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1.
自从地震复发的“时间可预报模式”（岛崎和中田，１９８０）提出以来，Ｒｅｌｄ（１９１０）的“弹性恢复理论”又引起新的研究热潮。自然界特征地震的复发行为除了有服从确定性时间可预报模式的一面外，还包含受各种随机因素影响而表现的不确定的另一面。因此，如何在时间可预报模式中考虑不确定性，是一个非常值得探索的课题。本研究的目的是探索：当历史地震资料表明一条大型走滑活动断裂带不同段落的地震复发行为总体上服从于时间可预报模式、但明显存在有不确定性时，如何利用可易于获得的资料近似“替代”难以估计的各段落在上一次地震时的位错，进而建立一个概率统计模型对各段落地震平均复发间隔和未来地震复发概率作出估计。作者通过把不确定性引入“时间可预报模式”后，将一次地震ｉ之后至下一次地震ｊ的时间间隔表示成与地震ｉ位错量大小呈正相关随机变量，并称这种带有不确定性的地震原地复发行为为“准时间可预报行为”。对走滑型断裂，一次地震时沿某断裂段的同震平均位错可用该段落地震烈度经验函数代替；假定同一断裂带不同段落具有大体相同的应变积累速率时，复发时间间隔行为可由地震后平静时间的对数与地震烈度的回归方程描述，从而在求地震平均复发间隔时无需单独估计断层的平均 相似文献
2.
为了考察中国大陆活动断裂带段破裂地震的复发行为,根据多轮回复发的地震资料定量分析了19个断裂段的地震历史．结果表明:这些断裂段的地震原地复发主要表现出:① 良好的准周期行为(约占9/19);② 时间可预报行为(约占12/19)．第1种行为的复发间隔内在不确定性为平均间隔的0.15～0.40,不同轮回事件的震级在平均震级0.5级之内变化．第2种行为的复发间隔内在不确定性大多为平均间隔的0.19～0.40,相继轮回事件的最大震级差可达1.7级．另外,少数情况下第1种行为可与第2种或者滑动可预报行为共存． 相似文献
3.
小江断裂带的破裂分段与地震潜势概率估计 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
根据历史地震资料分析了云南省东部的小江断裂带强震及大震震源的空间分布,初步划分出7个相对独立的震源段或基本破裂单元.各段历史地震的时间间隔从总体上显示出带有不确定性的时间可预报复发行为.本文初步建立起该断裂带地震时间间隔的统计模型,引入了估算各段以上一次地震大小为背景的平均复发间隔的数学方法,由此估计出该带不同大小地震的给定信度的平均复发间隔区间.进一步提出一种适合于在具有准时间可预报复发为的断裂带上进行地震潜势实时概率分析的方法,并且运用这种方法估算了小江断裂带各段1991年至2005年地震复发的条件概率和概率增益.结果表明:该断裂带的东川以南至嵩明段、澄江至华宁段未来复发强震或大震的可能性较大. 相似文献
4.
利用中国大陆11条活动断裂带的地震资料,研究了板内活动断裂带整体的地震复发行为及其与单段的地震复发行为的关系．结果表明:由多个段落组成的活动断裂带的整体地震复发表现出成丛、完全随机和差的准周期3种行为,但以稀疏成丛行为为主,不同程度地表现出活跃期与平静期的交替;丛与丛之间以及丛内地震的时间间隔、丛的持续时间、地震次数和强度均是可变的;地震复发过程是非线性的,不存在强度 时间、时间 强度的相依性．然而,单个断裂段的地震复发过程要简单得多,并主要表现出准周期和时间可预报行为．本文还进一步揭示:断裂带整体地震复发过程中的丛主要是由不同断裂段在较短时期内的破裂传染作用造成的;沿断裂带破裂传染作用的程度、方向性可因不同轮回而变化,且传染似可跳过断裂带上不破裂的空区． 相似文献
5.
时间-震级可预报模式在南北地震带分段危险性评估中的应用 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：8
为了定量评估南北地震带不同段落的长期地震危险性,引入了时间－震级可预报模式。在详细地震复发行为的基础上,沿南北地震带划分了３９个震源区。利用其中２７个震源的多轮回复发资料初步建立起时间－震级可预报统计模型。计算结果表明,不同震源的地震复发表现出较好的时间可预报行为以及相对较弱的震级可预报行为。以时间可预报模型为基础,对所有震源区未来地震的复发概率进行了估算,同时,用震级可预报模型对未来地震的震级作 相似文献
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针对中国大陆活动断裂的段破裂地震的两种主要复发行为,由历史地震资料初步建立起相应的复发间隔经验分布．结果表明:对于时间可预报复发,归一化复发间隔T/t能很好地服从对数正态分布LN（t＝0.00,2t＝0.152）;其中,T是观测的复发间隔,t是与前一次事件的大小相关的平均复发间隔．对于准周期复发,归一化复发间隔T/t服从于对数正态分布LN（q＝0.00,2q＝0.242）;其中,是不同轮回复发间隔的中位数．统计检验表明:本文得到的后一分布与环太平洋板缘特征地震的复发间隔分布（NB模型）没有显著差别;据此将它们合并,得到一个更加稳定的、准周期复发间隔的对数正态分布LN（＝0.00,2＝0.222）． 相似文献
7.
