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1.
陈涛  孙军  谌芸  郭云谦  徐珺 《气象》2019,45(9):1199-1212
2017年5月6日夜间至7日上午广州地区发生局地特大暴雨,分析表明对流触发与珠江口地区边界层南风增强等因素有密切关系。数值模式预报检验表明,ECMWF集合预报的强降水预报成员在初始条件上具有更显著的辐合上升、水汽和不稳定性条件,而GRAPES区域模式对6日20时初始场分析以及对边界层南风增强过程的预报都更为准确。集合敏感性分析表明,降水预报高敏感区分布与江南地区高压、南海高压以及华南低槽等关键天气系统的相对强度和位置有密切关系;降水对温度的预报敏感区主要位于关键区边界层内,近地面层到边界层底部温度越高、边界层顶越冷,越有利于对流不稳定性增强,有利于关键区内对流发展。通过3组探空预报试验分析了对流尺度降水预报关于初值热扰动、低层风场扰动和降水物理方案的敏感性,结果表明在特定环境条件下,与低层风场扰动试验组对比,降水预报对于初始热力扰动更为敏感;降水微物理方案预报试验表明,在小成员数的集合预报中物理方案扰动能够有效增大预报离散度。以上结果表明,分析对流尺度集合预报中各类初值扰动、物理扰动导致的预报变化和预报敏感性,能够更为全面地估计暖季中小尺度强降水事件的可预报性。  相似文献   

2.
基于雷达资料快速刷新四维变分同化(RR4DVar)初始化的三维数值云模式,利用京津冀6部新一代多普勒天气雷达和区域自动气象站观测资料,针对2013年7月4日出现在京津冀平原地区的中尺度对流系统(MCS),开展了数值临近预报试验。研究结果表明,充分考虑雷达观测信息的对流尺度数值临近预报具有很大的优势,但也存在不足:(1)模式能够较好地把握中尺度对流系统的组织发展和移动演变特征,对风暴回波带的走向和尺度特征有较好的预报,但对强回波的强度和位置预报存在一定偏差;(2)模式预报可以反映风暴系统的中小尺度扰动特征,对风暴冷池和出流边界(阵风锋)的发展变化均有较为合理的预报;(3)模式对强降水中心和雨带位置的预报有很大优势,能较好地预报弱降水雨带的分布形势和雨量,但对强降水落区的预报偏大;(4)模式对风暴造成的对流性强降水的预报准确率较高,对0.5—10 mm阈值的降水范围预报偏差比较合理,对10 mm以上降水范围的预报偏大,但是对弱降水风暴的弱回波较强回波的预报性能要好;(5)由于三维数值云模式对京津冀复杂地形的处理不够完善,对山前风场预报偏差较大,造成对山前风暴的发展演变和山前降水的预报偏差较大。  相似文献   

3.
基于增长模繁殖法,考虑对流尺度高度非线性特征和精细化预报要求,对一次强飑线天气过程进行了集合预报试验,引入概率匹配平均法对集合预报结果进行对比分析,并通过偏差和公平技巧评分对降水进行了预报效果检验。试验结果表明,BGM法应用到对流尺度集合预报中能够生成代表大气不确定性的快速增长扰动。集合预报结果相比控制预报更加准确,传统集合平均对较小降水强度的预报更加准确,概率匹配平均法对大量级降水的预报能力明显占优。降水评分检验表明,集合平均对小量级降水的预报技巧最高,概率匹配平均法对极端降水事件的预报技巧有明显优势。对流尺度集合预报能够提高降水预报技巧,并对高影响对流天气事件的预报有指导意义。  相似文献   

4.
中尺度降水集合预报随机参数扰动方法敏感性试验   总被引:6,自引:2,他引:4  
中尺度降水模式预报具有很大的不确定性,为更好地描述与模式降水预报密切相关的物理过程关键参数的不确定性,基于中国气象局GRAPES(Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System)中尺度区域集合预报模式,从对模式降水预报不确定性有较大影响的积云对流、云微物理、边界层及近地面层等4个参数化方案中选取了18个关键参数,设计了一种随机参数扰动方案(Stochastically Perturbed Parameterization,SPP),并通过2015年6—7月总计10 d的随机扰动集合预报试验,对比分析了SPP方案对不同物理过程参数扰动敏感性、随机场时、空尺度敏感性、能量变化特征及其集合预报效果。结果显示,对所选择的任一物理过程参数化方案增加SPP扰动后,降水及等压面要素的概率预报技巧优于无SPP扰动的预报,而扰动积云对流和边界层过程中的参数较扰动云微物理过程中的参数影响更显著,且同时扰动积云对流、云微物理、边界层及近地面层参数化方案中的18个参数的集合预报效果优于扰动任何单一物理过程中的部分参数,表明SPP方案能够有效地提高中尺度降水概率预报技巧;从能量变化特征可知,不同物理过程的参数扰动对动能、内能和总能量的影响层次和特征有所不同,但总体而言,扰动前后各项能量基本相同;随机场时、空尺度敏感性试验发现,SPP扰动随机场时间、空间相关尺度对集合预报效果有明显影响,当扰动随机场选用12 h抗相关时间及截断波数20时,集合预报结果最优。上述结果表明,SPP随机参数扰动方案不仅能够有效提高集合概率预报效果,还能够提高集合降水概率预报技巧,具有良好的业务应用与发展前景。   相似文献   

