首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 669 毫秒
1.
South Asian monsoons were analyzed within the context of increasing emissions of black carbon(BC) aerosols using a global atmospheric general circulation model.The BC aerosols were allowed to increase only over the south Asian domain to analyze the impacts of regional black carbon over the climatological patterns of monsoons.The black carbon significantly absorbed the incoming short wave radiation in the atmosphere,a result that is consistent with previous studies.Pre-monsoon(March-April-May) rainfall showed positive anomalies,particularly for some coastal regions of India.The summer(June-July-August) rainfall anomalies were negative over the northern Himalayas,Myanmar,southern China,and most of the regions below 20°N due to the decrease in temperature gradients induced by the absorption of radiation by BC aerosols.The vertical wind speed anomalies indicated that these regions experienced less convection,which reduces the precipitation efficiency of the monsoon system in South Asia.  相似文献   

2.
人为气溶胶对中国东部冬季风影响的模拟研究   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0       下载免费PDF全文
采用美国国家大气研究中心(NCAR)的公共大气模式CAM5.1研究了人为气溶胶排放增加对中国东部冬季风的影响,同时通过对比中国东部地区不同人为气溶胶排放源的敏感性试验结果,探讨了人为硫酸盐、黑碳及总人为气溶胶(硫酸盐+黑碳)增加对东亚冬季风的影响。结果表明:冬季硫酸盐气溶胶排放增加的直接和第一间接效应减少了到达地表的短波辐射通量,引起了陆地地表和对流层低层降温,海平面气压升高,增加了海陆间气压梯度,使得东亚冬季风增强。其第二间接效应导致中国南部大尺度降水率减少;黑碳气溶胶排放增加导致到达地表的短波辐射通量减少和大气中短波辐射通量增加,其半直接效应部分抵消了直接效应,故地表温度变化微小且不显著。加热的对流层低层导致中国南部对流活动和对流降水率增加;总人为气溶胶排放增加导致的大气温度变化表现为弱的降温作用,引起中国北部对流和大尺度降水率减少,而南部对流降水率增加。总人为气溶胶和黑碳气溶胶排放增加是导致中国北(南)部的东亚冬季风增强(减弱)的重要因素。  相似文献   

3.
To assess individual direct radiative effects of diverse aerosol species on a regional scale,the air quality modeling system RAMS-CMAQ(Regional Atmospheric Modeling System and Community Multiscale Air Quality) coupled with an aerosol optical properties/radiative transfer module was used to simulate the temporal and spatial distributions of their optical and radiative properties over East Asia throughout 2005.Annual and seasonal averaged aerosol direct radiative forcing(ADRF) of all important aerosols and individual components,such as sulfate,nitrate,ammonium,black carbon(BC),organic carbon(OC),and dust at top-of-atmosphere(TOA) in clear sky are analyzed.Analysis of the model results shows that the annual average ADRF of all important aerosols was in the range of 0 to-18 W m?2,with the maximum values mainly distributed over the Sichuan Basin.The direct radiative effects of sulfate,nitrate,and ammonium make up most of the total ADRF in East Asia,being concentrated mainly over North and Southeast China.The model domain is also divided into seven regions based on different administrative regions or countries to investigate detailed information about regional ADRF variations over East Asia.The model results show that the ADRFs of sulfate,ammonium,BC,and OC were stronger in summer and weaker in winter over most regions of East Asia,except over Southeast Asia.The seasonal variation in the ADRF of nitrate exhibited the opposite trend.A strong ADRF of dust mainly appeared in spring over Northwest China and Mongolia.  相似文献   