川滇地区若干活动断裂带整体的强地震复发特征研究 总被引：15，自引：0，他引：15
我们根据历史地震资料，采用统计学方法研究了川滇地区7条活动断裂带整体的强地震复发特征。结果表明，这7条断裂带的强地震复发表现出趋于随机的、随机的、以及丛集的行为，复发过程不具有良好的准周期性，也不存在强度－时间或者时间－强度的相依性。组成断裂带的强震破裂段落的数量越多，复发过程就越复杂。相对的地震活跃期与平静期交替出现。其中，活跃期内地震复发间隔分布的离散性较大，可用Weibull分布近似描述；而平静期的持续时间分布的离散性较小，可用正态等分布近似描述。不同相对活跃期的持续时间及强震的数量差别很大，导致相对活跃期并非准周期重视。因此，基于断裂带整体强震复发间隔分布的中长期危险性概率评估仍然面临一定的困难。 相似文献
8.
一次地震预报有效性的"距准误差"评价法--中短期前兆及预报效能评价之一 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2
一次地震预报有效性的评价是中短期前兆预报效能统计评分的基础。研究提出了基于误差概念的距准误差评价法(打靶模型)。以预报三要素(Ψ、λ可合为“地域”一个要素)的目标点为“准”,以准理想预报尺度围成的封闭区为“靶心”,以可容忍误差尺度为“靶径”。实际地震与目标点的距离(误差)小于准理想尺度,则地震预报击中“靶心”即为实现准理想预报(评分为1),以此向外逐渐扩大到可容忍误差尺度为止,误差超过此尺度即为“脱靶”(评分为0)。根据当前预报的实际水平,考虑了中期、短期和短临三类预报及预报震级的不同,分别给予准理想预报尺度和可容忍误差尺度的约定标准。实例证明方法有效可用。 相似文献
9.
地震的平均重复周期,可预报复发模式及其应用中的有关问题 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文评述了估算地震在原地平均重复周期的地质方法中存在的困难与问题,探讨了将平均重复周期应用于地震危险性评价中可能存在的不确定性。较详细地介绍了地震可预报复发模式的基本概念、计算公式和实例。当把活断层与地震的复发关系的定量研究与具体的可预报复发模式结合起来,可能会对地震的长期预报或危险性评价产生较好的效果。 相似文献
10.
希腊Ionian海Kefallinia转换断裂带的地震复发行为 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用历史地震资料和统计方法研究了希腊Ionian海Kefallinia转换断裂带的两条断层(Kdallinia和Lefkada)的整体强地震复发行为.研究发现,Kefallinia断层的地震复发行为表现出丛集性特征,存在时间可预测复发行为;Letkada断层的地震复发行为具有近随机性特征.不存在时间可预测及滑动可预测的复发行为.造成其地震复发行为不同的原因可能有:(a)沿Kefallinia断裂带走向,由静力触发引起的断层分段间的相互作用;(b)Lefkada断层的地震复发行为受北部和东部的断层系影响.另外,活跃期内地震复发间隔分布的分散性较大.可用韦伯(Weibull)分布近似描述;而平静期持续时间分布的分散性不够,这样的分布不便进行拟合. 相似文献
11.
Xue-Ze Wen 《地震学报(英文版)》1993,6(4):993-1004
Spatial distribution of sources of strong and large earthquakes on the Xiaojiang fault zone in eastern Yunnan is studied according
to historical earthquake data. 7 segments of relatively independent sources or basic units of rupture along the fault zone
have been identified preliminarily. On every segment, time intervals between main historical earthquakes are generally characterized
by “time-predictable” recurrence behavior with indetermination. A statistic model for the time intervals between earthquakes
of the fault zone has been preliminarily established. And a mathematical method has been introduced into this paper to reckon
average recurrence interval between earthquakes under the condition of having known the size of the last event at a specific
segment. Based on these, ranges of the average recurrence intervals given confidence have been estimated for events of various
sizes on the fault zone. Further, the author puts forward a real-time probabilistic model that is suitable to analyze seismic
potential for individual segments along a fault zone on which earthquake recurrence intervals have been characterized by quasi-time-predictable
behavior, and applies this model to calculate conditional probabilities and probability gains of earthquake recurring on the
individual segments of the Xiaojiang fault zone during the period from 1991 to 2005. As a consequence, it has shown that two
parts of this fault zone, from south of Dongchuan to Songming and from Chengjiang to Huaning, have relatively high likelihoods
for strong or large earthquake recurring in the future.
