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1.
热带大气季节内振荡数值模拟对积云对流参数化方案的敏感性 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
利用中国科学院大气物理研究所大气科学和地球流体力学数值模拟国家重点实验室(LASG)的大气环流模式(SAMIL-R42L9)研究了热带大气季节内振荡(MJO)的模拟对积云对流参数化方案的敏感性,结果表明两种对流参数化方案——湿对流调整方案(MCA)和Zhang-McFarlane(1995年)方案对MJO的模拟能力有明显的差异。MCA方案较好地模拟出了MJO的基本特征,包括季节内的时间尺度和向东的传播。Zhang-McFarlane(1995年)对流方案模拟的MJO振幅非常弱,而且缺乏连续的传播特征,在MJO的演变过程中弱的低层水汽辐合使MJO难以维持和传播。两种不同的对流参数化方案产生的非绝热加热垂直廓线明显不同,Zhang-McFarlane(1995年)方案产生的非绝热加热强度在对流层各层过于一致,没有明显的最大加热层,而且平均的加热强度太弱,这是该方案难以模拟出合理的MJO的主要原因之一。因此,模式对热带大气季节内振荡的模拟能力很大程度上依赖于所使用的积云对流参数化方案,当积云参数化方案改变时模式模拟的MJO也发生明显变化,而非绝热加热廓线是对流参数化方案影响MJO模拟的一个重要影响因子。3种不同的非绝热加热垂直分布的敏感性试验表明,当最大的加热层位于对流层中低层尤其是对流层中层时,更容易产生出与观测较为接近的季节内的扰动,而当最大加热位于对流层高层时,更易于激发出西传的扰动。 相似文献
2.
WRF模式对青藏高原南坡夏季降水的模拟分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用中尺度数值模式WRF研究积云对流参数化方案、网格嵌套技术和模式分辨率对陡峭的青藏高原南坡夏季降水模拟的影响。对2006年7月青藏高原南坡地区降水的模拟分析表明:降水对积云对流参数化方案的选择很敏感,不同方案模拟的结果差异显著,采用Grell-Devenyi质量通量方案时的模拟效果优于其他方案。在此基础上,通过5种试验方案比较发现,使用积云对流参数化方案、提高模式分辨率和应用网格嵌套技术能改善降水强度和空间分布的模拟,组合使用时模拟的降水与观测资料更接近。它们均能改进风场,使得水汽的输送和辐合过程的模拟更加准确;还能影响大气的垂直加热状态,导致不同的对流发生,使垂直速度的分布趋于合理。未使用积云对流参数化方案时,大气湿度偏小,而模式分辨率和网格嵌套技术对大气湿度的影响不大。 相似文献
3.
低纬高原上中尺度模式的积云参数化方案研究 总被引：4，自引：5，他引：4
在低纬高度上的中尺度数值模式研究中，积云参数化方案的设计是极其重要的，而垂直加热廓线和增湿系数的方案设计是Kuo型积云参数化方案中两个重要的问题。本文从垂直加热廓线和增湿系数的角度设计了多种改进的Kuo型积云参数化方案进行数值试验。试验结果表明，垂直加热廓线采用位湿法，增湿系数采用指数型定义法的Kuo型改进方案较适合云南低纬高原上的中尺度数值模式；低纬高原上的增湿系数比我国东部沿海及一些平原地区要大；在改进积云参数化方案的基础上考虑低纬高原地形的影响，能进一步提高中尺度数值模式在低纬高原上的模拟效果。 相似文献
4.
众所周知,积云尺度和大尺度运动的水平和时间尺度相差甚远,因此,在较大尺度的网格点上应借助于参数化方法来描述积云尺度的运动。比如,假定对流凝结加热与潮湿空气的辐合量有关(郭晓岚1965,1974),或者假定与涡度或垂直速度成正比(李崇银1984),并且依赖确定的加热参数的垂直分布廓线。我们用李崇银(1984)的参数化方案对台风发展的数值模拟表明,加热强度参数和垂直分布廓线对模拟结果非常敏感。因此,有必要寻求其他途径或参数化方法。 相似文献
5.