4.
The air quality model system RAMS (Regional Atmospheric Modeling System)-CMAQ (Models-3 Community Multi-scale Air Quality) coupled with an aerosol optical/radiative module was applied to investigate the impact of different aerosol mixing states (i.e., externally mixed, half externally and half internally mixed, and internally mixed) on radiative forcing in East Asia. The simulation results show that the aerosol optical depth (AOD) generally increased when the aerosol mixing state changed from externally mixed to internally mixed, while the single scattering albedo (SSA) decreased. Therefore, the scattering and absorption properties of aerosols can be significantly affected by the change of aerosol mixing states. Comparison of simulated and observed SSAs at five AERONET (Aerosol Robotic Network) sites suggests that SSA could be better estimated by considering aerosol particles to be internally mixed. Model analysis indicates that the impact of aerosol mixing state upon aerosol direct radiative forcing (DRF) is complex. Generally, the cooling effect of aerosols over East Asia are enhanced in the northern part of East Asia (Northern China, Korean peninsula, and the surrounding area of Japan) and are reduced in the southern part of East Asia (Sichuan Basin and Southeast China) by internal mixing process, and the variation range can reach 5 W m－2. The analysis shows that the internal mixing between inorganic salt and dust is likely the main reason that the cooling effect strengthens. Conversely, the internal mixture of anthropogenic aerosols, including sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, black carbon, and organic carbon, could obviously weaken the cooling effect.  相似文献   

5.
The National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Atmosphere Model (version 3.5) coupled with the Morrison?CGettelman two-moment cloud microphysics scheme is employed to simulate the aerosol effects on clouds and precipitation in two numerical experiments, one representing present-day conditions (year?2000) and the other the pre-industrial conditions (year?1750) over East Asia by considering both direct and indirect aerosol effects. To isolate the aerosol effects, we used the same set of boundary conditions and only altered the aerosol emissions in both experiments. The simulated results show that the cloud microphysical properties are markedly affected by the increase in aerosols, especially for the column cloud droplet number concentration (DNC), liquid water path (LWP), and the cloud droplet effective radius (DER). With increased aerosols, DNC and LWP have been increased by 137% and 28%, respectively, while DER is reduced by 20%. Precipitation rates in East Asia and East China are reduced by 5.8% and 13%, respectively, by both the aerosol??s second indirect effect and the radiative forcing that enhanced atmospheric stability associated with the aerosol direct and first indirect effects. The significant reduction in summer precipitation in East Asia is also consistent with the weakening of the East Asian summer monsoon, resulting from the decreasing thermodynamic contrast between the Asian landmass and the surrounding oceans induced by the aerosol??s radiative effects. The increase in aerosols reduces the surface net shortwave radiative flux over the East Asia landmass, which leads to the reduction of the land surface temperature. With minimal changes in the sea surface temperature, hence, the weakening of the East Asian summer monsoon further enhances the reduction of summer precipitation over East Asia.  相似文献   

6.
In this paper,the RIEMS 2.0 model,source emission in 2006 and 2010 are used to simulate the distributions and radiative effects of different anthropogenic aerosols over China.The comparison between the results forced by source emissions in 2006 and 2010 also reveals the sensitivity of the radiative effects to source emission.The results are shown as follows:(1) Compared with those in 2006,the annual average surface concentration of sulfate in 2010 decreased over central and eastern China with a range of-5 to 0 μg/m~3;the decrease of annual average aerosol optical depth of sulfate over East China varied from 0.04 to 0.08;the annual average surface concentrations of BC,OC and nitrate increased over central and eastern China with maximums of 10.90,11.52 and 12.50μg/m~3,respectively;the annual aerosol optical depths of BC,OC and nitrate increased over some areas of East China with extremes of 0.006,0.007 and 0.008,respectively.(2)For the regional average results in 2010,the radiative forcings of sulfate,BC,OC,nitrate and their total net radiative forcing at the top of the atmosphere over central and eastern China were-0.64,0.29,-0.41,-0.33 and-1.1 W/m~2,respectively.Compared with those in 2006,the radiative forcings of BC and OC in 2010 were both enhanced,while that of sulfate and the net radiative forcing were both weakened over East China mostly.(3)The reduction of the cooling effect of sulfate in 2010 produced a warmer surface air temperature over central and eastern China;the maximum value was 0.25 K.The cooling effect of nitrate was also slightly weakened.The warming effect of BC was enhanced over most of the areas in China,while the cooling effect of OC was enhanced over the similar area,particularly the area between Yangtze and Huanghe Rivers.The net radiative effect of the four anthropogenic aerosols generated the annual average reduction and the maximum reduction were-0.096 and-0.285 K,respectively,for the surface temperature in 2006,while in 2010 they were-0.063 and-0.256 K,respectively.In summary,the change in source emission lowered the cooling effect of anthropogenic aerosols,mainly because of the enhanced warming effect of BC and weakened cooling effect of scattering aerosols.  相似文献   

