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1.
使用中尺度数值模式(WRFV3.7.1)对发生在宁夏南部山区两次降雹天气过程的背景场特征、云宏微观结构以及云内微物理转化机制进行了数值研究。结果表明:该地区冰雹云形成的大气环境水汽含量较少,冰雹的发生主要依靠"上干下湿"的不稳定层结及午后局地加热效应。两次个例发生的环境水汽含量存在较大差异,导致两次雹云个例微物理结构演变特征不同。对数值模拟结果分析发现,宁南山区冰雹云中雪粒子含量较多,雹胚(霰粒)主要通过雪粒子转化而来。霰粒主要通过水汽凝华及碰并过冷云水增长。模拟云中冰雹形成高度相对较低,冰雹形成后主要通过收集过冷云水增长。除碰冻过冷云水外,对过饱和水汽的凝华也是雪、霰、雹粒子质量增长的一个重要来源。模拟得到该地区冰雹云中云雨自动转化过程较弱,雨水主要是通过雪、霰、雹粒子在下落过程中融化形成。雨水在下落过程中蒸发显著。 相似文献
2.
利用WRF模式,结合自动站观测资料、多普勒雷达资料和NECP再分析资料,对2018年6月13日山东中部一次冰雹天气过程的环流背景、触发和维持机制、雹云流场结构特征以及冰雹形成机制进行分析。结果表明:本次冰雹天气过程是在华北冷涡背景下,由中尺度地面辐合线触发生成的超级单体雹暴过程。降雨和下沉气流引发的地面冷池进一步增强了地面辐合;雹云顶端强辐散出流的抽吸作用是动力不稳定维持机制。WRF模式模拟的雹云具有有界弱回波、回波悬垂等超级单体特征。模拟雹云的成熟阶段0℃高度位于4km,超过40dBz的回波高度达到12km;在流场上主体为上升运动,且上升运动两侧存在上升→下沉→上升运动的转换,有利于冰雹的碰并增长。雪晶最初由过冷云水和云冰碰并生成,之后通过碰并过冷水转化为霰粒子,为冰雹生成提供了充足的雹胚。霰粒子和雹粒子在上升运动的带动下反复经过雹云中的过冷水累积带有利于自身不断增长并转化形成大冰雹。 相似文献
3.
云南一次典型降雹过程的冰雹微物理形成机理数值模拟研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
冰雹形成的微物理机理是人工防雹的重要科学依据,但对我国西南地区冰雹形成的微物理机理研究很少。利用中国科学院大气物理研究所三维冰雹分档云模式对云南2016年7月11日一次冰雹云过程进行了数值模拟研究,揭示了冰雹形成的微物理机理。此次冰雹云生成发展快,强度大,是西南山区典型夏季冰雹云。数值模拟的降水、降雹和回波强度等物理量与对应的观测量基本一致。模拟的冰雹云的最大上升气流速度达到28.7 m s?1。通过对冰雹形成的微物理过程分析研究表明,雹/霰胚的主要生成来源是通过过冷雨滴的概率冻结产生的冻滴,占95%,而冰晶碰冻雨滴产生的雹/霰胚仅占5%,这与国外和我国其他地区雹/霰胚产生的来源和冻滴所占比例有明显差别;形成的雹/霰胚直径多数集中在0.3 mm至3.0 mm范围,雹/霰胚主要通过对过冷云水的碰并过程实现增长,直径小于0.3 mm的雹/霰胚较难增长;大雨滴冻结成较大直径的雹胚,可促成短时间内形成冰雹;在雹云发展过程中存在短时的过冷雨水累积带,但过冷雨水累积带对雹/霰胚的增长贡献不大。 相似文献
4.
利用文献［１］发展的三维弹性冰雹云催化模式模拟研究了１９９７年７月８日陕西省旬邑防雹试验区出现的一块冰雹云,分析其冰雹形成的物理机制,对雹云做了高度催化试验,研究了催化防雹机制。结果表明,９７％的雹块是以冻滴为核心增长的,在云中冰雹还未形成前,于强上升气流区的适当高度催化效果较好,而在上升气流极值高度,亦是高含水量区催化效果最好。催化使霰和冻滴的浓度增加,粒子质量减小,向雹的转化比例大为降低,因此雹块的质量和浓度都减小,达到了防雹的目的。 相似文献
5.