IAP AGCM4.0模式对热带大气季节内振荡的模拟评估 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
基于中国科学院大气物理所大气环流模式IAP AGCM4.0总共30年(1979~2008年)的模拟结果,评估了IAP AGCM4.0模式对热带大气季节内振荡的模拟能力。分析结果表明IAP AGCM4.0模式可以在一定程度上模拟出热带大气季节内振荡的主要时空谱结构特征,在周期30~80天处存在明显的谱能量中心;模式模拟的季节内振荡东传的主要特征与观测基本一致,东移波的能量远大于西移波。基于RMM指数(All-season Real-time Multivariate MJO Index)的分析表明,模式模拟的850 h Pa和200 h Pa季节内尺度风场和对流活动在赤道地区的空间分布与观测基本一致。但与观测相比,模式模拟的热带大气季节内振荡的周期较短,东传速度快于观测,虚假的西传特征过强,对流活跃区域范围较小、强度较弱。就非绝热加热而言,模式模拟结果与再分析资料比较接近,但最大加热在印度洋和西太平洋地区出现的位相较晚。进一步分析表明,模式中影响对流触发的相对湿度阈值(RHc)的不同取值(RHc分别取为85%、90%、95%和100%),可以显著影响热带大气非绝热加热垂直廓线,从而影响模式对热带大气季节内振荡的模拟;当对流触发相对湿度阈值取为90%时,IAP AGCM4.0模式对热带大气季节内振荡模拟的能力相对最好,非绝热加热垂直廓线在不同位相的分布特征也与再分析资料最为接近。这说明模式对流参数化方案中不同参数的合适选取,可以改进模式对热带大气季节内振荡的模拟能力。 相似文献
6.
分辨率对区域气候极端事件模拟的影响 总被引：13，自引：2，他引：13
利用NCAR MM5V3对1999年6月长江流域的极端异常降水事件进行了模拟,主要研究不同水平和垂直分辨率对极端区域气候事件模拟的影响。数值模拟试验表明:模式能够模拟出极端强降水的主要分布特征;水平分辨率的提高降低了模式模拟的强降水偏差,对逐日降水变化的模拟更加合理,而垂直分辨率的提高基本上也都减小了模拟的强降水过程的偏差,改善对强降水的模拟能力;模式水平、垂直分辨率的提高在一定程度上增强了对强降水过程的模拟能力。水平分辨率的提高能够改善模式对海平面气压的模拟,而垂直分辨率的提高可以改善模式模拟的地面气温和低层环流。分辨率对中层大气环流的影响不是很敏感。不同积云对流参数化方案模拟的对流降水比率随水平分辨率的变化是不同的,Grell方案对流降水比例随分辨率的提高而增加,而Kain-Fritsch方案的结果相反。 相似文献
7.
中国热带大气季节内振荡研究进展 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
热带大气季节内振荡(包括MJO)是大气环流的重要系统,它的活动及异常既对其他系统有一定的作用,也对长期天气和短期气候有明显影响。因此,热带大气季节内振荡一直是大气科学的前沿研究课题之一。文中对近5—10年中国学者的有关研究工作及其进展做了简要回顾和综合,主要包括:(1)热带大气季节内振荡特别是MJO的动力学机制;(2)热带大气季节内振荡以及MJO的数值模拟问题,特别是大气非绝热加热廓线对模式模拟MJO的重要作用;(3)热带大气季节内振荡和MJO,特别是在赤道西太平洋地区,与ENSO的相互作用关系;(4)热带大气季节内振荡(包括MJO)及其流场形势对西太平洋台风活动的重要影响,即MJO对西北太平洋台风生成数的调制作用,以及热带大气季节内低频气旋性(LFC)和反气旋性(LFAC)流场对西太平洋台风路径的影响;(5)热带大气季节内振荡(包括MJO)的活动及异常对东亚和南亚夏季风建立、活动异常的影响,以及它们与中国降水异常的密切关系。 相似文献
8.