7.
利用NCAR的新一代GCM CAM3.0模式耦合一个气溶胶同化系统,研究了中国区域黑碳气溶胶的直接气候效应。结果显示,中国区域黑碳气溶胶引起全球平均辐射强迫为0.13 W/m2,导致除了青藏高原和广西以外的中国大部分地区降温,其中东北、四川和内蒙古中北部降温最显著。由此造成海陆温差缩小,气压差降低,从而总体上使东亚夏季风减弱。但与硫酸盐气溶胶的影响相比,黑碳气溶胶使季风减弱的程度较小,长江中下游地区的降水有所增加。黑碳气溶胶加强了中国东南部地区的对流活动,这与硫酸盐气溶胶的作用相反。同时,探讨了中国区域硫酸盐和黑碳气溶胶的综合直接气候效应。结果表明,硫酸盐和黑碳气溶胶的综合作用与仅有硫酸盐气溶胶的情形十分相似,降水变化的区域也和硫酸盐的保持一致。  相似文献   

8.
The climatic effects of the atmospheric boundary aerosols are studied by the use of a three-dimensional climate model.Simulated results show that the climate states both at the surface and in the atmosphere change remarkably when the aerosols with different optical thicknesses and properties are introduced into the atmospheric boundary layer of the model.The aerosols absorb and scatter the solar shortwave radiation,therefore,they reduce the solar energy reaching the ground surface and decrease the surface and the soil temperatures.The temperature in the boundary layer increase because of the supplementary absorption of radiation by the boundary aerosols.In the atmosphere,the temperatures at all isobaric surfaces rise up except for the 100 hPa level.The atmospheric temperatures below the 500 hPa level are directly influenced by the boundary aerosols,while the atmospheric temperatures above the 500 hPa level are influenced by the heating due to convective condensation and the changes in the vertical motion field.Cyclonic differential circulations appear over the desert areas at the low levels,and anticyclonic differential circulations exist at the upper levels in the horizontal flow fields.The vertical motions change in correspondence with the differential circulations.The changes in precipitation are directly related to that of vertical motions.The mechanisms of climate effects of the boundary aerosols are also discussed in this paper.  相似文献   

9.
 利用NCAR的新一代GCM CAM3.0模式耦合一个气溶胶同化系统,研究了中国区域黑碳气溶胶的直接气候效应。结果显示,中国区域黑碳气溶胶引起全球平均辐射强迫为0.13 W/m2,导致除了青藏高原和广西以外的中国大部分地区降温,其中东北、四川和内蒙古中北部降温最显著。由此造成海陆温差缩小,气压差降低,从而总体上使东亚夏季风减弱。但与硫酸盐气溶胶的影响相比,黑碳气溶胶使季风减弱的程度较小,长江中下游地区的降水有所增加。黑碳气溶胶加强了中国东南部地区的对流活动,这与硫酸盐气溶胶的作用相反。同时,探讨了中国区域硫酸盐和黑碳气溶胶的综合直接气候效应。结果表明,硫酸盐和黑碳气溶胶的综合作用与仅有硫酸盐气溶胶的情形十分相似,降水变化的区域也和硫酸盐的保持一致。  相似文献   