一次冰雹云过程及其冰雹形成机制的模拟研究 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
利用常规气象资料和多普勒天气雷达资料,从天气形势和雷达回波演变特征等方面对2011年6月24日发生在洛阳嵩县的一次冰雹过程进行了分析,并利用三维弹性冰雹云催化模式对该冰雹云进行了模拟研究,分析其冰雹形成的物理机制。结果表明:本次过程在天气形势上属于下滑冷槽型。多普勒天气雷达资料上表现为单个单体的强对流风暴,最大反射率≥65 dBz,回波顶高达到14 km,降雹前垂直积分液态含水量具有明显的跃增;径向速度场上出现了大范围明显的逆风区。三维冰雹云模式对该冰雹云具有较好的模拟能力,模式模拟的最强回波与实况一致,雹云中含水量中心与强上升气流有很好的配置,在云的发展阶段,主含水量中心是强上升气流的指示。冰雹的雹胚主要来自冻滴和霰,在冰雹形成期间,冻结形成的冻滴和转化产生的霰数量上相差不大,但是冻滴向雹的转化比例却是霰的6倍,即在地面强降雹之前,雹云中的雹胚主要来源于冻滴;而冰雹的增长在前期主要靠收集过冷雨水,后期主要靠收集过冷云水;适量的冰晶、雪和丰富的过冷水的存在对雹的形成和增长极为有利。 相似文献
6.
不同云底温度雹云成雹机制及其引晶催化的数值研究 总被引：24，自引：1，他引：23
用二维准弹性冰雹云模式模拟了中国不同地区的冰雹云的成雹机制和人工引晶催化的效果,结果表明：强对流云中自然初始降水元的形成主要同云雨自动转化相关;云底温度较低的冰雹云的雹胚形成以云霰转化过程为主,暖云底的雹云则以雨霰转化为主。人工引晶的作用有三：（１）加强云中冰霰转化过程,雹胚过多争食防雹;（２）促进雨霰转化过程,使雹胚浓度增加,并且减少过冷雨滴,抑制冰雹碰冻过冷雨滴的增长;（３）使云的下部霰量增加,降低降水粒子的增长轨迹,阻碍霰雹的增长。多次催化有时比一次大剂量催化的防雹增雨效果好。 相似文献
7.
利用中尺度数值模式WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting)的数值模拟,结合NECP/FNL再分析资料、地面、探空、多普勒雷达基数据和卫星产品等观测资料,综合分析了2014年3月30日发生在贵州省西南部的一次冰雹天气过程。研究了有利于冰雹发生的环流特征和环境条件,分析了冰雹云系的发展演变特征、云微物理结构特征,初步分析了冰雹形成的云物理机制。结果表明:此次冰雹天气是典型的低压辐合线型降雹类型,地面降雹位置位于700 hPa切变线和近地面辐合线附近及南侧;发生此次冰雹过程的对流云系经历了对流云系的初生阶段、合并加强阶段、成熟降雹阶段和东移阶段。贵州地区上空对流云系的微物理结构具有混合相云特征,高层为冰晶、雪,中层为云水、霰,低层为雨水、冰雹。霰和云水是形成雨水和冰雹的主要来源,霰撞冻过冷云水和霰的自动转化是冰雹形成的主要微物理机制。 相似文献
8.
利用常规高空、地面观测资料和多普勒雷达资料,采用中尺度数值模式(WRF),对发生在浙江省的一次冰雹天气过程进行了综合分析和数值模拟,从气流、温度结构以及雹云中的各类微观物理量的时空变化分析了此次冰雹过程的宏微观演变特征及形成机制。结果表明,该次强对流天气是在大尺度动力不稳定、热力不稳定的环境场和上干下湿的不稳定层结下发生发展的,边界层中尺度辐合线作为抬升触发机制释放不稳定能量。模式模拟得到的地面累积降水和雷达反射率因子与实况基本符合;模拟的水汽辐合区、能量锋区以及雷达反射率因子高值区接近辐合线。模拟的雹云属多单体风暴,具有明显的合并发展特征;霰(雹胚)通过雪晶的碰冻过程及过冷雨滴冻结产生,后碰并增长转化形成冰雹,冰雹通过碰冻过冷水滴和碰撞收集冰雪晶快速增长,最终降落至地面。其中,雹云内的过冷雨水累积带对霰及雹的产生及增长至关重要。 相似文献
9.