WRF模式中微物理和积云对流参数化方案对台风“莫拉克”模拟敏感性分析 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2
基于WRF模式,研究了不同微物理和积云对流参数化方案对0908号台风"莫拉克"的路径移动、强度变化和降水过程模拟的敏感性。结果显示,积云对流参数化方案对台风"莫拉克"的路径和强度模拟起主导作用,采用Kain-Fritsch积云对流方案模拟的72 h平均路径误差较小;降水量的模拟主要取决于微物理参数化方案,而降水分布的好坏更依赖于积云对流参数化方案,而采用Thompson微物理和Grell-Devenyi积云对流方案的试验导致累积降水极值的偏干误差较大。积云对流方案对环境场和潜热释放模拟存在差异,导致路径和强度、温度廓线和垂直运动的模拟结果不同,而微物理方案对不同相态降水粒子的垂直分布结构模拟存在差异,从而导致降水模拟的差别。此外,由不同试验构造的集合平均能减少单个成员模拟路径和降水的不确定性,特别在强降水方面能减小空报数和漏报数,提高TS评分,改善模拟效果。 相似文献
9.
高分辨率模式中积云参数化方案对模拟台风“凡亚比”的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在高水平分辨率模式(3～6 km)中,对于是否应该再使用积云参数化方案,仍存在着争论.为此,利用WRF模式,在5 km水平分辨率下,研究了不同云降水方案对一次台风过程模拟的影响,并对影响原因进行了初步探索.结果表明,即使在5 km高水平分辨率下,使用积云参数化方案仍能有效改善对台风路径的模拟,同时,成熟的混合冰相微物理方案对模拟台风路径也非常重要;对台风强度模拟,对积云参数化方案的选择较为敏感和复杂;在48 h预报时效内,只使用微物理方案模拟的降水较好,使用积云参数化方案容易产生较多的虚假降水,但能改善第3天24 h累积降水模拟.这些研究结果为利用高水平分辨率模式模拟台风和改进积云参数化方案提供一定借鉴. 相似文献
10.
各种非绝热物理过程在中尺度模式中的作用 总被引：47，自引：6，他引：41
随着中尺度模式水平分辨率的不断提高,考虑加入尽可能合理的各种非绝热物理过程极为重要。如积云参数化需包括湿下沉气流、中上层的云卷出和非降水性浅对流。显式云物理方案需同时加入含有水相和冰相的预报方程,以计入水负荷、凝结蒸发、冻结融化和凝华升华的影响。本文首先从实测角度介绍上述物理过程在产生中β尺度环流结构的作用,然后通过一些敏感性数值试验来阐述它们如何帮助成功模拟不同的中尺度对流系统。这些物理过程的相对作用取决于网格距大小或可分辨尺度垂直运动的强度。当网格距在20～50 km之间,本文特别强调积云参数化和显式云物理方案的同时使用。最后对各种非绝热物理过程的耦合以及中尺度模式的局限性作了适当讨论。 相似文献
11.
Impacts of a GCM＇s Resolution on MJO Simulation 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Long-term integrations are conducted using the Spectral Atmospheric Model （referred to as SAMIL）, which was developed in the Laboratory for Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics （LASG） in the Institute of Atmospheric Physics （IAP）, with different resolutions to inves-tigate sensitivity of the Madden-Julian Oscillation （MJO） simulations to the model＇s resolution （horizontal and vertical）. Three resolutions of the model, R15L9, R42L9 and R42L26, with identical physical processes, all produced the basic observed features of the MJO, including the spatiotemporal space-time spectra and eastward propagation. No fundamental differences among these simulations were found. This indicates that the model resolution is not a determining factor for simulating the MJO. Detailed differences among these modeling results suggest, however, that model resolution can substantially affect the simulated MJO in certain aspects. For instance, at a lower horizontal resolution, high frequency disturbances were weaker and the structures of the simulated MJO were better defined to a certain extent. A higher vertical resolution led to a more realistic spatiotemporal spectrum and spatial distribution of MJO precipitation. Meanwhile, increasing the model＇s resolution improved simulation of the climatology. However, increasing the resolution should be based on improving the cumulus parameterization scheme. 相似文献
12.
Madden-Julian Oscillations (MJO) in six integrations using an AGCM with different cumulus
parameterization schemes and resolutions are examined to investigate their impacts on the MJO simulation.