The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,15, 322–330, 1993. 相似文献
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Based on historical earthquake data, we use statistical methods to study integrated recurrence behaviors of strong earthquakes along 7 selected active fault zones in the Sichuan-Yunnan region. The results show that recurrences of strong earthquakes in the 7 fault zones display near-random, random and clustering behaviors. The recurrence processes are never quasiperiodic, and are neither strength-time nor time-strength dependent. The more independent segments for strong earthquake rupturing a fault zone has, the more complicated the corresponding recurrence process is. And relatively active periods and quiescent periods for earthquake activity occur alternatively. Within the active periods, the distribution of recurrence time intervals between earthquakes has relatively large discretion, and can be modelled well by a Weibull distribution. The time distribution of the quiescent periods has relatively small discretion, and can be approximately described by some distributions as the normal. Both the durations of the active periods and the numbers of strong earthquakes within the active periods vary obviously cycle by cycle, leading to the relatively active periods having never repeated quasi-periodically. Therefore, the probabilistic assessment for middle- and longterm seismic hazard for entireties of active fault zones based on data of historical strong earthquakes on the fault zones still faces difficulty. 相似文献
15.
Earthquake hazard in Marmara Region, Turkey 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
M. Erdik M. Demircioglu K. Sesetyan E. Durukal B. Siyahi 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2004,24(8):605-631
Earthquake hazard in the Marmara Region, Turkey has been investigated using time-independent probabilistic (simple Poissonian) and time-dependent probabilistic (renewal) models. The study culminated in hazard maps of the Marmara Region depicting peak ground acceleration (PGA) and spectral accelerations (SA)'s at 0.2 and 1 s periods corresponding to 10 and 2% probabilities of exceedance in 50 yrs. The historical seismicity, the tectonic models and the known slip rates along the faults constitute the main data used in the assignment. Based on recent findings it has been possible to provide a fault segmentation model for the Marmara Sea. For the main Marmara Fault this model essentially identifies fault segments for different structural, tectonic and geometrical features and historical earthquake occurrences. The damage distribution and pattern of the historical earthquakes have been carefully correlated with this fault segmentation model. The inter-event time period between characteristic earthquakes in these segments is consistently estimated by dividing the seismic slip estimated from the earthquake catalog by the GPS-derived slip rate of 22±3 mm/yr. The remaining segments in the eastern and southern Marmara region are also identified using recent geological, geophysical studies and historical earthquakes. The model assumes that seismic energy along the segments is released by characteristic earthquakes. For the probabilistic studies characteristic earthquake based recurrence relationships are used. Assuming normal distribution of inter-arrival times of characteristic earthquakes, the ‘mean recurrence time’, ‘covariance’ and the ‘time since last earthquake’ are developed for each segment. For the renewal model, the conditional probability for each fault segment is calculated from the mean recurrence interval of the characteristic earthquake, the elapsed time since the last major earthquake and the exposure period. The probabilities are conditional since they change as a function of the time elapsed since the last earthquake. For the background earthquake activity, a spatially smoothed seismicity is determined for each cell of a grid composed of cells of size 0.005°×0.005°. The ground motions are determined for soft rock (NEHRP B/C boundary) conditions. Western US-based attenuation relationships are utilized, since they show a good correlation with the attenuation characteristics of ground motion in the Marmara region. The possibility, that an event ruptures several fault segments (i.e. cascading), is also taken into account and investigated by two possible models of cascading. Differences between Poissonian and renewal models, and also the effect of cascading have been discussed with the help of PGA ratio maps. 相似文献
16.
