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1.
一个水文模型与区域气候模式耦合的数值模拟研究(英)   总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10  
在陆面过程方案中考虑精细的水文模型有助于改善对区域水文及气候的模拟。建立了一个考虑降水及入渗空间非均匀性的水文模型,并将其并入陆面过程方案BATS中。通过区域气候模式耦合模拟试验,得到如下主要结论:陆面水文的模拟对降水及入渗空间非均匀性的考虑非常敏感:考虑入渗非均匀性后,提高了径流系数,这与湿润地区水分平衡的观测结果更一致;入渗非均匀参数化方案的引入对区域水文及气候模拟的影响比降水非均匀参数化方案的引入要大:不透水面积在区域中的考虑所揭示的特征与我国北方干旱化趋势是一致的。  相似文献   

2.
一种区域气候模式地表产流方案的改进及数值试验   总被引:1,自引:8,他引:1  
丁彪  曾新民 《气象科学》2006,26(1):31-38
本文针对陆面过程模式BATS中没有水文非均匀描述的这一缺陷,将更符合物理过程实际的考虑入渗非均匀和降水非均匀的水文模型VXM并入BATS,并将此改进后的陆面过程参数化方案与MM5V3耦合。利用该区域水文气候模式模拟1990、1991和1998年夏季风气候,对模拟结果分析得知,总体上该模式的模拟能力对入渗非均匀和降水非均匀的响应是敏感的,而且考虑入渗非均匀和降水非均匀后模式的模拟能力得到了一定的提高。  相似文献   

3.
从陆面水文过程的物理机制出发,引进概率统计分布理论,推导出一种由非均匀土壤含水量及降水气候强迫所形成的次网格尺度非均匀径流率的解析表达式,从而将通常的次网格尺度地表径流的参数化方案(mosaic方法)改进为考虑网格区整体非均匀性的统计-动力参数化方案。文中用仿真模拟资料验证了该方案的可靠性与可行性,并作数值试验。结果表明,该方案切实可行。  相似文献   

4.
一个区域气候模式水文过程的改进及年尺度模拟研究   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1  
李凯  曾新民 《气象科学》2008,28(3):308-315
本文将更符合物理过程实际的考虑入渗非均匀和降水非均匀的水文模型VXM并入区域气候模式RegCM3模式,利用此区域水文气候模式分别对1988、1990、1991年3个不同气候年的水文气候进行了模拟.模拟结果表明,模式对入渗非均匀和降水非均匀的响应在年尺度上是敏感的:模式能成功模拟年平均降水及降水的年内变化,较好地再现了降水分布和大小;并入VXM模型后模式对南方径流的模拟能力得到较大的提高,模拟的年平均及年内变化与实际较为一致.结果还表明,径流机制的改进有助于改善降水模拟能力,并引起蒸发、温度等气候要素相应的变化;并入VXM模型后对模拟结果的影响更主要体现在夏季.  相似文献   

5.
陆面过程模型研究进展简介   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
在陆面与大气界面上不断进行着辐射、热量、水分和动量的交换,用于气候模拟或数值天气预报的大气环流模式需要陆面模式计算这些通量(陆面参数化).40年来,陆面模式经历了从简单和不真实的第一代陆面模式发展到更可信的第二和第三代陆面模式.第二代陆面模式包含了生物物理过程而第三代陆面模式包含了生化过程.近10年来,一些陆面模式耦合了动态植被模型和能考虑土壤水分空间非均匀性的水文模型.这些陆面模式与气候和海洋环流模型耦合能够模拟陆地生态系统对全球变化的响应.  相似文献   

6.
利用NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料,采用WRF V3模式和不同的陆面参数化方案(SLAB、NOAH、RUC、PLEX)对中国2003年夏季气温和降水进行数值模拟试验,评估其对陆面方案的敏感性,并着重分析在干旱、半干旱的西北地区以及湿润的华东地区不同陆面方案对气温和降水模拟的影响。结果表明:1)模式整体上能较好地模拟出总区域的气温场和降水场,但不同陆面方案间模拟结果存在一些差异,其中NOAH(SLAB)方案模拟结果最好(最差)。2)对子区域而言,模拟气温和降水对陆面方案均较为敏感。受气候特征的影响,华东地区气温和降水模拟对陆面方案的敏感性存在较大的差异,其中降水模拟的敏感性很高。此外,模拟的气温和降水空间分布形势在西北地区均较好,但其对陆面方案的敏感性在华东地区较高。3)模拟降水对陆面方案的敏感性要高于气温模拟。  相似文献   