Results suggest that the MJO simulation can be affected by both resolution and cumulus parameterization,
though the latter, which determines the fundamental ability of the AGCM in simulating the MJO and the
characteristics of the simulated MJO, is more crucial than the former. Model resolution can substantially
affect the simulated MJO in certain aspects. Increasing resolution cannot improve the simulated MJO
substantially, but can significantly modulate the detailed character of the simulated MJO; meanwhile, the
impacts of resolution are dependent on the cumulus parameterization, determining the basic features of the
MJO. Changes in the resolution do not alter the nature of the simulated MJO but rather regulate the
simulation itself, which is constrained by cumulus parameterization schemes. Therefore, the vertical
resolution needs to be increased simultaneously. The vertical profile of diabatic heating may be a crucial
factor that is responsible for these different modeling results. To a large extent, it is determined by the
cumulus parameterization scheme used. 相似文献
13.
Vertical cumulus momentum transport is an important physical process in the tropical atmosphere and plays
a key role in the evolution of the tropical atmospheric system. This paper focuses on the impact of the vertical
cumulus momentum transport on Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) simulation in two global climate models (GCMs). The
Tiedtke cumulus parameterization scheme is applied to both GCMs [CAM2 and Spectral Atmospheric general circulation
Model of LASG/IAP (SAMIL)]. It is found that the MJO simulation
ability might be influenced by the vertical cumulus momentum transport through the cumulus parameterization scheme.
However, the use of vertical momentum transport in different models provides different results. In order to improve
model's MJO simulation ability, we must introduce vertical cumulus momentum transport in a more reasonable way into
models. Furthermore, the coherence of the parameterization and the underlying model also need to be considered. 相似文献
14.
Sensitivity of the Simulated Tropical Intraseasonal Oscillation to Cumulus Parameterizations 
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下载免费PDF全文 The sensitivity of the simulated tropical intraseasonal oscillation or MJO (Madden and Julian oscilla tion)to different cumulus parameterizations is studied by using an atmospheric general circulation model (GCM)-SAMIL(Spectral Atmospheric Model of IAP LASG).Results show that performance of the model in simulating the MJO alters widely when using two different cumulus parameterization schemes-the moist convective adjustment scheme(MCA)and the Zhang-McFarlane(ZM)scheme.MJO simulated by the MCA scheme was found to be more realistic than that simulated by the ZM scheme.MJO produced by the ZM scheme is too weak and shows little propagation characteristics.Weak moisture convergence at low levels simulated by the ZM scheme is not enough to maintain the structure and the eastward propagation of the oscillation.These two cumulus schemes produced different vertical structures of the heating profile.The heating profile produced by the ZM scheme is nearly uniform with height and the heating is too weak compared to that produced by the MCA,which maybe contributes greatly to the failure of simulating a reasonable MJO.Comparing the simulated MJO by these two schemes indicate that the MJO simulated by the GCM is highly sensitive to cumulus parameterizations implanted in.The diabatic heating profile plays an important role in the performance of the GCM.Three sensitivity experiments with different heating profiles are designed in which modified heating profiles peak respectively in the upper troposphere(UH), middle troposphere(MH),and lower troposphere(LH).Both the LH run and the MH run produce eastward propagating signals on the intraseasonal timescale,while it is interesting that the intraseasonal timescale signals produced by the UH run propagate westward.It indicates that a realistic intraseasonal oscillation is more prone to be excited when the maximum heating concentrates in the middle-low levels,especially in the middle levels,while westward propagating disturbances axe more prone to be produced when the maximum heating appears very high. 相似文献
15.
Sensitivity of the Simulated Tropical Intraseasonal Oscillation to Cumulus Parameterizations 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 The sensitivity of the simulated tropical intraseasonal oscillation or MJO （Madden and Julian oscillation） to different cumulus parameterizations is studied by using an atmospheric general circulation model （GCM）--SAMIL （Spectral Atmospheric Model of IAP LASG）. Results show that performance of the model in simulating the MJO alters widely when using two different cumulus parameterization schemes-the moist convective adjustment scheme （MCA） and the Zhang-McFarlane （ZM） scheme. MJO simulated by the MCA scheme was found to be more realistic than that simulated by the ZM scheme. MJO produced by the ZM scheme is too weak and shows little propagation characteristics. Weak moisture convergence at low levels simulated by the ZM scheme is not enough to maintain the structure and the eastward propagation of the oscillation. These two cumulus schemes produced different vertical structures of the heating profile. The heating profile produced by the ZM scheme is nearly uniform with height and the heating is too weak compared to that produced by the MCA, which maybe contributes greatly to the failure of simulating a reasonable MJO. Comparing the simulated MJO by these two schemes indicate that the MJO simulated by the GCM is highly sensitive to cumulus parameterizations implanted in. The diabatic heating profile plays an important role in the performance of the GCM. Three sensitivity experiments with different heating profiles are designed in which modified heating profiles peak respectively in the upper troposphere （UH）, middle troposphere （MH）, and lower troposphere （LH）. Both the LH run and the MH run produce eastward propagating signals on the intraseasonal timescale, while it is interesting that the intraseasonal timescale signals produced by the UH run propagate westward. It indicates that a realistic intraseasonal oscillation is more prone to be excited when the maximum heating concentrates in the middle-low levels, especially in the middle levels, while westward propagating disturbances 相似文献
16.