本研究基于分层黏弹介质模型，考虑强震或大地震同震位错、震后黏滞松弛及主断层段震间构造应力加载三方面效应，给出1480年以来，川滇菱形块体东边界鲜水河断裂带、安宁河断裂带、则木河断裂带和小江断裂带共20个断层段由三方面效应引起的累积库仑应力变化随时间的演化，分析强震间相互作用和强震发生的应力累积背景，定性分析各断层段的地震危险性.同时，分别采用现今台网地震目录和川滇菱形块体东边界各断层段强震复发间隔两种资料，定量计算2030年各断层段的强震发生概率；并基于摩擦本构理论，将周边强震引起的库仑应力变化量作为应力扰动，修正强震发生概率的计算结果.各断层段累积库仑应力演化的结果表明，鲜水河断裂带中部八美段、色拉哈段及南部磨西段、安宁河断裂带冕宁-西昌段、小江断裂带北部巧家-东川段和南部建水段的累积库仑应力显著增加.修正的强震发生概率计算结果显示，鲜水河断裂带中部八美-色拉哈-康定一带、安宁河断裂带冕宁-西昌段、小江断裂带南部华宁-建水一带强震发生概率较高，地震危险性值得关注.本研究基于库仑应力演化计算定性分析强震危险性的同时，基于摩擦本构律理论，结合地震引起的应力扰动和强震发生背景，定量计算修正的强震发生概率，为川滇菱形块体东边界强震危险地点及中长期发震紧迫程度判定提供方法和依据. 相似文献
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通过收集、整理和分析青藏高原东北部22条断裂带上古地震定量数据,拟定了该区的地震复发概率密度函数.根据此函数对区内东昆仑断裂带东段不同段落上未来100年内强震原地复发的条件概率进行了初步研究.结果表明,该断裂带上自西向东的3个破裂段中,玛沁段和塔藏段未来20、50、100年的复发概率值介于0.76%~7.36%之间,玛曲段未来20、50年的复发概率值介于2.0%~5.26%,属于低概率事件;玛曲段未来100年的复发概率值为10.82%,属于中概率事件;整个段未来100年内至少发生一次7级以上强震的联合概率可达21.87%,属于中概率事件.考虑到概率模型的不确定性,进一步对各段进行了危险性的定性分类,综合评价认为玛沁段在未来百年内发生大震的危险性较低,玛曲段和塔藏段未来百年发生大震的危险性较高.最后将本文拟合的概率密度函数与传统通用函数计算的条件概率值进行比较,发现通用的复发概率函数随着自变量t/R的增大,因变量P的反映不如本文拟合函数的敏感. 相似文献
18.
THE ACTIVITY FEATURES OF XIADIAN FAULT ZONE REVEALED BY RONGJIABAO TRENCH AND ITS PROBABILISTIC SEISMIC HAZARD EVALUATION 
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下载免费PDF全文 The time-dependent probabilistic seismic hazard assessment of the active faults based on the quantitative study of seismo-geology has the vital practical significance for the earthquake prevention and disaster management because it describes the seismic risk of active faults by the probability of an earthquake that increases with time and the predicted magnitude. The Poisson model used in the traditional probabilistic method contradicts with the activity characteristics of the fault, so it cannot be used directly to the potential earthquake risk evaluation of the active fault where the time elapsing from the last great earthquake is relatively short. That is to say, the present Poisson model might overestimate the potential earthquake risk of the Xiadian active fault zone in North China because the elapsed time after the historical M8 earthquake that occurred in 1679 is only 341a. Thus, based on paleoearthquake study and geomorphology survey in the field, as well as integrating the data provided by the previous scientists, this paper reveals two paleo-events occurring on the Xiadian active fault zone. The first event E1 occurred in 1679 with magnitude M8 and ruptured the surface from Sanhe City of Hebei Province to Pinggu District of Beijing at about 341a BP, and the other happened in (4.89±0.68)ka BP(E2). Our research also found that the average co-seismic displacement is ~(1.4±0.1)m, and the predicted maximum magnitude of the potential earthquake is 8.0. In addition, the probabilistic seismic hazard analysis of great earthquakes for Xiadian active fault zone in the forthcoming 30a is performed based on Poisson model, Brownian time passage model(BPT), stochastic characteristic-slip model(SCS)and NB model to describe time-dependent features of the fault rupture source and its characteristic behavior. The research shows that the probability of strong earthquake in the forthcoming 30a along the Xiadian active fault zone is lower than previously thought, and the seismic hazard level estimated by Poisson model might be overestimated. This result is also helpful for the scientific earthquake potential estimation and earthquake disaster protection of the Xiadian active fault zone, and for the discussion on how to better apply the time-dependent probabilistic methods to the earthquake potential evaluation of active faults in eastern China. 相似文献
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利用区域台网地震资料, 分析了川西安宁河-则木河断裂带不同段落的现今活动习性，进而鉴别潜在大地震危险的断裂段. 文中由异常低b值的分布圈绘出凹凸体，发展和应用了由多个地震活动参数值的组合判定断裂分段活动习性的方法，尝试了利用凹凸体段的震级频度关系参数估计特征地震的平均复发间隔. 结果表明，该研究断裂带存在5个不同现今活动习性的段落. 其中，安宁河断裂的冕宁-西昌段属于高应力下的闭锁段，其核心部分为一较大尺度的凹凸体；则木河断裂的西昌-普格段则表现为低应力下的微弱活动状态. 重新定位的震源深度分布，显示出上述闭锁段和微弱活动段的断层面轮廓. 冕宁-西昌段是未来大地震的潜在危险段. 该段从最晚的1952年6.7级地震起算，至未来特征地震的平均复发间隔估值为55～67年, 未来地震的震级估值为7.0～7.5. 本研究也初步表明，同-断裂段的活动习性可随时间动态演变. 相似文献