7.
根系吸水过程对地表能量平衡和水循环起着重要作用,目前不同的根系吸水过程参数化方案对青藏高原陆面过程模拟的影响尚不明确,探讨相关参数化方案的影响,可以为今后建立陆面过程模式根系参数化方案提供参考。本文利用2010年6月1日至9月30日青藏高原玛曲站的观测资料作为大气强迫资料,驱动BCC_AVIM模式(北京气候中心陆面模式)引入不同的根系吸水过程参数化方案,对玛曲站2010年6月1日至9月30日时段感热通量、潜热通量、土壤温度、土壤含水量等要素进行数值模拟,分析根系吸水过程参数化方案对青藏高原地区陆面过程的影响。模式中有关根系吸水过程的参数化方案主要分为根分布模型和土壤水分对根系有效性函数两类,根分布模型用Jackson方案、Schenk方案替换,土壤水分对根系有效性函数用Li方案、LSM1.0方案、CLM4.5方案替换。对比结果表明:不同的根系吸水过程参数化方案对土壤温度、土壤含水量的模拟影响较小,对感热通量、潜热通量模拟影响较大,尤其对冠层蒸腾量模拟差异显著,相关参数化方案的变动直接影响冠层蒸腾量。两类方案模拟的差异受降水的影响,在多雨期,根分布对比方案与原模式方案模拟的感热、潜热通量间存在较大差异;在少雨期,土壤水分对根系有效性函数对比方案与原模式方案模拟的感热、潜热通量间存在较大差异。  相似文献   

8.
将任一中尺度区域的平均瞬间径流率考虑为区域平均降水量和地表土壤层水分渗透垦的余项.根据降水量在地理空间上分布的实测资料拟合其空间概率密度函数(PDF),并结合土壤入渗物理过程的数学描述及其经验公式,精确估计出地表土壤渗透率及其空间分布,由此建立区域地表径流率的统计-动力学估计方案.换言之,区域内地表产流率可视为区域平均降水量与区域平均的土壤下渗量之差值,而区域内土壤的平均下渗量又町分为非饱和区和饱和区两部分的下渗量来分别计算.就陆面水分循环的物理过程而言,地表入渗现象是在一定的下垫面特性基础上,由一定的水分供应源而形成的.根据大气降水向地表层输送水分的物理过程,在满足植被表层覆盖需水(截流水)和地表层土壤人渗水基础上,多余的降水量才会形成地表径流.凶此,推求地表产流率的主要关键在于地表土壤层需水量.为此奉文根据土壤水分通量方程推导出水分入渗公式.又从描述土壤水分和降水的空间PDF出发,推导出非均匀土壤含水量及降水气候强迫所形成的次网格尺度区域平均径流率计算公式.利用长江三角洲地区1996年降水量和土壤特性等实测资料建立区域平均地表径流率的估计公式,并对其影响凶素进行敏感性试验.结果表明,该方法与用Mosaic方法计算的区域径流率(或产流率)结果十分接近.由此可见,该文提出的降水气候强迫下非均匀地表区域平均径流的这种统计-动力参数化方案,具有相当的可靠性与可行性.  相似文献   

9.
研究了逆湿现象,针对陆面过程模式的缺陷,利用文献[1]给出的逆湿现象形成的物理模型,设计了新的陆面过程参数化方案。该新方案成功地模拟出厂发生在绿洲附近的沙漠上的逆湿现象,模拟结果与实际观测的结果相互吻合,这表明所建立的新的陆面过程参数化方案是可行的。这些结论将为今后非均匀陆面过程研究提供有益的启示。  相似文献   

10.
孙岚  吴国雄  孙菽芬 《气象学报》2000,58(2):179-193
利用陆面过程模式 SSi B与 IAP/LASG发展的 L9R1 5AGCM的耦合 1 0 a积分试验 ,研究了全球尺度大气与地表的水分和能量交换以及陆地与大气环流和气候的相互作用。模拟表明 :SSi B模式可模拟出陆地上较为真实的表面通量及其日变化 ,较好地定量描述土壤 -植被 -大气连续体系 ( SPAC)中能量和水分的传输过程。因此 ,将其引入气候模式中能够模拟出比 CTL- AGCM更合理的气候平均状态、水汽分布以及水汽输送的气候特征 ,特别是亚洲夏季风水汽输送独特的地域性 ,再现了大气环流 ,尤其是陆面气候的基本特征。并指出 ,陆面过程参数化的引进及其陆面状况的变化显著地改善了全球陆地上的水分平衡状况。利用改进的再循环降水模式 ,进一步研究了陆面过程参数化明显改进降水模拟的物理机制。指出全球陆地 ,特别是盛夏北半球干旱、半干旱地区的再循环降水率明显减小 ,与陆面上表面潜热通量的显著减小区一致 ,从而克服了许多未耦合陆面过程的 AGCMs因对地表水过程非常简单地参数化导致的普遍存在着整个陆地降水偏高 ,改善了全球陆地上的水分平衡状况。因此 ,在充分耦合的陆气环流模式中模拟的降水分布与实况接近。  相似文献   

