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1.
国家重点研发计划“黑碳的农业与生活源排放对东亚气候、空气质量的影响及其气候-健康效益评估”课题的中期研究进展可归纳如下:1)针对观测和实验平台,课题组进行了针对飞机气路的重新设计和改装,加装了用于航测的大气黑碳(BC)、气溶胶光学、细颗粒物粒径谱、颗粒物组分及气体组分来源示踪相关仪器,对飞机设备进行了质量控制,并设计了针对课题研究的新飞行方案。搭建了多套源排放模拟燃烧实验平台和监测系统。2)开展了基于飞机和飞艇的针对华北、华中、长三角及山东地区的黑碳垂直廓线观测。通过空地联合观测,捕捉到了华北和华中等地跨区域的黑碳大气传输过程,探讨了传输的机制。3)组织了多次农村能源消耗调查。基于室内实验初步研究了民用燃料(煤和生物质)排放气溶胶的数浓度和单颗粒气溶胶(包括黑碳)组成、混合状态、实时演化特性。初步构建了中国民用燃煤和生物质燃烧的多污染物(包括黑碳)1 km×1 km排放清单。4)建立了黑碳的光学特性和混合特性模型。采用在线大气化学耦合模式(WRF-Chem)针对黑碳气溶胶对气象要素和边界层发展的影响进行模拟,探讨了黑碳-边界层相互作用机制对地面臭氧浓度的影响,揭示了黑碳对空气污染加剧/减弱影响的物理和化学机制。改进了地球系统模式,为后期开展黑碳气溶胶辐射效应的研究打下了坚实的技术基础。5)在北京和成都市开展了黑碳浓度对居民中不同类人群的呼吸及循环系统死亡率的影响研究,开展了黑碳浓度对居民急诊就诊人数的影响研究,分析了黑碳的健康效应。 相似文献
2.
该文介绍了单颗粒黑碳测量仪的观测原理,该仪器利用红外波段的连续激光束对黑碳粒子加热并使之燃烧,通过粒子发出的散射光信号和黑碳粒子燃烧时发出的光信号,来分析每一个黑碳粒子的特性,并通过两种信号的时间差判断黑碳粒子的混合状态。其原理有别于传统的黑碳气溶胶观测方法,可以提供单个黑碳气溶胶粒子特性信息。2009年12月使用单颗粒黑碳测量仪在天津市武清地区进行了为期近1个月的观测。结果表明:粒径为50~500 nm的气溶胶粒子中,黑碳气溶胶粒子占57.2%,平均数浓度为1504 cm-3,黑碳气溶胶粒子的平均质量浓度为8.15 μg/m3,包衣较厚的混合型黑碳气溶胶粒子占黑碳气溶胶粒子的51.5%。 相似文献
3.
黑碳气溶胶直接辐射强迫及其对中国夏季降水影响的模拟研究 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：7
利用NCAR的全球大气模式CAM3分析了黑碳气溶胶在大气顶和地表的直接辐射强迫分布及其季节变化,重点讨论了云对黑碳气溶胶直接辐射强迫的影响,以及黑碳气溶胶对中国夏季降水的影响。结果表明：黑碳气溶胶在大气顶和地表的直接辐射强迫分布范围和强度都具有明显的季节变化。有云条件下,黑碳气溶胶在大气顶产生正的直接辐射强迫,全球年平均强迫值为＋0.33 W·m－2;在地表产生负的直接辐射强迫,全球年平均强迫值为－0.56 W·m－2。晴空条件下,黑碳气溶胶在大气顶和地表的全球年平均辐射强迫值分别为＋0.21 和－0.71 W·m－2。云的存在对黑碳气溶胶的辐射强迫产生了很大的影响,使大气顶的正辐射强迫增加,地表的负辐射强迫减小。黑碳气溶胶导致夏季中国北方30°N～45°N之间区域降水明显增加;而中国长江以南地区除了海南和广西的部分城市外,降水明显减少。模拟结果表明,中国夏季近50年来经常发生的南涝北旱并非由黑碳气溶胶引起。 相似文献
4.
黑碳气溶胶能吸收从可见光到红外波段的太阳辐射,已经被部分研究认为是造成全球变暖的一个潜在因子。黑碳气溶胶既可以通过直接气候效应改变地-气系统的辐射平衡,又可以作为云凝结核或冰核改变云的微物理特性,间接影响区域或全球气候。对黑碳气溶胶的辐射强迫及其气候效应的研究现状进行总结和分析后,指出了目前黑碳气溶胶气候效应研究中存在的不确定性,并对未来的相关研究提出了一些建议。 相似文献
5.
