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雷暴云内电场探测仪及初步实验结果 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
雷暴云内的电场探空是了解雷暴电荷结构的重要手段之一。为了定量了解雷暴云内的电场分布以确定雷暴的电荷结构,本文根据强电场环境中尖端放电原理,制作了尖端放电电流传感器。该电流传感器包括两根长度均为1 m的同轴电缆和一个时间常数为0.1 s、量程±16μА的精密电流放大电路;两根同轴电缆悬空垂直于地面,相对放大电路对称布置,两个尖端的长度为5~6 cm。利用该电流传感器,同时配合温度、相对湿度、GPS等传感器,组成了雷暴云内电场综合探空仪,并于2007年夏天在甘肃平凉地区进行了初步实验。利用雷暴天气条件下的大气平均电场仪与尖端放电电流传感器进行的地面同步观测记录,得出了大气电场—尖端放电电流的拟合关系,发现负电晕放电(尖端为阴极)的阈值电场和正电晕放电阈值电场存在一定差异,且负电晕放电的阈值较低。本文认为这一差异源于正、负电晕放电机制的差异。利用气球携带的电场综合探空仪进行了探空实验,得到了一次空中电场的初步探测结果,在此基础上,对探空路径上可能存在的电荷区域进行了分析。 相似文献
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雷暴下金属尖端放电所致空间电荷层分布的数值计算 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文用一个二维时变轴对称模式,在地面金属尖端电晕放电条件下,数值计算了强雷暴下从地面至300米高度大气中电场和电荷密度的时空分布,讨论金属尖端放电对电场的抑制作用.结果指出:当初始电场为9000伏/米,气溶胶粒子浓度为10~(10)个/米~3时,电晕放电10秒后,电晕电流密度减小到初值的1/70,34秒达稳定值约为0.6×10~(-9)安/米~2,是初值的1/130.电荷密度不小于0.2×10~(-9)库/米~3的电荷层可垂直扩展到200米高度,径向扩展到80米以外.尖端高度以下有较高的电荷密度(约10~ 相似文献
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地面电晕离子对空中引雷始发过程的影响 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
利用已建立的“地面电晕离子的演化模式”对甘肃省平凉地区一次雷暴过程的空中电荷密度和环境电场的演化情况进行了模拟,发现地面尖端产生的电晕离子如果不被俘获便可在１ｍｉｎ左右内到达５００ｍ的高度上。对空中引雷火箭发射前的空中电场分析表明,引雷成功的关键除有足够长的导线以使导线两端的电场产生畸变外,另一个重要的条件是火箭－导线系统顶端能处于强的环境电场中以满足顶部流光的产生和持续传输。另外,低空较强的环境电场对火箭－导线系统下端下行流光的发展和空气间隙的击穿有重要的促进作用。一次空中引雷触发高度上的电场大于５０．０ｋＶ／ｍ,火箭－导线系统下行正流光持续传输的电场值为１９．０ｋＶ／ｍ,放电过程首先起始于火箭－导线系统下端正流光的产生。根据多年的实验资料,建议实际引雷试验时,以５００ｍ高度上的电场为参考来决定火箭的发射时刻,北方雷暴大于５０ｋＶ／ｍ,南方雷暴大于２５ｋＶ／ｍ。 相似文献
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本文用一个二维时变轴对称模式,研究雷暴下一次闪电后地面孤立金属尖端的电晕放电过程,讨论电晕放电对周围电场恢复的影响。计算结果表明,闪电后实测地面电场强度的指数型恢复是尖端电晕放电形成的空间电荷层的作用。闪电只能短时间地改变尖端附近空间电荷的极性,且这种影响随距离增加而很快衰减。 相似文献
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消雷器电晕电流的测量和理论分析 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
迄今为止,“消雷器”产生的电晕电流及其“消雷”机理尚有争论。本文利用一种“消雷器”实测电晕电流和电场强度,并根据一次闪电后地面电场恢复特征,从理论上估算了恢复时段内电晕电流密度。结果表明,即使在电场恢复到较为稳定的时刻,测量值仍比理论值约大一个量级,而理论值和地面自然尖端产生的电晕电流在量级上相当,“消雷器”产生的电晕电流不会高于自然尖端的作用。此外,“消雷器”结构（强局地表面电场、较大电晕有效面 相似文献
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采用有限电导率下的时域有限差分（FDTD）方法,分析了建筑物对地闪回击电磁环境的影响.结果发现建筑物对回击电场的影响较为明显,对磁场影响较小,建筑物高度hb=50 m时对磁场的影响不大于10%.建筑物顶部电场受自身高度的影响较大,屋顶中部的垂直电场随建筑物高度的增加而增大,水平电场随建筑物高度的增加而减小.建筑物高度为20、50和100 m时,屋顶中部的垂直电场分别约为地面处的1.3、1.7和2倍,水平电场约为地面处的0.9、0.8和0.7.电导率分别取0.001和0.1 s/m时对比发现,地表处的水平电场受电导率的影响较大,电导率越大,地表处水平电场的幅值越小,此时建筑物的存在对其影响不明显.地表以上一定高度处的水平电场则受观测点位置和建筑物的影响更加明显. 相似文献
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基于三维近地面闪电先导发展随机模式,通过改变先导初始电位和建筑物几何特性,分析各种情况下的侧击雷电发生概率,探讨侧击雷电产生原因及影响因素。结果发现:建筑物尖端电场畸变值是影响侧击雷电产生的重要参量,当下行先导靠近建筑物且传播位置低于建筑物的高度时,建筑侧面电场畸变值达到触发阈值,侧击雷电易产生;下行先导的初始电位以及建筑物几何特性（高度和宽度）是影响侧击雷电发生概率的重要因素,当下行先导初始电位在-9~-3 MV范围内,侧击雷电发生概率呈先增加后降低的趋势,当初始电位为-4.5 MV时,侧击雷电的发生概率达到峰值;当建筑物高度在50~150 m范围内,侧击雷电发生概率随着高度增加呈先增加后减少的趋势;当建筑物高度为100 m时,侧击雷电发生概率达到峰值;当建筑物宽度在30~70 m范围内,侧击雷电发生概率随建筑物宽度呈递减趋势;当建筑物宽度为30 m时,侧击雷电的发生概率达到峰值。 相似文献
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建筑物尖端周围大气电场畸变特征研究是大气电学的重要分支之一。假定建筑物为理想导体并与地面充分连接,通过有限差分法计算二维泊松方程,得出建筑物周围的电位空间分布。讨论建筑物尖端的高度、宽度以及相对位置对大气电场畸变的影响,结果表明:最大电场畸变系数λi随高度呈线性增加,且线性方程斜率随宽度增加而减小;λi随尖端位置沿建筑屋顶的中心线向两边呈对称递增趋势,此趋势随建筑物高度增加更为显著; λi随尖端宽度呈指数递减关系,且宽度对畸变系数的影响随高度增加变得尤为显著。 相似文献
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E.M. Bazelyan Yu.P. Raizer N.L. Aleksandrov F. D'Alessandro 《Atmospheric Research》2009,94(3):436-447
