤TOC、TN、含水量等理化性质有关.可见,草海湿地水位变化对土壤TOC、TN和TP含量以及C/N、C/P及N/P的空间分布具有显著影响,且水位升高有利于增强土壤碳、氮、磷的固存潜力.  相似文献   

7.
In this paper, by using concentration and carbon stable isotope the CO2 sources of soil profiles developed on limestone, dolostone and claystone basements in Central Guizhou, China are comparatively studied. The results show that CO2 concentration of soil profiles developed on different basements is different, having the following sequence: limestone>dolostone>claystone. Below the soil depth of 20 cm from the surface the ? 13C value of CO2 in soil profile developed on limestone ranges from -12.811‰ - -13.492‰(PDB), that in soil profile developed on dolostone varys from -13.212‰ - -14.271‰(PDB) and that in soil profile developed on claystone is about -20.234‰ - -21.485‰(PDB). Taking the carbon isotope of soil organic matter and carbonate rock as two isotopic endmembers, the proportion of soil CO2 generated by dissolution of carbonate rock is calculated, about 21%-25% for soil profile developed on limestone basement, 19%-21% for soil profile developed on dolostone basement. There is almost no influx of CO2 generated by the dissolution of carbonate rock in soil profile developed on claystone basement.  相似文献   

8.
三峡库区消落带土壤有机质和全氮含量分布特征   总被引：13，自引：3，他引：10  
郭劲松  黄轩民  张彬  方芳  付川 《湖泊科学》2012,24(2):213-219
在三峡库区消落带落干期间(2010年4月),对库区巫山-重庆主城区段消落带土壤有机质(OM)和全氮(TN)含量分布及与土壤理化性质的相关性进行了调查研究.结果表明该区域消落带土壤OM和TN含量均较低,分别为10.70±4.03和0.84±0.39 mg/g,且服从正态分布.消落带土壤碳氮比(C/N)较低,推测消落带土壤无机氮在淹水期间存在向上覆水体释放的可能性.在与其它关于土壤OM和TN含量研究的比较中,研究区域内土壤OM和TN含量处于偏低的水平;而在与对照带样品的比较分析中发现,消落带样品的OM和TN含量变异系数均偏低,因此消落带干湿交替可减小不同区域消落带之间土壤OM和TN含量差异.相关性分析表明,消落带土壤pH、ORP、TN与OM之间呈显著正相关,可见研究范围内消落带土壤氮形态可能主要以有机氮的形式存在于有机质中,而C/N与TN呈负相关,与OM相关性不显著,表明C/N的大小主要取决于TN含量.  相似文献   

9.
湖北梁子湖湿地土壤养分的分布特征和相关性分析   总被引：15，自引：0，他引：15  
对湖北梁子湖农业湿地土壤有机质、N、P、K的分布特征进行了研究.结果表明,土壤表层有机质含量在24.203-56.815g/kg之间,TN、TP、TK分别为1.385-2.911g/kg、0.406-0.523g/kg和14.68-26.77g/kg.五类土壤中有机质、TN、TP、TK在水平分布上是随地形部位升高(地下水位降低)而降低,即从沼泽型→潜育型→侧渗型→潴育型→淹育型渐次降低.土壤剖面中,有机质、TN、TP、TK从表层到底层逐渐降低,仅在淹育型土壤中TK是从上向下逐渐升高.侧渗型水田由于湖水脉动漂洗作用使剖面底层的有机质、TN、TP、TK都低于其它四类土壤.土壤表层中速效N、P分布特征与TN、TP相似,但速效K的变异较大.土壤表层中有机质、TN、TP、TK之间有良好的相关性,而剖面中有机质与TN也高度相关.此外,沼泽型土壤有机质与TK及TN与TK显著相关,而淹育型土壤剖面中TP与TK显著负相关.  相似文献   

10.
An experimental slope was constructed in a 5 m × 5 m square refrigerated tank. The slope was formed of four sections, each consisting of regolith (soil) collected from a distinct bedrock lithology. The four lithologies utilized were granite, limestone, mudstone and slate. The slope was subjected to freezing and thawing from the surface downwards. Water was supplied at the base of the soil during freezing. Frost heaving and surface downslope soil movement were determined after each of 15 freezing cycles, and the profiles of soil movement with depth for each soil type were measured at the end of the 15th cycle. The experimental soils were non-cohesive; those derived from granite and limestone were respectively sandy and gravelly in texture, while those derived from mudstone and slate were silt-rich. Mass movement in the granite and limestone soils was due mainly to frost creep and was associated with the growth of needle ice. In the mudstone and slate soils, gelifluction was dominant as a result of high moisture contents caused by the melting of segregation ice. Mean per cycle rates of downslope soil transport for the granite, limestone, mudstone and slate soils were 5·8 cm3 cm?1, 6·9 cm3 cm?1, 21·2 cm3 cm?1 and 31·2 cm3 cm?1 respectively, units referring to the volume of soil passing a unit width of slope per cycle. Mass movement rates were shown to be strongly related to the silt content of the soils.  相似文献   