冰雹云中微物理过程研究 总被引：26，自引：7，他引：19
利用三维冰雹云模式通过实例模拟研究了云中冰相物理过程,结果表明,云中粒子产生有一源地,在雹云发展阶段早期,霰、冻滴,雹和雨水的极大产生率都位于6.0 km高度附近,这里是雹胚及冰雹形成的源区,从"利益竞争"概念出发,人工防雹的催化部位应在此高度附近;粒子产生高度与其源项发生高度及主要增长方式有关,粒子产生和增长过程在云的发展不同阶段也是不同的.在冰雹形成过程中,作为雹胚的霰和冻滴主要通过撞冻过冷水增长.撞冻增长占增长量的大部分,云中存在丰富的过冷水对冰雹胚胎和冰雹形成、增长都是十分重要的.在"冰晶-过冷水-雹胚-冰雹"这一链环中,没有过冷水参与很难形成强烈降雹.通过两例雹云的对比研究,发现若雹云云底温度降低和湿度增大,由于霰撞冻过冷水尤其是撞冻过冷云水增长量大幅度提高,霰的尺度加大,提高向冰雹的转化率,使霰胚数量大大增加. 相似文献
10.
青藏高原一次冰雹强对流天气过程的诊断及雷达回波特征分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用青藏高原第三次科学实验的C波段双偏振雷达（C-POL）的观测资料、ERA-Interim 0.125°（纬度）×0.125°（经度）气象再分析资料、常规气象探空资料,对2014年7月30日午后发生在西藏那曲地区的冰雹强对流天气过程进行了天气诊断及雷达回波特征分析。结果表明:1）此次冰雹强对流过程发生在有切变线伴随的高原低涡东移过程中,低涡尾部前倾的切变线为这次冰雹的发生提供了动力、水汽条件。2）强对流天气的水汽输送主要来自从孟加拉湾、印度及尼泊尔翻越喜马拉雅山脉的水汽,强对流发生前水汽输送显著增加,低层水汽集中在400 hPa以下,有明显的辐合及垂直输送。3）那曲400 hPa以下为假相当位温随高度递减区,也是水平辐合及垂直上升运动的重合区,有明显的对流不稳定能量集聚及动力抬升条件。4）雷达回波图上可看到,此次强对流天气主要由局地新生的多个中γ尺度孤立对流单体造成,其移动路径与切变线前西南气流一致。大部分单体水平尺度不大,生命史短,但仍有部分单体强度大,生命史较长。局地气流辐合扰动会导致新的单体产生,单体的发生、发展及维持离不开低层气流辐合提供的动力条件。5）在距离高度显示图上表现出了弱单体雹云特征,雹云云顶伸展至16 km,高于夏季平原地区普遍对流云高度,但未突破对流层顶,0℃层远低于平原地区,为深厚强对流降水;强降水中心位于云团下部,即有降雹也有降水,降雹以霰粒为主;垂直方向存在强烈的入流和上升气流,悬挂回波出现在入流上升气流之上,中层辐合区的气流下沉区对应降雹区;中层辐合区与上层的高空辐散区配合导致对流风暴的垂直增长和强烈发展。 相似文献
11.
The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics. 相似文献
12.
Yuepeng PAN Mengna GU Yuexin HE Dianming WU Chunyan LIU Linlin SONG Shili TIAN Xuemei Lü Yang SUN Tao SONG Wendell W. WALTERS Xuejun LIU Nicholas A. MARTIN Qianqian ZHANG Yunting FANG Valerio FERRACCI Yuesi WANG 《大气科学进展》2020,37(9):933-938
正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on 相似文献
13.
《大气和海洋科学快报》2013,(4):227
正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. 相似文献
14.