5.
聂皓浩  刘奇俊  马占山 《气象》2016,42(12):1431-1444
利用高分辨率GRAPES—Meso中双参数云微物理方案,对我国两次强降水过程进行数值模拟,并与模式中WSM6和NCEP5方案进行对比分析,结合多种观测资料,诊断评估方案的预报性能.同时研究伴随强对流性降水中的关键云物理过程。个例研究表明,对流发展旺盛的云团中,冰相粒子尤其是霰粒子对对流的发展与降水起着主导作用,霰的融化是强降水的主要来源,而周围的层状云区域霰粒子的分布极少,主要受雪的融化与暖云降水的影n向。双参数方案模拟的雨带走向、范围和降水强度与实况拟合较好,同时在对流单体的最大回波高度与强度、冰晶的分布与云砧结构等方面也具有一定优势,但冰晶含量和回波顶高度略低于观测,这都为双参数方案的优化与业务应用提供重要的支持。  相似文献   

6.
利用地面加密自动站、常规观测资料、NCEP再分析资料和两种模式产品,对发生在宜昌峡谷地区2016年7月7日局地极端短时强降水过程和2018年4月22日稳定性极端降水过程形成原因及模式预报性能进行检验分析。结果表明:(1)强的块状回波稳定少动,造成7月7日高效率的对流降水。4月22日降水既有沿山中尺度对流回波造成的对流降水,也有螺旋状涡旋回波形成的锋面层状云降水。(2)山谷风形成中尺度切变线,触发对流,中尺度切变线发展为中尺度涡旋使对流加强是极端短时降水形成的主要原因。(3)地形强迫抬升使对流降水强度明显增大,锋面层状云回波受地形阻挡影响长时间维持是稳定性极端降水形成主要原因。(4)地形相差大的地区模式预报性能差异较大,模式对复杂地形下的对流降水预报偏弱,导致系统强度出现差异,进而影响降水强度预报。  相似文献   

7.
2017年广州“5·7”暖区特大暴雨的中尺度系统和可预报性   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
2017年5月7日广州发生了特大暴雨,各家确定性业务预报模式均漏报了此次过程。本文利用常规观测资料和广州天气雷达资料对此次暖区特大暴雨过程的天气尺度背景、中尺度系统演变和可预报性进行了详细分析,同时通过分析ECMWF集合预报中成功预报出广州周边地区出现局地强降水与预报了弱降水的成员间的差异,探讨影响本次大暴雨发生的关键触发因子。结果表明:2017年“5·7”大暴雨的环境条件和动力强迫较弱,在弱风场环境下,冷高压后部东南风或偏南风回流,经过城市热岛区域,转为偏暖气流,与山坡下滑冷气流在山前一带形成的水平风场辐合,结合山前强水平温度梯度,共同触发了初生对流单体。其后,雷暴出流和边界层暖湿气流形成的辐合线又触发新生单体,并使已减弱的降水单体重新加强产生第二阶段强降水。前两个阶段的局地特大暴雨分别是由稳定少动的块状强回波单体发展到嵌有中涡旋的强单体和较长生命史的弱HP型超级单体造成的,第三阶段的大暴雨是由向南传播合并新生单体并随短波槽东移的带状回波造成;三个阶段成熟回波垂直结构上均呈低质心暖云降水的特点。由ECMWF集合预报成功预报出局地强降水与弱降水成员之间的差异可见,加强的温度梯度及地面风场辐合可能是本次局地强降水的重要触发因子。短期时效内数值模式难以做出暖区尤其是弱风场环境下暴雨以上降水预报,目前的监测和短时临近预警是主要手段。  相似文献   