11.
In this paper, by using concentration and carbon stable isotope the CO2 sources of soil profiles developed on limestone, dolostone and claystone basements in Central Guizhou, China are comparatively studied. The results show that CO2 concentration of soil profiles developed on different basements is different, having the following sequence: limestone ; dolostone;claystone. Below the soil depth of 20 cm from the surface the δ13 value of CO2 in soil profile developed on limestone ranges from -12.811%. - -13.492%.(PDB), that in soil profile developed on dolostone varys from -13.212%. - -14.271%.(PDB) and that in soil profile developed on claystone is about-20.234%. - -21.485%.(PDB). Taking the carbon isotope of soil organic matter and carbonate rock as two isotopic endmembers, the proportion of soil CO2 generated by dissolution of carbonate rock is calculated, about 21%–25% for soil profile developed on limestone basement, 19%–21% for soil profile developed on dolostone basement. There is almost no influx of CO2 generated by the dissolution of carbonate rock in soil profile developed on claystone basement.  相似文献   

12.
This study investigated the distribution of six pollutant elements(Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, and As), and their relationship to soil organic carbon(SOC) in five soil profiles in the Puding area. Results show SOC content decreased exponentially to the depth of soil profiles; the vertical distribution patterns of SOC in soil profiles were partially controlled by land use. The concentrations of these pollutant elements in most soils were lower than background values, indicating that the local soil was less likely to be contaminated by foreign inputs. Geo-accumulation index values of these elements in most soil samples were less than 1, suggesting that the soil of this area may not be polluted. The concentrations of Cr, Cu, As, and Zn in soils from all land use types were significantly negatively correlated with SOC contents. Geochemical approaches confirmed that the soil of this area was less influenced by pollutant elements.  相似文献   

13.
The paper attempts to document long-term changes in deep Adriatic water patterns by applying the Self-Organising Maps (SOM) method to temperature, salinity, dissolved-oxygen content, orthophosphate and total inorganic nitrogen profiles sampled at a single deep station in the South Adriatic Pit (SAP) over a half century (1957-2009). Seasonality observed in upper layers has been removed by the least-squares fitting of the annual and semi-annual sinusoidal functions. The sensitivity of the SOM to various parameter combinations reveals the importance of temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen for mapping different water patterns, while nutrients have less influence on quality and applicability of SOM solutions to the extraction of characteristic SAP water profiles. The quality of fit obtained for different combination of the measured parameters introduced to a SOM suggests that the incomplete combinations of input parameters increase an imperfection in the applicability of SOMs to the dataset. Two modes of long-term changes in the SAP obtained by the SOM analyses are discussed with respect to the processes that drive the variability in the area, e.g., the Adriatic-Ionian Bimodal Oscillation: where the first mode is characterised by rapid changes in the transition of SAP water masses, observed before 1980s (less adoptable by the SOMs), and the second mode is characterised by steady transitions (better adoptable by the SOMs), observed in the 1990s and the 2000s. The SOM method is found to have certain advantages when compared to other methods that have previously been used to distinguish the Adriatic water masses, as it does not depend on predefinition of water mass sources and allows for gaps in series.  相似文献   

14.
To determine how soil frost changes flowpaths of runoff water along a hillslope, a transect consisting of four soil profiles directed towards a small stream in a mature forest stand was investigated at Svartberget, near Vindeln in northern Sweden. Soil temperature, unfrozen water content, groundwater level and snow depth were investigated along the transect, which started at the riparian peat, and extended 30 m upslope into mineral soils. The two, more organic‐rich profiles closest to the stream had higher water retention and wetter autumn conditions than the sandy mineral soils further upslope. The organic content of the soil influenced the variation in frost along the transect. The first winter (1995–96) had abnormally low snow precipitation, which gave a deep frost down to 40–80 cm, whereas the two following winters had frost depths of 5–20 cm. During winter 1995–96, the two organic profiles close to the stream had a shallower frost depth than the mineral soil profile higher upslope, but a considerably larger amount of frozen water. The fraction of water that did not freeze despite several minus degrees in the soil was 5–7 vol.% in the mineral soil and 10–15 vol.% in the organic soil. From the measurements there were no signs of perched water tables during any of the three snowmelt periods, which would have been strong evidence for changed water flowpaths due to soil frost. When shallow soil layers became saturated during snowmelt, especially in 1997 and 1998, it was because of rising groundwater levels. Several rain on frozen ground events during spring 1996 resulted in little runoff, since most of the rain either froze in the soil or filled up the soil water storage. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