利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和中科院大气物理研究所PIAP3大气环流模式,分析了印度洋偶极子对夏季中国南海西南季风水汽输送的影响。结果表明,印度洋偶极子正位相期间夏季中国南海西南水汽输送较强,负位相期间则较弱。原因可归结为以下:正位相期间,MJO（Madden-Julian Oscillation）多活动于热带西印度洋,其向东传播受到阻碍,但经向传播明显,通常可传播至孟加拉湾地区,同时PIAP3显示印度洋季风槽位置偏北,且印尼以西过赤道气流较强,从而使得这一地区气旋性环流得到建立与加强。孟加拉湾地区对应着较强的对流活动以及深厚积云对流加热,从而通过对流加热的二级热力响应使西太平洋副热带高压位置向北推进,进而使得南海地区西南季风水汽输送得到建立与加强。在此期间孟加拉湾、中南半岛至南海地区对流活动较强,而苏门答腊沿岸对流活动受到抑制,由此增强了Reverse-Hadley环流,使低层经向风较强,进而增强了南海西南季风的水汽输送,PIAP3大气环流模式证实了Reverse-Hadley环流的增强。负位相期间,MJO多活动于热带东印度洋,在东传过程中受到Walker环流配置影响,在140°E赤道附近形成东西向非对称积云对流加热热源,其东侧Kelvin波响应加强了东风异常并配合副热带高压南缘东风压制了中国南海的西南季风水汽输送。在此期间,MJO在南海地区的经向传播较强,但经向传播常止步于南海地区15°N附近,虽携带大量水汽,但深厚积云对流强烈地消耗水汽使大气中水汽含量降低,PIAP3大气环流模式证实负位相期间深厚积云对流对水汽消耗加大,从而使得负位相期间南海地区水汽含量与正位相期间大体相近,但由于经向风不足使水汽向北输送较弱。 相似文献
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Xiaolong Jia Chongyin Li Ningfang Zhou Jian Ling 《Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans》2010,49(2-3):141-163
The Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) is simulated using an AGCM with three different cumulus parameterization schemes: a moist convective adjustment (MCA) scheme, the Zhang–McFarlane (ZM) mass-flux scheme, and the Tiedtke scheme. Results show that the simulated MJO is highly dependent on the cumulus parameterization used. Among the three cumulus parameterizations, only the MCA scheme produces MJO features similar to observations, including the reasonable spatial distribution, intraseasonal time scales and eastward propagation. Meanwhile, the amplitude is too large and the eastward propagation speed too fast than observations and the relationship between precipitation and low-level wind anomaly is unrealistic with enhanced convection occurring within easterly anomalies instead of westerly anomalies as in observations. The over-dependence of precipitation on boundary convergence produced by the MCA scheme is presumably responsible for this unrealistic phase relation in the simulation. The other two schemes produce very poor simulations of the MJO: spectral power of westward propagation is larger than that of eastward propagation in zonal wind and precipitation, indicating a westward propagation of the intraseasonal variability.The mean state and vertical profile of diabatic heating are perhaps responsible for the differences in these simulations. The MCA scheme produces relatively realistic climate background. When either ZM or Tiedtke scheme is used, the observed extension of westerly winds from the western Pacific to the dateline is missing and precipitation over the equatorial region and SPCZ is dramatically underestimated. In addition, diabatic heating produced by both ZM and Tiedtke schemes are very weak and nearly uniform with height. The heating profile produced by the MCA scheme has a middle-heavy structure with much larger magnitude than those produced by the other two schemes. In addition, a very unrealistic boundary layer heating maximum produced by the MCA scheme induces too strong surface convergence, which perhaps contributes to the too strong intraseasonal variability in the simulation. 相似文献
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采用一种基于降水异常追踪MJO（Madden–Julian Oscillation）东传的MJO识别方法（MJO Tracking）评估了参与MJOTF/GASS（MJO Task Force/Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment Atmospheric System Study）全球模式比较计划的全海气耦合模式（CNRM-CM）、半海气耦合模式（CNRM-ACM）和大气模式（CNRM-AM）1991～2010年模拟MJO的能力,探究了海气耦合过程对模式模拟MJO能力的影响机理。CNRM-CM模式模拟的MJO结构更加接近观测,该模式不仅具有最高的MJO生成频率,也能够模拟较强的MJO强度以及较远的传播距离。海气耦合过程会造成CNRM-CM和CNRM-ACM模式中印度洋—太平洋暖池区域海温气候态的冷偏差。但是这种海温气候态的偏差基本没有改变模式模拟MJO的能力。CNRM-CM中MJO对流中心东（西）侧存在较强的季节内尺度海温暖（冷）异常,纬向梯度明显,而CNRM-ACM和CNRM-AM中不存在这样的海温东西不对称结构。结果表明在CNRM模式中海气耦合过程调控模式海温季节内尺度变率对模式MJO模拟能力的影响比调控模式海温气候态更加重要。 相似文献