8.
胡宁  符娇兰  汪会 《气象》2020,46(8):1026-1038
2015年5月19—20日,华南出现一次暴雨过程。检验表明欧洲中期天气预报中心全球确定性预报模式(以下简称EC模式)预报的20日强降水落区在广东境内较实况明显偏北,高估了天气尺度系统附近的降水强度,漏报了其南侧暖区内中尺度对流系统(mesoscale convective system,MCS)造成的降水,华东中尺度模式预报明显优于EC模式。利用高分辨率中尺度天气研究预报模式(以下简称WRF模式)对该暴雨过程进行了模拟,对比EC模式降水物理过程,初步探索了EC模式降水预报误差的成因,结果表明:20日位于广东暖区内的对流组织发展成MCS,并造成明显的低层冷池出流和中高层潜热加热,二者共同作用使得中低层气旋式环流在广东中东部发展,配合其南侧的强西南风水汽输送,在气旋式切变附近不断触发新的对流并南移使得广东中南部暖区内出现强降水,WRF模式能较好地模拟出该过程,而EC模式未能预报出暖区对流及其反馈,从而导致其漏报了广东中南部的强降水;EC模式预报的降水与天气尺度环流之间的正反馈进一步加大了降水的预报偏差。EC模式预报的20日白天的强降水主要位于华南北部切变线附近,且以层状云降水为主,降水产生的潜热使得对流层低层切变线附近减压更明显,预报的切变线辐合较分析场明显偏强,使得其预报的切变线附近降水较实况偏强。  相似文献   

9.
对一次局地短时强降水过程的集合预报研究   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
以上海区域降水集合预报系统为基础,对2007年6月23~24日发生在上海地区的一次短时强降水过程进行了集合预报研究。结果表明:该集合预报系统总体上对这次强降水过程作出了较好的预报,但对强降水发生的时间、地点的预报还有误差,集合预报提供的概率预报结果比集合平均预报结果更具有参考价值。模式物理过程、初值和侧边界的不确定性对降水预报结果的影响是不同的。对降水结果,模式对流参数化方案的影响非常大,并贯穿于整个积分过程;边界层参数化方案的影响较小;侧边界不确定性的影响在初始阶段较小,随后逐渐增大,积分一定时间后,其影响与对流参数化方案的影响相当;初值不确定性在初始阶段有一定的影响,随后逐渐减小。同时考虑3种不确定性的集合预报效果总体上好于没有考虑侧边界不确定性的集合预报效果,考虑模式物理过程和侧边界不确定性的集合预报效果总体上比考虑3种不确定性的集合预报效果更好。对于考虑模式物理过程和侧边界不确定性的集合预报,改进初值能有效地改进对有无降水的预报,但对强度稍大一些的降水预报没有改进。  相似文献   

10.
利用新一代多普勒天气雷达资料及国家、区域自动站和常规高空地面资料,分析了2008-2013年河南省9次区域暴雨回波系统的形态、结构特征、移动特点和降水强度等,分析了区域暴雨过程中中γ尺度对流系统的降水特征。结果表明:1)河南区域暴雨落区主要位于高空槽前和副高西北侧、中低层切变线之间、低涡东南侧、低空急流左前侧,以及地面倒槽或气旋顶部偏北到偏东气流中。2)从新一代雷达监测产品来看,河南省区域暴雨主要有积云降水、积层混合降水和层状云降水三种回波类型,其中混合降水包括以积云为主的混合降水和以层云为主的混合降水,是河南省区域暴雨的主要回波类型。3)降水强度与回波类型、结构特征、移动特点等均有关系,特别是≥50 mm/h的短时强降水与γ中尺度对流系统密切相关,强降水超级单体可造成局地50 mm/h以上的强降水,并多伴有雷暴大风、龙卷等剧烈对流天气。一般情况下,积云降水强度最大,混合降水次之,层云降水强度最小。综合分析来看,雨强与回波强度比与回波性质有更好的相关性。≥50 mm/h的强降水多由强降水超级单体和因辐合、气旋、后向传播等使回波加强、合并、发展旺盛的准静止状态的50~60 d Bz的强积云降水回波产生;≥20 mm/h强降水多由积层混合降水中≥45 d Bz的积云回波产生。10 mm/h以上的降水落区和≥40 d Bz的较强回波有很好的对应关系;40 d Bz的层云回波降水强度通常在10 mm/h以下。  相似文献   

11.
Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.  相似文献   

12.
The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.  相似文献   

13.
The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.  相似文献   

14.
正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.  相似文献   

15.
Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.  相似文献   

16.
Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.  相似文献   

17.
Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.  相似文献   

18.
Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.  相似文献   

19.
The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.  相似文献   

20.
正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on  相似文献   

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