15.
Soil and plant samples were collected in four fringe marsh zones (i.e., A, B, C and D zones) along a pedogenic chronosequence in the Pearl River estuary in the Spring of 2009. Samples were subjected to a total digestion technique and analyzed for P, Ca, Al and Fe in order to study the changes of nutrient contents, storages in soils and their bioavailabilities to wetland plants (e.g. Cyperus malaccensis) in four zones. Results showed that soil Ca increased with depth along soil profiles, while P, Al and Fe generally kept constant in soil profiles in four zones. Al and Fe contents in the top 10 cm soils showed significant decreases from D to A zone, while a significant increase in Ca contents (P<0.05). Significant increases along pedogenic chronosequence for P, Al and Fe at 30-40 cm soil horizons were also observed. Ca was mainly accumulated in plant aboveground parts; Al and Fe were accumulated in the belowground parts; while P was homogenously distributed among the tissues of C. malaccensis. C. malaccensis in D zone had lower Bio-concentration factors (BCFs) of P in the shoots and Al and Fe in the roots, and higher values of Ca in the shoots than those in older zones (P<0.05). Compared to Al and Fe, both Ca and P had relatively higher translocation capacities for C. malaccensis, while only lower TFs for P and higher values for Al and Fe in D zone were observed than those in A and B zones (P<0.05). Except for Al with no significant changes, the total BCFs for P and Fe showed an increasing trend with soil ages, while a decreasing trend for Ca. The total bio-storage factors (TBSFs) of P and Ca declined with the pedogenic time, whereas an increase for Fe. The results of this study can contribute to the wetland conservation and management in the Pearl River estuarine region.  相似文献   

16.
An experimental investigation is conducted to explore the suitability of Lolium perenne L., diatomite, chalcedonite, dolomite, and limestone for the phytostabilization of Ni and Cu in contaminated soil. A controlled greenhouse study is conducted. The soil is enriched with rising dose of Cu and Ni, that is, (0, 150, 250, and 350 mg kg?1) and (0, 150, 300, and 450 mg kg?1), respectively. The phytostabilization potential of perennial ryegrass is evaluated using a bioaccumulation coefficient and translocation factor. Pseudo‐total and available metal content (0.01 M CaCl2) in soils and bioaccumulated content in plants are defined in laboratory experiments using spectrophotometry experimental technique. L. perenne is adequate in phytostabilization aided programs, simultaneously, diatomite, chalcedonite, dolomite, and limestone used as modifiers are effective in reducing the accessibility and mobility of metals in Cu‐ and Ni‐polluted soils. The finding of the present study suggests that the studied element in the roots and above‐ground parts of L. perenne differs significantly upon applying mineral‐based modifications to the soil, synchronously the effect of increasing Cu and Ni levels. Application of dolomite and limestone to the soil cause the highest percentage of the above‐ground biomass. Diatomite along with limestone cause a significant boost of Cu and Ni absorption in the roots. Limestone causes an increase in the contents of K, Na, and Ca, as well as a reduction in P in the above‐ground parts of L. perenne. Limestone and chalcedonite leads to the highest decrease in available Cu and Ni.  相似文献   

17.
内陆盐沼湿地土壤碳氮磷剖面分布的季节动态特征   总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9  
本文以向海湿地为例探讨了内陆盐沼湿地土壤剖面中碳氮磷等生源要素的季节动态变化特征及其影响因素.结果表明,内陆盐沼湿地土壤中有机碳、全氮和全磷含量与土壤深度之间存在显著负相关,在剖面中均表现为由表层向下层其含量不断减少的趋势,且具有明显的季节波动特征,除表层土壤碳氮含量随季节变化呈持续增加外,生源要素剖面分布的季节变化基本表现为先减少后增加的趋势.有机碳、全氮和全磷含量之间关系密切,且三者受土壤粒度的影响都非常显著.土壤pH值仅与土壤有机碳之间存在显著的相关关系,而对全氮和全磷含量的影响则不显著.  相似文献   

