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1.
Microphysical Effects of Cloud Seeding in Supercooled Stratiform Clouds Observed from NOAA Satellite
Based on the satellite retrieval methodology, the spectral characteristics and cloud microphysical properties were analyzed that included brightness temperatures of Channels 4 and 5, and their brightness temperature difference (BTD), the particle effective radius of seeded cloud track caused by an operational cloud seeding and the microphysical effects of cloud seeding were revealed by the comparisons of their differences inside and outside the seeded track. The cloud track was actually a cloud channel reaching 1.5-km deep and 14-km wide lasting for more than 80 min. The effective radius of ambient clouds was 10-15μm, while that within the cloud track ranged from 15 to 26μm. The ambient clouds were composed of supercooled droplets, and the composition of the cloud within the seeding track was ice. With respect to the rather stable reflectance of two ambient sides around the track, the visible spectral reflectance in the cloud track varied at least 10%, and reached a maximum of 35%, the reflectance of 3.7μm in the seeded track relatively decreased at least 10%. As cloud seeding advanced, the width and depth were gradually increased. Simultaneously the cloud top temperature within the track became progressively warmer with respect to the ambient clouds, and the maximum temperature differences reached 4.2 and 3.9℃at the first seeding position for Channels 4 and 5. In addition, the BTD in the track also increased steadily to a maximum of 1.4℃, compared with 0.2-0.4℃of the ambient clouds. The evidence that the seeded cloud became thinner comes from the visible image showing a channel, the warming of the cloud tops, and the increase of BTD in the seeded track. The seeded cloud became thinner mainly because the cloud top descended and it lost water to precipitation throughout its depth. For this cloud seeding case, the glaciation became apparent at cloud tops about 22 min after seeding. The formation of a cloud track in the supercooled stratiform clouds was mainly because that the seeded cloud volume glaciated into ice hydrometeors that precipitated and so lowered cloud top height. A thin line of new water clouds formed in the middle of the seeded track between 38 and 63 min after seeding, probably as a result of rising motion induced by the released latent heat of freezing. These clouds disappeared in the earlier segments of the seeded track, which suggested that the maturation of the seeding track was associated with its narrowing and eventual dissipation due to expansion of the tops of the ambient clouds from the sides inward. 相似文献
2.
In this research,a novel dual-model system,one-dimensional stratiform cold cloud model(1DSC) coupled to Weather Research and Forecast(WRF) model(WRF-1DSC for short),was employed to investigate the effects of cloud seeding by silver iodide(AgI) on rain enhancement.Driven by changing environmental conditions extracted from the WRF model,WRF-1DSC could be used to assess the cloud seeding effects quantitatively.The employment of WRF-1DSC,in place of a one-dimensional two-moment cloud seeding model applied to a three-dimensional mesoscale cloud-resolving model,was found to result in massive reduction of computational resources.Numerical experiments with WRF-1DSC were conducted for a real stratiform precipitation event observed on 4-5 July 2004,in Northeast China.A good agreement between the observed and modeled cloud system ensured the ability of WRF-1DSC to simulate the observed precipitation process efficiently.Sensitivity tests were performed with different seeding times,locations,and amounts.Experimental results showed that the optimum seeding effect(defined as the percentage of rain enhancement or rain enhancement rate) could be achieved through proper seeding at locations of maximum cloud water content when the updraft was strong.The optimum seeding effect was found to increase by 5.61% when the cloud was seeded at 5.5 km above ground level around 2300 UTC 4 July 2004,with the maximum AgI mixing ratio(X s) equaling 15 ng kg 1.On the other hand,for an overseeded cloud,a significant reduction occurred in the accumulated precipitation(-12.42%) as X s reached 100 ng kg 1.This study demonstrates the potential of WRF1DSC in determining the optimal AgI seeding strategy in practical operations of precipitation enhancement. 相似文献
3.