11.
A scheme that couples a detailed building energy model, EnergyPlus, and an urban canopy model, the Town Energy Balance (TEB), is presented. Both models are well accepted and evaluated within their individual scientific communities. The coupled scheme proposes a more realistic representation of buildings and heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems, which allows a broader analysis of the two-way interactions between the energy performance of buildings and the urban climate around the buildings. The scheme can be used to evaluate the building energy models that are being developed within the urban climate community. In this study, the coupled scheme is evaluated using measurements conducted over the dense urban centre of Toulouse, France. The comparison includes electricity and natural gas energy consumption of buildings, building façade temperatures, and urban canyon air temperatures. The coupled scheme is then used to analyze the effect of different building and HVAC system configurations on building energy consumption, waste heat released from HVAC systems, and outdoor air temperatures for the case study of Toulouse. Three different energy efficiency strategies are analyzed: shading devices, economizers, and heat recovery.  相似文献   

12.
In this study, the CERES(Crop Estimation through Resource and Environment Synthesis) crop model was coupled with CLM3.5, the land module of the regional climate model RegCM4. The new coupled model was named RegCM4_CERES; and in this model, crop type was further divided into winter wheat, spring wheat, spring maize, summer maize, early rice, late rice,single rice, and other crop types based on each distribution fraction. The development of each crop sub-type was simulated by the corresponding crop model separately, with each planting and harvesting date. A simulation test using RegCM4_CERES was conducted across China from 1999 to 2008; a control test was also performed using the original RegCM4. Data on crop LAI(leaf area index), soil moisture at 10 cm depth, precipitation, and 2 m air temperature were collected to evaluate the performance of RegCM4_CERES. The evaluation provided comparison of single-station time series, regional distributions,seasonal variations, and statistical indices for RegCM4_CERES. The results revealed that the coupled model had an excellent ability to simulate the phonological changes and spatial variations in crops. The consideration of dynamic crop development in RegCM4_CERES corrected the wet bias of the original RegCM4 over North China and the cold bias over South China.However, the degree of improvement was minimal and the statistical indices for RegCM4_CERES were roughly the same as the original RegCM4.  相似文献   

13.
A terrestrial biogeochemical model (CASACNP) was coupled to a land surface model (the Common Land Model,CoLM) to simulate the dynamics of carbon substrate in soil and its limitation on soil respiration.The combined model,CoLM CASACNP,was able to predict long-term carbon sources and sinks that CoLM alone could not.The coupled model was tested using measurements of belowground respiration and surface fluxes from two forest ecosystems.The combined model simulated reasonably well the diurnal and seasonal variations of net ecosystem carbon exchange,as well as seasonal variation in the soil respiration rate of both the forest sites chosen for this study.However,the agreement between model simulations and actual measurements was poorer under dry conditions.The model should be tested against more measurements before being applied globally to investigate the feedbacks between the carbon cycle and climate change.  相似文献   

14.
沙尘输送模式的不确定性分析   总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3  
林彩燕  朱江  王自发 《大气科学》2009,33(2):232-240
利用一个远距离输送的沙尘模式估计了由于参数化过程 (干沉降速度) 和输入资料 (源强和水平风场) 的误差造成沙尘模拟的不确定性。通过对以上参数分别进行敏感性试验, 分析了模式对2002年3月15~24日期间中国东部地区两次主要沙尘过程模拟的不确定性。结果显示, 源区的潜在源强和气象水平风场的不确定性对模拟结果的影响最大, 而干沉降速度的影响相对较小。同时, 对不同区域 [西部 (<95°E)、中部 (95°E~110°E) 和东部 (>110°E)] 的潜在源强和干沉降速度参数进行敏感性试验发现, 中部区域的参数设置对模拟结果的影响最大, 而西部和东部区域的参数变化对模拟结果的影响很小。此外, 不同高度的风场影响也不一样: 地面风速影响最大, 中层的影响较小, 而高层 (约6 km高度以上) 的风场几乎没有影响。  相似文献   

15.
变分同化方法反演海气耦合模型参数的研究   总被引:1,自引:2,他引:1  
采用变分资料同化技术,结合最优控制思想,对一个海气耦合模型的模式参数和强迫项进行了反演。结果表明,采用该方法对模式进行优化,既可以补偿模式参数不准确性给预报带来的误差,又可以对模式参数本身进行修正和估计,为将来在实际应用中改善更复杂的预报模式、提高预报准确率提供了一个可借鉴的思路。  相似文献   