A simple model of a glow corona occurring near the tip of a grounded electrode in a thundercloud electric field that can be enhanced by an approaching downward leader has been studied analytically and numerically with regard to the effect of wind. We obtained an approximate expression for corona current taking into account the (i) removal of space charge from the coronating point due to ion drift and wind and (ii) image of the charge in the ground. As the wind velocity decreases to zero, the expression tends to that obtained previously in the absence of wind. It was shown analytically and numerically that, in a thundercloud electric field, even moderate wind velocities lead to hundreds of percent increase in the corona current. This current decreases with time only slightly in a steady thundercloud electric field, as opposed to the current behavior in the absence of wind. However, even strong wind is not sufficient to affect the properties of a corona intensified in the electric field of an approaching downward leader. The occurrence of wind does not affect the conditions for initiation of an upward connecting leader from grounded objects and consequently the efficiency of lightning rods of ordinary height. 相似文献
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雷暴下的电流密度测量和准稳态特性讨论 总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1
利用电场和麦克斯韦电流密度的同时测量，对雷暴下闪电间的麦克斯韦电流密度的准稳态特性进行了验证，并利用实验观测和模式计算相结合的方法，对传导电流、位移电流和电晕电流的相对重要性作了估计。 相似文献
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地面建筑物（群）对雷暴云大气电场影响的模拟研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
利用有限差分方法分析了地面建筑物(群)对雷暴云大气电场分布的影响,结果表明:①建筑物(群)的存在对周围大气电场存在较大的影响,建筑物顶部的大气电场明显强于地面,且随建筑物高度增加而增强.如建筑物的长、宽均为40 m,高度h=10、20、50、100 m时,楼顶的大气电场分别是地面(当建筑物不存在时地面相同位置)处的1.4、1.7、2.8和4.5倍.②地面建筑物(群)对地面电场存在明显的屏蔽作用,影响范围约为建筑物高度的3.5倍以内.因此,对大气电场的测量需要考虑周围建筑物(群)的影响. 相似文献
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Corona ion discharge is responsible for a flux of small ions emanating from an overhead power line capable of modifying the ambient electrical environment. The ensuing space charge can be detected as a change in magnitude of the earth's natural DC electric field at ground level. DC field mill meters were used to measure the vertical component of electric fields upwind and downwind of 132 and 400 kV power lines. Evidence of space charge blowing downwind of power lines was observed in 21 out of 22 cases. Time series measurements recorded in the downwind direction were highly variable with fields of higher magnitude compared to those recorded upwind. Model DC field profiles were used to estimate a lower limit to the space charge density at body height arising from power lines. The average lower limit was 3000 cm−3 excess unipolar charges. The result suggests that between 10% and 60% of outdoor aerosols gain excess charge by the attachment of corona ions. Downwind of a 400 kV line in Somerset that was prone to excessive corona discharge, the estimated mean lower limit excess unipolar space charge density was 6000 cm−3, suggesting that up to 100% of aerosols gain excess charge by the attachment of corona ions. Investigations into the time variation of DC electric fields around motorways and the natural diurnal variation of the earth's DC field were also undertaken and compared to the power line data. The results show that the power line time series are clearly distinguishable from typical examples of both types of field variation, demonstrating the relatively highly charged atmospheres that generally exist around high-voltage power lines. The results are of potential public health concern, because they suggest a degree of aerosol charging that may result in a non-trivial increase in lung deposition of inhaled pollutant aerosols. 相似文献