In order to improve our understanding of microphysical properties of clouds and precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau (TP), six cloud and precipitation processes with different intensities during the Third Tibetan Plateau Atmospheric Science Experiment (TIPEX-Ⅲ) from 3 July to 25 July 2014 in Naqu region of the TP are investigated by using the high-resolution mesoscale Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The results show unique properties of summertime clouds and precipitation processes over the TP. The initiation process of clouds is closely associated with strong solar radiative heating in the daytime, and summertime clouds and precipitation show an obvious diurnal variation. Generally, convective clouds would transform into stratiform clouds with an obvious bright band and often produce strong rainfall in midnight. The maximum cloud top can reach more than 15 km above sea level and the velocity of updraft ranges from 10 to 40 m s-1. The simulations show high amount of supercooled water content primarily located between 0 and -20℃ layer in all the six cases. Ice crystals mainly form above the level of -20℃ and even appear above the level of -40℃ within strong convective clouds. Rainwater mostly appears below the melting layer, indicating that its formation mainly depends on the melting process of precipitable ice particles. Snow and graupel particles have the characteristics of high content and deep vertical distribution, showing that the ice phase process is very active in the development of clouds and precipitation. The conversion and formation of hydrometeors and precipitation over the plateau exhibit obvious characteristics. Surface precipitation is mainly formed by the melting of graupel particles. Although the warm cloud microphysical process has less direct contribution to the formation of surface precipitation, it is important for the formation of supercooled raindrops, which are essential for the formation of graupel embryos through heterogeneous freezing process. The growth of graupel particles mainly relies on the riming process with supercooled cloud water and aggregation of snow particles. 相似文献
4.
Weijian WANG Zhanyu YAO Jianping GUO Chao TAN Shuo JIA Wenhui ZHAO Pei ZHANG Liangshu GAO 《Journal of Meteorological Research》2019,(3):528-539
Effects of weather modification operations on precipitation in target areas have been widely reported, but little is specifically known about the downwind (extra-area) effects in China. We estimated the extra-area effect of an operational winter (November-February) aircraft cloud-seeding project in northern Jiangxi Province in eastern China by using a revised historical target/control regression analysis method based on the precipitation data in winter. The results showed that the overall seasonal average rainfall at the downwind stations increased by 21.67%(p=0.0013). This enhancement effect was detected as far as 120 km away from the target area. Physical testing was used to compare the cloud characteristics before and after seeding on 29 November 2014. A posteriori analysis with respect to the characteristics of cloud units derived from operational weather radar data in Jiangxi was performed by tracking cloud units. Radar features in the target unit were enhanced relative to the control unit for more than two hours after the operational cloud seeding, which is indicative of the extra-area seeding effect. The findings could be used to help relieve water shortages in China. 相似文献
5.
This study explores the microphysical responses to a cloud seeding operation in the Sanjiangyuan region, China. The cloud seeding was performed using a zigzag flight pattern, while the detection phase was accomplished using a back-and-forth flight pattern through the top of a stratocumulus layer. Global Position System（GPS） and Particle Measuring System（PMS） data obtained during the operation are used to determine the efective cloud area before and after the operation, diferentiate the phase states of cloud particles, and analyze changes in the concentrations of liquid cloud particles and ice crystals, the evolution of the cloud particle spectrum, and the content of supercooled water. The median diameter of liquid cloud particles in the area of the cloud-seeding operation was 3.5–18.5 μm, most cloud particles observed in the 21.5–45.5-μm size regime were ice crystals, while all particles of size 50 μm and above were in the ice phase. Changes in the concentration and typical diameter of cloud particles within 36 km downwind of the cloudseeding operation did not exceed natural fluctuations in the cloud area before the operation; however, the concentration of liquid cloud particles decreased substantially in areas with high concentrations of supercooled water（concentrations of supercooled water exceeding 0.01 g m 3）. The concentration of ice crystals within the measuring range of the Forward Scattering Spectrometer Probe（FSSP） increased substantially, the water content of ice-phase particles increased, and the average supercooled water content in the cloud decreased from（68.3± 23.1）% before the operation to（34.2± 12.4）%. The efects of cloud seeding were more pronounced in parts of the cloud where the content of supercooled water was higher. Little to no efects were observed in parts of the cloud with low concentrations of supercooled water. 相似文献
6.