16.
一个热动力海冰模式的改进与实验   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
影响海冰变化的物理因素中热力和动力部分是同等重要的,但多数热动力海冰模式的热力部分考虑得较为简单。针对Hibler热动力海冰模式的不足,以1个3层热力模式为基础改进了其热力部分。比较了原模式中的零层热力模式和用于改进的3层热力模式;并应用改进前后的两种热动力模式对1983年的北极海冰进行了模拟。模拟结果表明,海冰厚度比原模式厚,季节变化减弱,海冰密集度与观测资料更为符合。  相似文献   

17.
A dynamic global vegetation model (DGVM) coupled with a land surface model (LSM) is generally initialized using a spin-up process to derive a physically-consistent initial condition. Spin-up forcing, which is the atmospheric forcing used to drive the coupled model to equilibrium solutions in the spin-up process, varies across earlier studies. In the present study, the impact of the spin-up forcing in the initialization stage on the fractional coverages (FCs) of plant functional type (PFT) in the subsequent simulation stage are assessed in seven classic climate regions by a modified Community Land Model’s Dynamic Global Vegetation Model (CLM-DGVM). Results show that the impact of spin-up forcing is considerable in all regions except the tropical rainforest climate region (TR) and the wet temperate climate region (WM). In the tropical monsoon climate region (TM), the TR and TM transition region (TR-TM), the dry temperate climate region (DM), the highland climate region (H), and the boreal forest climate region (BF), where FCs are affected by climate non-negligibly, the discrepancies in initial FCs, which represent long-term cumulative response of vegetation to different climate anomalies, are large. Moreover, the large discrepancies in initial FCs usually decay slowly because there are trees or shrubs in the five regions. The intrinsic growth timescales of FCs for tree PFTs and shrub PFTs are long, and the variation of FCs of tree PFTs or shrub PFTs can affect that of grass PFTs.  相似文献   

18.
We present a series of sensitivity studies conducted using a one-dimensional Mars model (hereafter 1D model) of the University of Helsinki (UH). The reference case was the Pathfinder simulation for the second Martian day. Pathfinder temperatures and new wind speed observations from near the surface were available for validation. The Monin–Obukhov similarity parametrization for surface-layer turbulence was tested with various forms for the stability functions, and compared with the Pathfinder observations. The Dyer–Businger (DB) forms proved appropriate in the highly turbulent daytime Martian boundary layer. An iterative surface-layer treatment was introduced; this did not significantly change the results but showed that the Obukhov length L was about –30 m during daytime and +%5 m during nighttime. The importance of including water vapour and dust in the radiative transfer was tested in the Pathfinder simulations. Water vapour seems to have a significant effect, especially on the nighttime surface temperatures, by increasing the downwelling longwave radiation. Dust acts similarly and has an even greater longwave effect. It also extinguishes solar radiation strongly, thereby damping the surface temperature cycle. The sensitivity of the diurnal surface temperature variation on various physical properties of the soil (regolith) was studied. Thermal inertia and thermal conductivity had the largest effects. The Beagle 2 Lander of the European Space Agency (ESA) landed unsuccessfully on Mars at the end of the year 2003. The selected landing site was in the Northern Hemisphere tropics where seasonal variations are small, and the landing time corresponded roughly to early spring (Ls = 330°). The expected weather conditions at the site were simulated for four approximate Martian months consisting of 60 Martian solar days each. The driving conditions for the simulations were taken from the Mars climate database.  相似文献   

19.
陆面模式CLSM的设计及性能检验II.模式检验   总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4  
陈海山  孙照渤 《大气科学》2005,29(2):272-282
利用BOREAS,HEIFE,ARME,GAME-TIPEX等大量的陆面外场观测资料,针对不同类型的陆面过程,对所发展的陆面模式CLSM的性能进行检验.模拟结果与观测资料的对比分析表明:一方面,CLSM能够对积雪变化、干旱/半干旱地区的水热交换等特殊的陆面过程进行合理的描述;另一方面,CLSM对热带雨林地区的植被-大气相互作用、高原地气交换过程同样具有很强的模拟能力.CLSM解决了陆面模式对上述特殊下垫面描述能力有限的实际问题,保证了对特殊下垫面进行合理描述的同时,又保证了对其他不同陆面状况的模拟能力.CLSM改善了陆面模式对全球范围内不同下垫面条件下的陆面过程及地-气交换过程的模拟能力.  相似文献   

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