黑碳气溶胶的气候效应和拓展的研究领域 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
黑碳气溶胶不仅是全球变暖的重要影响因子，也可能对气候系统的多个参数产生影响，如大气环流、云和降水等。随着研究的深入，与黑碳有关的研究领域已经拓展到黑碳气溶胶与碳循环和大气环流的相互作用、黑碳表面与活性气态物种间的相互作用等方面。在评述国内外有关研究新进展的基础上，展望了黑碳气溶胶未来的研究领域。 相似文献
6.
黑碳气溶胶光学厚度的全球分布及分析 总被引：11，自引：2，他引：11
利用全球气溶胶数据集GADS(Global Aerosol Data Set)计算了冬夏两季黑碳气溶胶质量浓度分布以及在波长0.55μm处的光学厚度、吸收系数和散射系数在全球的分布,并分析了原因。通过分析黑碳气溶胶复折射指数虚部、单次散射反照率、非对称因子、吸收系数、散射系数和消光系数随波长的变化,得出黑碳气溶胶的吸收系数和散射系数在小于0.5μm的短波范围内具有相同的数量级,随着波长的增大,吸收系数比散射系数大几个数量级;黑碳气溶胶对小于1μm的短波有强烈的吸收作用。另外还给出了冬夏两季南北半球及全球黑碳气溶胶平均光学厚度值、7个地区黑碳气溶胶光学厚度及质量浓度最大值,其中冬季黑碳气溶胶光学厚度的最大值为0.027 5,位于东亚地区;而质量浓度最大值为1.555μg/m3,位于西欧地区。 相似文献
7.
夏季硫酸盐和黑碳气溶胶对中国云特性的影响 总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1
利用WRF-Chem（Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry）模式研究2006年8月1日—9月1日中国区域硫酸盐和黑碳气溶胶对云特性的影响。模式验证利用了卫星和地面观测的气象要素、化学物质浓度、气溶胶光学特性和云微物理特性。模式性能评估表明该模式能较好地抓住气象要素（温度、降水、相对湿度和风速）的量级和空间分布特征。通过与地面观测和MODIS卫星数据对比发现,尽管模式模拟还存在偏差,但还是能较好模拟出气溶胶物种的地表浓度、气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）、云光学厚度（COD）、云量（CLDF）、云顶云滴有效半径（CER）和云水路径（LWP）。通过两个敏感性试验（分别增加二氧化硫和黑碳排放量至控制试验排放的3倍）与控制试验的对比发现硫酸盐比黑碳更易成为云凝结核,在中国东部云顶云滴数浓度和其它云特性参数对二氧化硫排放增加的响应均从北向南呈递增,这与地面湿度分布有关。云滴有效半径对硫酸盐气溶胶的响应符合气溶胶第一间接效应的定义,即硫酸盐气溶胶增多,云滴数浓度增加,云滴有效半径减少,但是对黑碳气溶胶的响应在各区域不尽相同。还发现黑碳对云量的影响远大于硫酸盐,主要原因是由于黑碳气溶胶直接辐射效应（对太阳光的吸收）导致的云的“燃烧”作用。 相似文献
8.
中国西部大气清洁地区黑碳气溶胶的观测研究 总被引：48，自引：2，他引：46
黑碳气溶胶是大气气溶胶中的重要成分,对可见光和红外光都具有强烈吸收作用,对气溶胶的局地及全球的气候效应有重要的贡献。本文给出了1994年7月到1995年底在瓦里关本底台进行的黑碳气溶胶观测结果,结合气象观测资料以及在我国东部地区的部分观测结果对该地区大气中的黑碳气溶胶浓度及其变化特点进行了讨论分析。瓦里关山地区的大气黑碳气溶胶月平均浓度为130～300 ng/m3,大大低于我国东部地区;该地区大气中黑碳气溶胶浓度的变化明显地与来自工业及人口集中地区的污染气团的影响有关,不同风向时的黑碳气溶胶浓度水平有明显的差异;由最大出现频数统计分析得出该地区大气黑碳气溶胶的本底浓度范围为50～120 ng/m3;冬季该地区大气黑碳气溶胶的平均浓度和本底浓度都较低,而春季较高。 相似文献
9.