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Atmosphere-ocean interaction, particular the ocean response to strong atmospheric forcing, is a fundamental component of the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO). In this paper, we examine how model errors in previous Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) events can affect the simulation of subsequent MJO events due to increased errors that develop in the upper-ocean before the MJO initiation stage. Two fully coupled numerical simulations with 45-km and 27-km horizontal resolutions were integrated for a two-month period from November to December 2011 using the Navy’s limited area Coupled Ocean/Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS®). There are three MJO events that occurred subsequently in early November, mid-November, and mid-December during the simulations. The 45-km simulation shows an excessive warming of the SSTs during the suppressed phase that occurs before the initiation of the second MJO event due to erroneously strong surface net heat fluxes. The simulated second MJO event stalls over the Maritime Continent which prevents the recovery of the deep mixed layer and associated barrier layer. Cross-wavelet analysis of solar radiation and SSTs reveals that the diurnal warming is absent during the second suppressed phase after the second MJO event. The mixed layer heat budget indicates that the cooling is primarily caused by horizontal advection associated with the stalling of the second MJO event and the cool SSTs fail to initiate the third MJO event. When the horizontal resolution is increased to 27-km, three MJOs are simulated and compare well with observations on multi-month timescales. The higher-resolution simulation of the second MJO event and more-realistic upper-ocean response promote the onset of the third MJO event. Simulations performed with analyzed SSTs indicate that the stalling of the second MJO in the 45-km run is a robust feature, regardless of ocean forcing, while the diurnal cycle analysis indicates that both 45-km and 27-km ocean resolutions respond realistically when provided with realistic atmospheric forcing. Thus, the problem in the 45-km simulation appears to originate in the atmosphere. Additional simulations show that while the details of the simulations are sensitive to small changes in the initial integration time, the large differences between the 45-km and 27-km runs during the suppressed phase in early December are robust. 相似文献
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The Grid-point Atmospheric Model of IAP LASG version 2 (GAMIL2) has
been developed through upgrading the deep convection parameterization, cumulus
cloud fraction and two-moment cloud microphysical scheme, as well as changing
some of the large uncertain parameters. In this paper, its performance is
evaluated, and the results suggest that there are some significant improvements
in GAMIL2 compared to the previous version GAMIL1, for example, the components
of the energy budget at the top of atmosphere (TOA) and surface; the geographic
distribution of shortwave cloud radiative forcing (SWCF); the ratio of
stratiform versus total rainfall; the response of atmospheric circulation to
the tropical ocean; and the eastward propagation and spatiotemporal structures
of the Madden Julian Oscillation (MJO). Furthermore, the indirect aerosols
effect (IAE) is -0.94 W m-2, within the range of 0 to -2 W m-2
given by the IPCC 4th Assessment Report (2007). The influence of uncertain
parameters on the MJO and radiation fluxes is also discussed. 相似文献