Numerical Simulation of Effects of Cloud Top Temperatures and Generating Cells on Secondary Ice Production in Stratiform Clouds with a Detailed Microphysical Model 
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下载免费PDF全文 This paper outlines a one-dimensional,heightdependent bin model with detailed microphysical processes in which ice splinters are produced by a riming process.The model is then applied to simulate the shift of particle size distribution effected by the secondary ice production process within clouds with different generating cells and cloud top temperatures.The result of model simulations reveals the general effects of cloud updrafts on increasing ice particle concentration by extending the residence time of ice particles in clouds and providing sufficiently large supercooled water droplets.The rimesplintering mechanism is more effective in clouds with lower ice seeding rates than those with higher rates.Evolutions of hydrometeor size distribution triggered by the rime-splintering mechanism indicate that the interaction between large ice particles and supercooled water drops adds a "second maximum" to the primary ice spectra. 相似文献
7.
A case of hailstorm process occurring on 24 June 2006 in northwestern China was studied using satellite retrieval methodology. The particle effective radius （re） in the cloud tops was calculated by the reflectance in the 3.7μm channel, and cloud-top microphysical properties were vividly represented using the RGB visual multispectral classification scheme. The microphysical zones of clouds and the processes of hail formation and development are inferred using the relations of cloud-top temperature （T） versus re for the tops of convective clouds. The results show that particle effective radius was smaller near the cloud base of hailstorm. There was a deep zone of diffusional droplet growth at the low level where the particles grew slowly with height, and there existed an evident area of small ice particles in the cloud top, suggesting the existence of a strong updraft in the clouds. The low glaciated temperature indicated a great depth from the cloud base to the glaciation height, which provided a deep layer of supercooled water for hail growth. 相似文献
8.
A precipitation enhancement operation using an aircraft was conducted from 1415 to 1549 LST 14 March 2000 in Shaanxi Province. The NOAA-14 satellite data received at 1535 LST soon after the cloud seeding shows that a vivid cloud track appears on the satellite image. The length, average width and maximum width of the cloud track are 301 kin, 8.3 and 11 kin, respectively. Using a three-dimensional numerical model of transport and diffusion of seeding material within stratiform clouds, the spatial concentration distribution characteristics of seeding material at different times, especially at the satellite receiving time,are simulated. The model results at the satellite receiving time axe compared with the features of the cloud track. The transported position of the cloud seeding material coincides with the position of the track. The width, shape and extent of diffusion of the cloud seeding material are similar to that of the cloud track.The spatial variation of width is consistent with that of the track. The simulated length of each segment of the seeding line accords with the length of every segment of the track. Each segment of the cloud track corresponds to the transport and diffusion of each segment of the seeding line. These results suggest that the cloud track is the direct physical reflection of cloud seeding at the cloud top. The comparison demonstrates that the numerical model of transport and diffusion can simulate the main characteristics of transport and diffusion of seeding material, and the simulated results are sound and trustworthy. The area, volume, width, depth, and lateral diffusive rate corresponding to concentrations 1, 4, and 10 L^-1 are simulated in order to understand the variations of influencing range. 相似文献
9.
In order to improve understanding of deep convective clouds over the Tibetan Plateau, characteristics of vertical structure of a deep strong convective cloud over Naqu station and a deep weak convective cloud approximately 100 km to the west of Naqu station, which occurred over 1300-1600 Beijing Time (BT) 9 July 2014 during the Third Tibetan Plateau Atmospheric Science Experiment (TIPEX-Ⅲ), are analyzed, based on multi-source satellite data from TRMM, CloudSat, and Aqua, and radar data from ground-based vertically pointing radars (C-band frequency-modulated continuous-wave radar and KA-band millimeter wave cloud radar). The results are as follows.(1) The horizontal scales of both the deep strong and deep weak convective clouds were small (10-20 km), and their tops were high[15-16 km above sea level (ASL)]. Across the level of 0℃ isotherm in the deep strong convective cloud, the reflectivity increased rapidly, suggesting that the melting process of solid precipitation particles through the 0℃ level played an important role. A bright band located at 5.5 km ASL (i.e., 1 km above ground level) appeared during the period of convection weakening.(2) The reflectivity values from TRMM precipitation radar below 11 km were found to be overestimated compared to those derived from the C-band frequency-modulated continuous-wave radar.(3) Deep convective clouds were mainly ice clouds, and there were rich small ice particles above 10 km, while few large ice particles were found below 10 km. The microphysical processes of deep strong and deep weak convective clouds mainly included mixed-phase process and glaciated process, and the mixed-phase process can be divided into two types:one was the rimming process below the level of -25℃(deep strong convective cloud) or -29℃(deep weak convective cloud) and the other was aggregation and deposition process above that level. The latter process was accompanied with fast increase in ice particle effective radius. The above evidence from space-based and ground-based observational data further clarify the characteristics of vertical structure of deep convective clouds over the Tibetan Plateau, and provide a basis for the evaluation of simulation results of deep convective clouds by cloud models. 相似文献
10.