黑碳气溶胶辐射强迫全球分布的模拟研究 总被引：18，自引：3，他引：15
利用一个改进的辐射传输模式,结合全球气溶胶数据集（GADS）,计算晴空条件下冬夏两季黑碳气溶胶的直接辐射强迫在对流层顶和地面的全球分布。计算结果表明,与温室气体引起的整层大气都是正的辐射强迫不同,黑碳气溶胶的辐射强迫在对流层顶为正值,而在地面的辐射强迫却是负值。作者从理论上解释了造成这种结果的原因。对北半球冬季和夏季而言,在对流层顶黑碳气溶胶的全球辐射强迫的平均值分别为0.085W/m2和0.155 W/m2,在地面则分别为-0.37 W/m2和-0.63 W/m2。虽然气溶胶的辐射强迫主要依赖于其本身的光学性质和在大气中的浓度,太阳高度角和地表反照率对黑碳气溶胶的辐射强迫会产生很大的影响。研究指出:黑碳气溶胶在对流层顶正的辐射强迫和在地面负的辐射强迫的绝对值都随太阳天顶角的余弦和地表反照率的增加线性增大;地表反照率对黑碳气溶胶辐射强迫的强度和分布都有重要影响。黑碳气溶胶的辐射强迫分布具有明显的纬度变化特征,冬夏两季的大值区都位于30°N~90°N之间,表明人类活动是造成黑碳气溶胶辐射强迫的主要原因。 相似文献
10.
通过分析北京城区2007年夏季和秋季、2008年冬季和春季4个季节PM1中硫酸盐、硝酸盐、铵盐、有机物和黑碳等气溶胶化学组成,结合对我国及全球主要区域PM10中上述气溶胶组分及矿物气溶胶组成的评估,发现因受干旱区产生的沙尘和城市逸散性粉尘的共同影响,整个亚洲大陆,尤其是我国的矿物气溶胶浓度与欧美国家城市区域气溶胶总和的平均值相当或更高。我国在重视控制PM2.5等细粒子污染的同时,不应忽视对PM2.5~PM10之间粗粒子的控制力度;北京城区春、夏、秋、冬的PM1平均质量浓度分别约为94,74,66 μg·m-3和91 μg·m-3,全年平均约为81 μg·m-3,其中有机物气溶胶约占41%,硫酸盐占16%,硝酸盐占13%,铵盐占8%,黑碳和氯化物分别占11%和3%,细矿物气溶胶约贡献7%。对于PM2.5污染的控制,关键是消减PM1中主要气溶胶粒子的排放与转化,其中对有机物的控制更为重要,尽管对于北京而言进一步污染控制的难度已经很大。从科学上来说,即使我国的控制措施能百分之百实现,也很难稳定地达到欧美国家的空气质量水平,因为我国本底矿物气溶胶的浓度较高。应进一步评估各项控制措施的适用性,并制定考虑我国人群健康状况的PM2.5空气质量标准。 相似文献
11.
秸秆燃烧对北京秋季气溶胶浓度和短波辐射影响的模拟研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用地面细颗粒物（PM2.5）浓度和气象常规观测资料、地基 AERONET观测资料、GFED生物质燃烧排放清单和大气化学—天气耦合模式WRF-Chem,模拟研究了华北地区2014年10月气象要素和大气污染物的时空演变,重点关注北京10月7～11日的一次重霾事件及其天气形势、边界层气象特征、输送路径、PM2.5及其化学成分浓度变化等特征,以及秸秆燃烧对华北和北京地区细颗粒物浓度和地面短波辐射的影响。与观测资料的对比结果显示,模式可以很好地模拟北京地区地面气象要素和PM2.5质量浓度,考虑秸秆燃烧排放源可以明显改进北京PM2.5浓度模拟的准确性,但在重度污染情况下,模式总体上低估气溶胶光学厚度和高估地面短波辐射。10月7～11日北京地区重霾事件主要是不利气象条件下人为污染物累积和区域输送造成,也受到华北地区南部秸秆燃烧的影响。河南北部、河北南部和山东西部大面积秸秆燃烧释放的气态污染物和颗粒物在南风的作用下输送至北京,秸秆燃烧对北京地区地面PM2.5、有机碳（OC）、硝酸盐、铵盐、硫酸盐和黑碳（BC）的平均贡献率分别为24.6%、36.8%、23.2%、22.6%、7.1%和19.8%,秸秆燃烧产生的气溶胶可以导致北京地面平均短波辐射最大减小超过20 W m－2,约占总气溶胶导致地表短波辐射变化的24%。 相似文献
12.