Connections between the Eurasian teleconnection and concurrent variation of upper-level jets over East Asia 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
The variation of the East Asian jet stream(EAJS) associated with the Eurasian(EU) teleconnection pattern is investigated using 60-yr NCEP–NCAR daily reanalysis data over the period 1951–2010. The EAJS consists of three components: the polar front jet(PFJ); the plateau subtropical jet(PSJ); and the ocean subtropical jet(OSJ). Of these three jets over East Asia,the EU pattern exhibits a significant influence on the PFJ and OSJ. There is a simultaneous negative correlation between the EU pattern and the PFJ. A significant positive correlation is found between the EU pattern and the OSJ when the EU pattern leads the OSJ by about 5 days. There is no obvious correlation between the EU pattern and the PSJ. The positive EU phase is accompanied by a weakened and poleward-shifted PFJ, which coincides with an intensified OSJ. A possible mechanism for the variation of the EAJS during different EU phases is explored via analyzing the effects of 10-day high-and low-frequency eddy forcing. The zonal wind tendency due to high-frequency eddy forcing contributes to the simultaneous negative correlation between the EU pattern and the PFJ, as well as the northward/southward shift of the PFJ. High- and low-frequency eddy forcing are both responsible for the positive correlation between the EU pattern and the OSJ, but only high-frequency eddy forcing contributes to the lagged variation of the OSJ relative to the EU pattern. The negative correlation between the EU pattern and winter temperature and precipitation anomalies in China is maintained only when the PFJ and OSJ are out of phase with each other. Thus, the EAJS plays an important role in transmitting the EU signal to winter temperature and precipitation anomalies in China. 相似文献
15.
<p>PARTITION OF SEASON BASED ON MULTIELEMENTS AND THE DECADAL CHANGE OF SEASON DURATION IN CHINA</p>
<p>Using the multielements similarity measurement method and 1950–C2017 NCEP/NCAR gridded daily reanalysis datasets, we analyzed season duration in China during 1950–C2016, and we defined the element with maximum absolute sensitivity as the key impact element at each point using the sensitivity analysis method. The decadal change of season duration and its key impact element before and after 1980 were studied. The results indicated obvious meridional and zonal differences in the distribution of season duration for the 67-year average, and that the key impact element has the same distribution characteristics as season duration. In addition, complementary relationships were found between the durations of spring and summer, autumn and winter, and the cold and warm seasons. Of those, the complementary relationship between the durations of spring and summer was strongest and the regions of complementarity were numerous. The complementary regions of autumn and winter durations were found mainly in western China. In the cold and warm seasons, the complementary regions were widespread and the complementary relationship was generally weak. Comparison of the periods before and after 1980 revealed an east–Cwest difference in the interdecadal variation of season duration. Interdecadal variation in spring and summer was found concentrated in northern and western regions, while that in autumn and winter was concentrated in the western region. Areas of significant interdecadal variation of the key elements were found concentrated in northern and western regions, corresponding well with the areas of significant interdecadal variation of season duration.</p> 相似文献
16.
By using the gauged rainfall in 160 stations within mainland China and the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, the impacts of anomalous SST in Kuroshio and its extension on precipitation in Northeast China were investigated. The results show that a difference in the meridional circulation such as the East Asia/Pacific teleconnection pattern(EAP)may be responsible for the difference in rainfall between 1998 and 2010. In comparison with 1998, the anomalous meridional circulation pattern in 2010 shifted northeastward, and then the western subtropical high, the mid-latitudinal trough and the northeastern Asia blocking high also shifted northeastward, causing intensified convergence of the cold and warm air masses at the southern region and thus more rainfall in the southwestern region and less in the northwestern region. In 1998, the anomalous cyclone, one component of the meridional pattern, located at the Songhuajiang-Nengjiang River basin, resulted in more rainfall in the majority of the area. The results of observation and the model show that the difference in SSTA in Kuroshio and its extension under the background of different El Ni觡o events is the key point:(1) The anomalous warmth moved westward from the mid-Pacific to the east of the Philippine Sea during the central event, which led the heat resources shifting to the northeast in 2010; subsequently, a shift occurred to the north of the anomalous ascent and decent, followed by a warm SSTA in the region of Kuroshio's extension in 2010 and Kuroshio in 1998.(2) The warm SSTA in the Kuroshio extension causing the Rossby wave activity flux strengthened in 2010, and then the westerly jet shifted northward and extended eastward. A warm SSTA in Kuroshio and cold SSTA in its extension in 1998 caused the westerly jet to shift southward and weaken. As a result,the anomalous anticyclone and cyclone shifted northward in 2010, and the blocking high also shifted northward. 相似文献
17.