Observational Characteristics of Cloud Vertical Profiles over the
Continent of East Asia from the CloudSat Data 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 The CloudSat satellite data from June 2006 to April 2011 are used to investigate the characteristics of cloud vertical profiles over East Asia(20°-50°N,80°-120°E),with particular emphasis on the profiles of precipitative clouds in comparison with those of nonprecipitative clouds,as well as the seasonal variations of these profiles.There are some obvious differences between the precipitative and nonprecipitative cloud profiles.Generally,precipitative clouds mainly locate below 8 km with radar reflectivity in the range of-20 to 15 dBZ and maximum values appearing within 2-4-km height,and the clouds usually reach the ground;while nonprecipitative clouds locate in the layers of 4-12 km with radar reflectivity between-28 and 0 dBZ and maximum values within 8-10-km height.There are also some differences among the liquid precipitative,solid precipitative,and possible drizzle precipitative cloud profiles.In precipitative clouds,radar reflectivity increases rapidly from 11 to 7 km in vertical,implying that condensation and collision-coalescence processes play a crucial role in the formation of large-size drops.The frequency distribution of temperature at-15℃ is consistent with the highest frequency of radar reflectivity in solid precipitative clouds,which suggests that the temperatures near-15℃ are conductive to deposition and accretion processes.The vertical profiles of liquid precipitative clouds show almost the same distributions in spring,summer,and autumn but with differences in winter at mainly lower levels.In contrast,the vertical profiles of solid precipitative clouds change from spring to winter with an alternate double and single high-frequency core,which is consistent with variations of the frequency distribution of temperature at-15℃.The vertical profiles of nonprecipitative clouds show a little change with season.The observations also show that the precipitation events over East Asia are mostly related to deep convective clouds and nimbostratus clouds.These results are expected to be useful for evaluation of weather and climate models and for improvement of microphysical parameterizations in numerical models. 相似文献
11.
层状云降水效率通常较低,但却具有较高的云水资源开发潜力,是人工增雨作业的重要对象。随着中国南方地区生态改善、水库增蓄、抗旱等社会需求的增加,针对这些地区降水云系的人工增雨研究显得愈发重要。使用三维中尺度冷云催化模式,对2018年10月21日湖北省一次层状云飞机人工增雨作业过程进行了数值模拟研究,并将模拟结果与卫星、降水和机载云物理观测数据进行了对比。模式合理地模拟出了云和降水的主要宏、微观特征,观测和模拟结果均显示作业云区具有较好的冷云催化条件,在此基础上,按照实际作业中的飞机播撒轨迹,完整地模拟了此次催化作业过程。对数值模拟结果的分析表明:凝结冻结核化和凝华核化是碘化银催化剂的主要核化方式;90%以上碘化银粒子的局地活化比为0.01%—2%,平均活化比为0.07%—0.27%;云系降水是由冷云降水和暖云降水两种机制共同作用的结果,催化作业使两种降水机制均有增强,增雨效果明显;催化后4 h,整个评估区内的累计净增雨量为2.12×108 kg,局地增雨率为?51.1%—306.7%,区域平均增雨率为8.1%;催化作业也使部分地区出现减雨,主要是由于催化过程中的潜热释放引起过冷层动力场扰动,一部分云区的上升气流减弱,从而导致降水粒子的成长减弱,地面出现减雨;在过冷云区,碘化银核化使冰晶浓度升高,导致冰晶-雪、雪-霰的转化过程增强,雪、霰粒子总量增加,更多的雪、霰粒子从冷区落入暖区,在暖区上层产生更多的大雨滴,从而使暖区的云雨粒子碰并过程增强,最终地面降水增加,这是此次催化作业导致增雨的主要微物理链条。 相似文献
12.