H. Evangelista J. Maldonado R. H. M. Godoi E. B. Pereira D. Koch K. Tanizaki-Fonseca R. Van Grieken M. Sampaio A. Setzer A. Alencar S. C. Gonçalves 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2007,56(3):225-238
The total extent of the atmospheric impacts associated to the aerosol black carbon (BC) emissions from South America is not
completed described. This work presents results of BC monitored during three scientific expeditions (2002, 2003 and 2004)
on board of a Brazilian oceanographic vessel Ary Rongel that covered the South–West Atlantic coast between 22–62°S. This latitudinal
band encloses major urban regions of South America and the outflow region of the SACZ (South Atlantic Convergent Zone), which
is an important mechanism of advective transport of heat, moisture, minor gases and aerosols from the South America continental
land to the Southern Atlantic Ocean. Our results showed that aerosol BC enhanced concentrations from urban/industrial origin
can be transported to the South–West Atlantic Ocean due to the migration of sub-polar fronts that frequently reach tropical/subtropical
regions. Despite the decrease of aerosol BC concentrations southwards (from ∼1,200 ng m−3 at latitude 22°S to ∼10 ng m−3 at latitude 62°S), several observed peak events were attributed to regional urban activities. Most of such events could be
explained by the use of air mass back trajectories analysis. In addition, a global model simulation is presented (Goddard
Institute for Space Studies – GISS GCM BC simulation) to explore the origins of aerosol BC in the South–West Atlantic. The
model allowed isolating the biomass emissions from South America and Africa and industrial (non-biomass) pollution from other
regions of the globe. This model suggests that the apportionment of about half of the aerosol BC at the South–West Atlantic
may derive from South American biomass burning. 相似文献
13.
An Overview of the Studies on Black Carbon and Mineral Dust Deposition in Snow and Ice Cores in East Asia 
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下载免费PDF全文 Black carbon （BC） is the most eff ective insoluble light-absorbing particulate （ILAP）, which can strongly absorb solar radiation at visible wavelengths. Once BC is deposited in snow via dry or wet process, even a small amount of BC could signifi cantly decrease snow albedo, enhance absorption of solar radiation, accelerate snow melting, and cause climate feedback. BC is considered the second most important component next to CO2 in terms of global warming. Similarly, mineral dust （MD） is another type of ILAP. So far, little attention has been paid to quantitative measurements of BC and MD deposition on snow surface in the midlatitudes of East Asia, especially over northern China. In this paper, we focus on reviewing several experiments performed for collecting and measuring scavenging BC and MD in the high Asian glaciers over the mountain range （such as the Himalayas） and in seasonal snow over northern China. Results from the surveyed literature indicate that the absorption of ILAP in seasonal snow is dominated by MD in the Qilian Mountains and by local soil dust in the Inner Mongolian region close to dust sources. The detection of BC in snow and ice cores using modern techniques has a large bias and uncertainty when the snow sample is mixed with MD. Evidence also indicates that the reduction of snow albedo by BC and MD perturbations can signifi cantly increase the net surface solar radiation, cause surface air temperature to rise, reduce snow accumulation, and accelerate snow melting. 相似文献
14.
Investigation on the direct radiative effect of fossil fuel black-carbon aerosol over China 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
Bingliang Zhuang Fei Jiang Tijian Wang Shu Li Bin Zhu 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2011,104(3-4):301-312
In China, due to lack of countrywide monitoring and coarse emission inventory of black carbon (BC) in early years, there are large uncertainties as to the estimations of its loading, direct radiative forcing (DRF) and climate response. Here, we apply an up-to-date emission inventory of BC in 2006 to investigate its loading, optical depth (AOD) at 550?nm and DRF using the coupled Regional Climate Chemistry Modeling System (RegCCMS). A state of the art air quality model (WRF/Chem) is also used to access surface BC concentration. Simulated surface concentrations of BC from these two models were compared with observations, while the AOD was compared with the results both from the Goddard Chemistry Aerosol Radiation and Transport (GOCART) model and from satellite and ground-based simulations. Results show that RegCCMS presented similar patterns and levels of annual mean-surface BC concentration to those of WRF/Chem. The regional distributions and monthly variations of RegCCMS BC were reproduced well in comparison to observations. Simulated pattern of AODs are consistent to but lower than those from satellite (Omi-0.25°) and AERONET simulations. Annual mean DRFs mainly distribute in the area with high BC loadings, with regional mean of 0.75?W?m?C2 and predicted global mean of 0.343?W?m?C2. In general, the results are about 0.4?C5 times for regional column burden, about 2 times as high for regional mean DRFs, about 1.3?C1.8 times for global mean DRFs and about 3?C4 times for AOD at 550?nm as compared to those in previous studies in China. These increasing DRFs of BC imply that its warming effect and climate response should be stronger and the DRF of total aerosols should be weaker (less negative). 相似文献
15.