18.
The objective of this research was to study the sorption and transport of bacteriophage MS-2 (a bacterial virus) in saturated sediments under the effect of salinity and soluble organic matter (SOM). One-dimensional column experiments were conducted on washed high-purity silica sand and sandy soil. In sand column tests, increasing salinity showed distinct effect on enhancing MS-2 sorption. However, SOM decreased MS-2 sorption. Using a two-site reversible-irreversible sorption model and the double layer theory, we explained that pore-water salinity potentially compressed the theoretical thickness of double layers of MS-2 and sand, and thus increased sorption on reversible sorption sites. On irreversible sorption sites, increasing salinity reversed charges of some sand particles from negative to positive, and thus converted reversible sorption sites into irreversible sites and enhanced sorption of MS-2. SOM was able to expand the double layer thickness on reversible sites and competed with MS-2 for the same binding place on irreversible sites. In sandy soil column tests, the bonded and dissolved (natural) soil organic matters suppressed the effects of pore-water salinity and added SOM and significantly reduced MS-2 adsorption. This was explained that the bonded soil organic matter occupied a great portion of sorption sites and significantly reduced sorption sites for MS-2. In addition, the dissolved soil organic matter potentially expanded the double layer thickness of MS-2 and sandy soil on reversible sorption sites and competed with MS-2 for the same binding place.  相似文献   

19.
Andosol soils formed in volcanic ash provide key hydrological services in montane environments. To unravel the subsurface water transport and tracer mixing in these soils we conducted a detailed characterization of soil properties and analyzed a 3-year data set of sub-hourly hydrometric and weekly stable isotope data collected at three locations along a steep hillslope. A weakly developed (52–61 cm depth), highly organic andic (Ah) horizon overlaying a mineral (C) horizon was identified, both showing relatively similar properties and subsurface flow dynamics along the hillslope. Soil moisture observations in the Ah horizon showed a fast responding (few hours) “rooted” layer to a depth of 15 cm, overlying a “perched” layer that remained near saturated year-round. The formation of the latter results from the high organic matter (33–42%) and clay (29–31%) content of the Ah horizon and an abrupt hydraulic conductivity reduction in this layer with respect to the rooted layer above. Isotopic signatures revealed that water resides within this soil horizon for short periods, both at the rooted (2 weeks) and perched (4 weeks) layer. A fast soil moisture reaction during rainfall events was also observed in the C horizon, with response times similar to those in the rooted layer. These results indicate that despite the perched layer, which helps sustain the water storage of the soil, a fast vertical mobilization of water through the entire soil profile occurs during rainfall events. The latter being the result of the fast transmissivity of hydraulic potentials through the porous matrix of the Andosols, as evidenced by the exponential shape of the water retention curves of the subsequent horizons. These findings demonstrate that the hydrological behavior of volcanic ash soils resembles that of a “layered sponge,” in which vertical flow paths dominate.  相似文献   

20.
The rate of energy transfer through soils is an important factor governing the active layer (seasonal thaw layer) in polar regions. Energy is transferred through conductive and convective means, which are primarily influenced by the bulk density and water content of soils. With global temperatures changing, it becomes important to understand how soil properties influence heat transfer and active layer depths in climatically sensitive regions, such as the Antarctic Peninsula. In this study we analyzed conductive energy transfer through several soil types on Amsler Island and Cierva Point in the central region of the western Antarctic Peninsula. Active layer temperatures on Amsler Island were monitored every three hours using iButton thermistors installed at regular depth intervals down to 2 m. Soil textures were loamy to sandy with water contents between 5 and 27%. Freezing and thawing transmission rates for all soils ranged from 1.4 to 6.9 cm/day. Thermal transmission rates were fastest in sandy soils with low water contents, indicating that the large, interconnected pores of the sandy soils facilitated the quick movement of heat with water flow through the soil profile. Snow accumulation differences also played a significant role on winter thermal propagation by providing a thermal barrier between the ground surface and atmosphere. Although there was a wide range in thermal transmission among the soils, active layer depths had little variation (7.8–9.7 m). This consistency derives from the greater dependence of very thick active layers on long‐term climatic conditions rather than on soil properties. The presence of thick moss significantly slowed thermal transmission and decreased active layer thicknesses. These effects primarily are due to the high heat capacity of water and air retained within the moss, slowing thermal transmission rates, acting as a thermal buffer between atmospheric conditions and the underlying soils. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

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