暖底对流云催化的微物理和动力效应的数值模拟 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为加深理解暖云底对流云降水形成的微物理机制,调查对这类对流云实施碘化银催化所能产生的微物理和动力效应,本文使用三维对流云模式(包含6种水成物:云滴、雨滴、冰晶、雪花、霰和冰雹),对2004年7月8日发生在我国江淮地区的一例对流云进行模拟,并开展碘化银催化试验。结果表明:(1)模式能够较好地模拟出实测风暴的回波结构。(2)云雨自动转化和霰粒子融化是两个最重要的成雨机制,产生的雨滴占雨滴总数量(质量)的67%(19%)和18%(57%)。(3)对流发展初期在主上升气流区进行的催化试验表明,对本例对流云播撒碘化银能够同时获得增雨和减雹的正效果。(4)催化增加的霰粒子通过竞争机制抑制了前期冰雹的形成,但增强了向雨滴的转化(通过融化机制);催化也促进了二次对流的发展,增加了入云的水汽通量和云水含量,加强了后期的云雨自动转化及碰并增长,导致后期的雨和冰雹增加,并使地面降水分布发生变化。这些结果表明,对暖底对流云进行碘化银催化能够产生微物理和动力效应。 相似文献
13.
Data from in situ probes and a vertically-pointing mm-wave Doppler radar aboard a research aircraft are used to study the cloud microphysical effect of glaciogenic seeding of cold-season orographic clouds. A previous study (Geerts et al., 2010) has shown that radar reflectivity tends to be higher during seeding periods in a shallow layer above the ground downwind of ground-based silver iodide (AgI) nuclei generators. This finding is based on seven flights, conducted over a mountain in Wyoming (the Unites States), each with a no-seeding period followed by a seeding period. In order to assess this impact, geographically fixed flight tracks were flown over a target mountain, both upwind and downwind of the AgI generators. This paper examines data from the same flights for further evidence of the cloud seeding impact. Composite radar data show that the low-level reflectivity increase is best defined upwind of the mountain crest and downwind of the point where the cloud base intersects the terrain. The main argument that this increase can be attributed to AgI seeding is that it is confined to a shallow layer near the ground where the flow is turbulent. Yet during two flights when clouds were cumuliform and coherent updrafts to flight level were recorded by the radar, the seeding impact was evident in the flight-level updrafts (about 610 m above the mountain peak) as a significant increase in the ice crystal concentration in all size bins. The seeding effect appears short-lived as it is not apparent just downwind of the crest. 相似文献
14.
《Atmospheric Research》2006,80(3-4):183-226
A comparison study on dynamic and microphysical effects of cloud seeding by silver iodide (AgI) and liquid carbon dioxide (liquid CO2) was made using a 3D cloud model with seeding processes. The model was initialized based on the rawinsonde sounding taken from Pinliang station located in the western China on 20 April 2001. The sounding air reflects moist and stable characteristics at middle and low layers. The model results show that the seeding by liquid CO2 and AgI at − 15 to − 20 °C levels of cloud has almost the same dynamic effect on the simulated clouds. The seeding is able to induce the formation of weak convective cells in both seeded and unseeded regions due to latent heat released by the transformation from liquid saturation to ice saturation. However, the initial seeding conducted by liquid CO2 in the region of maximum supercooled water with temperature of 0 to − 5 °C enable to produce much stronger dynamic effect and precipitation by forming many convective new cells at low levels in the later stage of seeded clouds. The accumulated precipitation at the surface can be increased and redistributed, and more concentrated in the downstream region of seeded clouds. 相似文献
15.