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A Field Experiment on Dust Emission by Wind Erosion in the Taklimakan Desert 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3 
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下载免费PDF全文 YANG Xinghu HE Qing ALI Mamtimin HUO Wen LIU Xinchun STRAKE Miriam 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2012,26(2):241-249
Dust emission by wind erosion in surface is a serious problem in many arid regions around the world,and it is harmful to the ecological environment,human health,and social economy.To monitor the characteristics of saltation activity and to calculate the threshold wind velocity and sediment discharge under field conditions have significance on the research of dust emission by wind erosion.Therefore,a field experiment was conducted over the flat sand in the hinterland of the Taklimakan Desert.One sampling system was installed on the flat sand surface at Tazhong,consisting of a meteorological tower with a height of 2 m,a piezoelectric saltation sensor(Sensit),and a Big Spring Number Eight(BSNE) sampler station.Occurrence of saltation activity was recorded every second using the Sensit.Each BSNE station consisted of five BSNE samplers with the lowest sampler at 0.05 m and the highest sampler at 1.0 m above the soil surface.Sediment was collected from the samplers every 24 h.It is found that saltation activity was detected for only 21.5% of the hours measured,and the longest period of saltation activity occurring continuously was not longer than 5 min under the field conditions.The threshold wind velocity was variable,its minimum value was 4.9 m s 1,the maximum value was 9.2 m s 1,and the average value was 7.0 m s 1.The threshold wind velocity presented a positive linear increase during the measurement period.The observation site had a sediment discharge of 82.1 kg m 1 over a period of 24 h.Based on hourly saltation counts,hourly sediment discharge was estimated.Overall,there was no obvious linear or other functional relationship between the hourly sediment discharge and wind velocity.The results show that the changes of sediment discharge do not quite depend on wind velocity. 相似文献
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A model is proposed to determine the electric field strength in blowing snow. To test this model, the electric field strength
was measured over an 80-day period during the Canadian Arctic Shelf Exchange Study (CASES) in 2004. The electric field strength
at 0.5 m correlates well with the difference between 10-m wind speed and a threshold wind speed, although there is a large
amount of variation between the electric fields generated during different blowing snow events. Although the model predicts
that the electric field should be proportional to particle number density, the correlation is weak. The correlation of wind
speed and electric field strength suggests that particles become charged primarily due to friction-induced temperature difference
as they impact upon the surface. The strength of the electric field is likely influenced by a large number of other factors
that are difficult to measure. However, the model predicts electric field strengths in excess of 25 kV m−1 near the surface, which would have a significant effect on particle motion. 相似文献