Understanding potential future influence of environmental, economic, and social drivers on land-use and sustainability is critical for guiding strategic decisions that can help nations adapt to change, anticipate opportunities, and cope with surprises. Using the Land-Use Trade-Offs (LUTO) model, we undertook a comprehensive, detailed, integrated, and quantitative scenario analysis of land-use and sustainability for Australia’s agricultural land from 2013–2050, under interacting global change and domestic policies, and considering key uncertainties. We assessed land use competition between multiple land-uses and assessed the sustainability of economic returns and ecosystem services at high spatial (1.1 km grid cells) and temporal (annual) resolution. We found substantial potential for land-use transition from agriculture to carbon plantings, environmental plantings, and biofuels cropping under certain scenarios, with impacts on the sustainability of economic returns and ecosystem services including food/fibre production, emissions abatement, water resource use, biodiversity services, and energy production. However, the type, magnitude, timing, and location of land-use responses and their impacts were highly dependent on scenario parameter assumptions including global outlook and emissions abatement effort, domestic land-use policy settings, land-use change adoption behaviour, productivity growth, and capacity constraints. With strong global abatement incentives complemented by biodiversity-focussed domestic land-use policy, land-use responses can substantially increase and diversify economic returns to land and produce a much wider range of ecosystem services such as emissions abatement, biodiversity, and energy, without major impacts on agricultural production. However, better governance is needed for managing potentially significant water resource impacts. The results have wide-ranging implications for land-use and sustainability policy and governance at global and domestic scales and can inform strategic thinking and decision-making about land-use and sustainability in Australia. A comprehensive and freely available 26 GB data pack (http://doi.org/10.4225/08/5604A2E8A00CC) provides a unique resource for further research. As similarly nuanced transformational change is also possible elsewhere, our template for comprehensive, integrated, quantitative, and high resolution scenario analysis can support other nations in strategic thinking and decision-making to prepare for an uncertain future. 相似文献
18.
19.
Characterization and source apportionment of volatile organic compounds in urban and suburban Tianjin,China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Tianjin is the third largest megacity and the fastest growth area in China, and consequently faces the problems of surface ozone and haze episodes. This study measures and characterizes volatile organic compounds(VOCs), which are ozone precursors, to identify their possible sources and evaluate their contribution to ozone formation in urban and suburban Tianjin,China during the Ha Chi(Haze in China) summer campaign in 2009. A total of 107 species of ambient VOCs were detected,and the average concentrations of VOCs at urban and suburban sites were 92 and 174 ppbv, respectively. Of those, 51 species of VOCs were extracted to analyze the possible VOC sources using positive matrix factorization. The identified sources of VOCs were significantly related to vehicular activities, which specifically contributed 60% to urban and 42% to suburban VOCs loadings in Tianjin. Industrial emission was the second most prominent source of ambient VOCs in both urban and suburban areas, although the contribution of industry in the suburban area(36%) was much higher than that at the urban area(16%). We conclude that controlling vehicle emissions should be a top priority for VOC reduction, and that fast industrialization and urbanization causes air pollution to be more complex due to the combined emission of VOCs from industry and daily life, especially in suburban areas. 相似文献
20.
气候变化对中国东部季风区水资源脆弱性的影响评价 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
将耦合暴露度、灾害风险、敏感性与抗压性的脆弱性评估模型应用于中国东部季风区水资源脆弱性评价,从水资源供需平衡角度分析了气候变化对东部季风区水资源脆弱性的影响。结果表明,2000年气候条件下,我国东部季风区接近90%的区域水资源处于中度脆弱及以上状态。其中水资源中度和高度脆弱区域约占全区的75%,极端脆弱区域接近15%。中国北方海河、黄河、淮河和辽河流域的水资源脆弱性最高。未来气候变化影响将加剧水资源脆弱性的风险,不同RCP排放情景下2030年代我国东部季风区水资源中度脆弱及以上区域面积有明显的扩大,极端脆弱区域将达到20%~25%。由于未来需水的进一步增加,中国北方水资源脆弱性的格局并未发生根本变化,而南方东南诸河等区域将面临可能发生的水危机。 相似文献