为了研究吸湿性催化剂、碘化银催化剂及两者的联合催化效果,利用双参数三维对流云催化模式,对浙江南部一次对流云降雨过程分别进行盐粉暖云催化、碘化银冷云催化和冷暖混合催化试验,对比研究不同催化方案对对流云降雨的可能影响。结果表明:盐粉催化导致先增雨后减雨,主要通过盐溶滴与云滴碰并增长,及雨滴碰并和霰粒子碰冻过程消耗。在上升气流区和降雨前期进行催化的增雨效果更好,30 μm粒径的盐粉催化剂量为12.5/L时,可增加降雨量17.8%。在降雨过程的不同发展阶段进行AgI催化,表现出先减雨后增雨的催化效果。盐粉和碘化银的联合催化,由于两者催化效果的不同步,使得不同吸湿性催化剂和碘化银催化剂量配置会导致不同的催化效果。当30 μm的盐粉,催化剂量12.5/L,联合碘化银100/L的冷区催化,可取得19%的增雨效果。 相似文献
16.
云数值模拟是研究降雹过程和人工防雹试验的重要手段。利用三维冰雹云AgI催化模式,对北京1996年6月10日的一次降雹过程进行AgI不同催化高度、催化剂量和催化时间的系列催化模拟试验,并优选催化方案,为外场防雹设计和作业提供依据。在催化系列模拟中发现,不同催化高度的催化剂均在上升到-5℃高度后开始核化。在2.1~4.9 km高度范围内催化,AgI成核率比较高,防雹效果较好。核化的人工冰晶有效弥补了该高度上自然冰晶的不足。小剂量催化,可在减雹的同时增加部分降雨量,而大剂量催化,在减雹的同时会减少降雨。在催化时间、剂量和高度的系列催化试验中得出,采用在模拟的第15分钟在5 km高度附近播撒AgI,连续4次以5×106 kg-1的催化剂量进行催化,催化效果较好,可减少降雹量约60%,同时可避免降雨量的大幅减少。 相似文献
17.
2008年奥运会开幕式日人工消减雨作业中尺度数值模拟的初步结果 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
2008年8月8日,在2008年北京奥运会开幕式举行之际,北京及周边地区出现了较强对流云团,给国家体育场内开幕式活动的顺利进行带来了极大威胁。根据云系的发展状况,北京市人工影响天气办公室有针对性地组织实施了大规模地面火箭人工消减雨作业,对抑制云、降水的形成和发展起到了一定作用。在中尺度数值模式MM5的Reisner2方案中引入了AgI粒子与云相互作用的过程,在MM5中实现了催化功能。参照2008年8月8日20:05至20:12进行的消减雨作业情况,利用加入催化方案的中尺度数值模式对该作业进行了数值模拟试验,就不同的播撒量对催化效果的影响进行了研究,并对其中的微物理机制进行了分析。研究结果表明:AgI播撒率对降水量改变影响很明显,当以5g·s-1的速率持续播撒AgI7min,在播撒作业后2h,催化区域内均表现为减雨,2h后为增雨。对于减雨的微物理机制主要是由于大量播撒AgI后导致空中云水大量减少,进一步导致霰减少,霰的减少导致雨水的减少;而2h后的增雨机制则是由于在雨水、云水、霰以及温度之间形成了正反馈,最终导致地面降水的增加。需要指出的是由于单参数方案的局限性,模拟的最大减雨率仅为8%～12%,离消雨的要求尚有差距,应利用双参数云方案作进一步模拟研究。 相似文献
18.