Black carbon (BC) is a component of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), associated with climate, weather, air quality, and people’s health. However, studies on temporal variation of atmospheric BC concentration at background stations in China and its source area identification are lacking. In this paper, we use 2-yr BC observations from two background stations, Lin’an (LAN) and Longfengshan (LFS), to perform the investigation. The results show that the mean diurnal variation of BC has two significant peaks at LAN while different characteristics are found in the BC variation at LFS, which are probably caused by the difference in emission source contributions. Seasonal variation of monthly BC shows double peaks at LAN but a single peak at LFS. The annual mean concentrations of BC at LAN and LFS decrease by 1.63 and 0.26 μg m–3 from 2009 to 2010, respectively. The annual background concentration of BC at LAN is twice higher than that at LFS. The major source of the LAN BC is industrial emission while the source of the LFS BC is residential emission. Based on transport climatology on a 7-day timescale, LAN and LFS stations are sensitive to surface emissions respectively in belt or approximately circular area, which are dominated by summer monsoon or colder land air flows in Northwest China. In addition, we statistically analyze the BC source regions by using BC observation and FLEXible PARTicle dispersion model (FLEXPART) simulation. In summer, the source regions of BC are distributed in the northwest and south of LAN and the southwest of LFS. Low BC concentration is closely related to air mass from the sea. In winter, the source regions of BC are concentrated in the west and south of LAN and the northeast of the threshold area of stot at LFS. The cold air mass in the northwest plays an important role in the purification of atmospheric BC. On a yearly scale, sources of BC are approximately from five provinces in the northwest/southeast of LAN and the west of LFS. These findings are helpful in reducing BC emission and controlling air pollution. 相似文献
16.
黑碳气溶胶对我国区域气候影响的数值模拟 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
利用区域气候模式RegCM3模拟研究了黑碳气溶胶对我国区域气候的影响。以2000年1、4、7、10月为代表,计算分析了黑碳气溶胶的辐射强迫作用、对大气温度和降水的影响及其季节变化特征。模拟结果显示：黑碳气溶胶在大气层顶产生正的辐射强迫,在地表产生负的辐射强迫;黑碳气溶胶的加入使中国大陆地区地面温度发生明显变化,并呈现显著的季节特征,即1月大部分地区的地面温度均有升高;7月北方增温、南方降温;4月和10月地面温度的变化不明显。模拟结果也表明,黑碳气溶胶的排放使我国长江中下游等南方地区夏季降水增加,而北方部分地区降水减少。 相似文献
17.
《Climate Policy》2013,13(4):319-333
Abstract This paper discusses the results of the BEAP linear programming model that has been developed to study the optimal use of biomass and land for greenhouse gas emission reduction, notably the competition between food production, biomass production for energy and materials and afforestation. The model results suggest up to 100 EJ biomass use in case of global policies (about 20% of global primary energy use). The biomass is used for industrial and residential heating, transportation fuels and as a feedstock for plastics. In the electricity markets competing emission reduction options are more cost-effective than biomass. In case the Kyoto protocol is continued beyond 2010 the developed countries can rely in 2020–2030 on afforestation and land use change credits from developing countries, without any major use of other emission reduction strategies. However, in case of a planning perspective of more than half a century bioenergy is preferred instead of afforestation. The results indicate a limited impact on global agricultural trade, but food demand may be affected by CO2 policies. 相似文献
18.
By KRISTIN RYPDAL NATHAN RIVE TERJE K. BERNTSEN ZBIGNIEW KLIMONT TORBEN K. MIDEKSA GUNNAR MYHRE RAGNHILD B. SKEIE 《Tellus. Series B, Chemical and physical meteorology》2009,61(4):625-641
Abatement of particulate matter has traditionally been driven by health concerns rather than its role in global warming. Here we assess future abatement strategies in terms of how much they reduce the climate impact of black carbon (BC) and organic carbon (OC) from contained combustion. We develop global scenarios which take into account regional differences in climate impact, costs of abatement and ability to pay, as well as both the direct and indirect (snow-albedo) climate impact of BC and OC. To represent the climate impact, we estimate consistent region-specific values of direct and indirect global warming potential (GWP) and global temperature potential (GTP). The indirect GWP has been estimated using a physical approach and includes the effect of change in albedo from BC deposited on snow. The indirect GWP is highest in the Middle East followed by Russia, Europe and North America, while the total GWP is highest in the Middle East, Africa and South Asia. We conclude that prioritizing emission reductions in Asia represents the most cost-efficient global abatement strategy for BC because Asia is (1) responsible for a large share of total emissions, (2) has lower abatement costs compared to Europe and North America and (3) has large health cobenefits from reduced PM10 emissions. 相似文献