碘化银播撒对云和降水影响的中尺度数值模拟研究 总被引：11，自引：7，他引：4
通过在WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) 中尺度天气数值模式中引入碘化银与云相互作用过程, 建立了中尺度播撒碘化银数值模式。研究了碘化银播撒对于中尺度对流天气过程中云和降水的影响, 研究了不同播撒部位、 播撒时间和播撒剂量情况下碘化银的扩散、 传输及其对云中水成物和降水量的影响。研究结果表明, 碘化银在云中的扩散传输过程与播撒的位置有很大关系, 在最大上升气流区播撒的碘化银能随着气流更快地扩散到云体上部过冷水含量丰富的区域, 播撒在云上层入流区和云下层入流区的碘化银扩散到云中过冷水区需要时间更长, 同时有大部分停留在云体边缘。碘化银能与云中过冷水相互作用, 消耗过冷水使云中冰晶数浓度明显增加, 从而使霰粒子转化减少, 过冷水更多地转化为雪粒子, 过冷水凝结释放出潜热使上升气流增强, 促进了对流发展。由于雨水含量的增加, 地面降水也出现增加。碘化银播撒率对地面降水量影响很大, 当播撒率为0.6 g/s时, 播撒对降水的影响时间超过4小时, 增雨的效果更好。播撒率为0.1 g/s时增雨效果不明显, 当播撒率为1.2 g/s 时, 对总降水可能出现抑止作用。对比碘化银播撒率为0.6 g/s时12小时地面增雨量, 在云上层入流区播撒碘化银试验中, 地面增雨量比对最大过冷水含量区的催化试验提高了48.7%, 最大上升气流区播撒试验增雨效果最好, 地面增雨量比在最大过冷水区域播撒提高了72.1%。 相似文献
19.
黄河上游河曲地区对流云催化增雨的数值模拟研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
应用中国科学院大气物理研究所开发的三维对流云模式,对青藏高原河曲地区强对流云的催化增雨效果及催化云的动力特征、微物理机制进行了模拟研究.模拟结果显示:黄河上游河曲地区的对流云具备一定的催化潜力.如果催化时机、部位选择适当,降水总量增加有望达到30%～50%,催化所产生的动力效果比较显著.催化剂的加入使得云中凝华潜热释放量增加,上升气流加强,云顶升高,云水平尺度也有所加大,地面降水区域扩大,降水时间延长.由于云中冰晶大量生成,导致过冷云水、雨水减少,暖雨过程迅速减弱,云中霰和冻滴量增多,其融化过程加强引起的降水增加远远超过了暖雨量的减少,总的增雨效果比较显著.敏感性实验表明,催化高度对增雨效果的影响最为显著,高于某一催化高度,有可能产生增雨防雹的好效果;低于某一催化高度,则会在防雹的同时使地面降水减少.对流云早期催化的增雨效果较好.一定范围内催化剂量的变化对增雨量影响不大,小剂量催化也有可能达到较好的增雨效果. 相似文献
20.
为做好固定目标时段和区域的人工消减雨作业,利用云降水显式预报系统(CPEFS-v1.0)对云系性质和结构、移速移向及演变、降水机制等云条件进行预报。预报结果显示,2017年8月8日影响呼和浩特的云系性质为分散性对流云,具有冷暖混合云结构,云中上升气流强,对流单体水平尺度约为几十千米,生命史约为1.5~3 h,云顶高度约为10 km、云底高度约为3 km,0℃高度约为4.3 km;微观方面,冰相水凝物雪、霰含量高,暖区云水含量少,云中过冷水含量最大达0.7 g·kg-1,过冷水丰沛区域冰晶数浓度低,以冷云降水为主。初生在呼和浩特特定防护区西北方向的对流云团快速发展东移南压影响核心保障区,移速约为30~40 km·h-1。卫星、雷达等实况监测显示,8日的云系为分散性对流云,预报对流云的生成时间比实况偏晚1~2 h,移向与实况一致,移速偏慢10~20 km·h-1。在5 400 m高度处(-8℃),机载云物理探测的液水含量最大为0.6 g·m-3,预报与实况接近。根据预报的云系条件制定作业预案指出,在核心保障区的偏西北方向30~50 km处进行重点布防,适宜在5.1~7.0 km高度处实施AgI过量催化,8日上午飞机在第一道防线的弱回波区开展探测作业,地面作业集中在第三道防线对流云初生阶段实施过量播撒,以达到消减雨作业的目标。根据预案,提前24 h在核心保障区偏西北方向的第三道防线增设了5个地面移动作业点,这些作业点8日及时实施了消减雨作业。总体看来,此次云条件预报正确、预案制定合理,及时为外场实施消减雨作业提供了支撑。 相似文献