10.
Impact of carbonaceous aerosol emissions on regional climate change   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
The past and future evolution of atmospheric composition and climate has been simulated with a version of the Max Planck Institute Earth System Model (MPI-ESM). The system consists of the atmosphere, including a detailed representation of tropospheric aerosols, the land surface, and the ocean, including a model of the marine biogeochemistry which interacts with the atmosphere via the dust and sulfur cycles. In addition to the prescribed concentrations of carbon dioxide, ozone and other greenhouse gases, the model is driven by natural forcings (solar irradiance and volcanic aerosol), and by emissions of mineral dust, sea salt, sulfur, black carbon (BC) and particulate organic matter (POM). Transient climate simulations were performed for the twentieth century and extended into the twenty-first century, according to SRES scenario A1B, with two different assumptions on future emissions of carbonaceous aerosols (BC, POM). In the first experiment, BC and POM emissions decrease over Europe and China but increase at lower latitudes (central and South America, Africa, Middle East, India, Southeast Asia). In the second experiment, the BC and POM emissions are frozen at their levels of year 2000. According to these experiments the impact of projected changes in carbonaceaous aerosols on the global mean temperature is negligible, but significant changes are found at low latitudes. This includes a cooling of the surface, enhanced precipitation and runoff, and a wetter surface. These regional changes in surface climate are caused primarily by the atmospheric absorption of sunlight by increasing BC levels and, subsequently, by thermally driven circulations which favour the transport of moisture from the adjacent oceans. The vertical redistribution of solar energy is particularly large during the dry season in central Africa when the anomalous atmospheric heating of up to 60 W m−2 and a corresponding decrease in surface solar radiation leads to a marked surface cooling, reduced evaporation and a higher level of soil moisture, which persists throughout the year and contributes to the enhancement of precipitation during the wet season.  相似文献   

11.
不同污染条件下气溶胶对短波辐射通量影响的模拟研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
将高光谱分辨率的气溶胶光学参数化方案应用于高精度的辐射传输模式BCC_RAD（974带）中,研究不同污染状况下气溶胶在地表与近地层大气中造成的直接辐射强迫与辐射强迫效率。发现气溶胶在地表产生的直接辐射强迫为负,在近地层大气中产生的直接辐射强迫为正,且随气溶胶浓度的升高变大,说明大气气溶胶的含量越高,单位气溶胶光学厚度产生的直接辐射强迫越大。将短波划分为3个波段:紫外、可见光和近红外,发现在紫外、可见光和近红外波段中,不同污染状况下气溶胶在地表造成的直接辐射强迫范围分别为:-1.36—-13.66、-3.03—-32.41和-2.74—-28.62 W/m2,在近地层大气中产生的直接辐射强迫范围分别为0.44—4.26、0.99—9.80和0.93—8.87 W/m2。通过进一步对比自然和人为气溶胶的影响,发现人为气溶胶在地表和大气层顶产生的负直接辐射强迫以及对整层和近地面大气造成的正直接辐射强迫均大于自然气溶胶的影响,且上述两种排放源的气溶胶对整层大气辐射收支的影响主要集中在800 hPa高度以下的大气中。按照地表直接辐射强迫大小来分析不同种类气溶胶的影响,结果为硫酸盐>有机碳>黑碳>海盐>沙尘;按照近地层大气直接辐射强迫大小排序则为黑碳>有机碳>沙尘>海盐>硫酸盐。最后,通过分析散射型气溶胶与吸收型气溶胶对辐射通量的影响,还探究了大气中散射与吸收过程的异同。   相似文献   

12.
The climatic effects of the atmospheric boundary aerosols are studied by the use of a three-dimensional climatemodel.Simulated results show that the climate states both at the surface and in the atmosphere change remarkably whenthe aerosols with different optical thicknesses and properties are introduced into the atmospheric boundary layer of themodel.The aerosols absorb and scatter the solar shortwave radiation,therefore,they reduce the solar energy reachingthe ground surface and decrease the surface and the soil temperatures.The temperature in the boundary layer increasesbecause of the supplementary absorption of radiation by the boundary aerosols.In the atmosphere,the temperatures atall isobaric surfaces rise up except for the 100 hPa level.The atmospheric temperatures below the 500 hPa level aredirectly influenced by the boundary aerosols,while the atmospheric temperatures above the 500 hPa level are influencedby the heating due to convective condensation and the changes in the vertical motion field.Cyclonic differential circula-tions appear over the desert areas at the low levels,and anticyclonic differential circulations exist at the upper levels inthe horizontal flow fields.The vertical motions change in correspondence with the differential circulations.The changesin precipitation are directly related to that of vertical motions.The mechanisms of climate effects of the boundaryaerosols are also discussed in this paper.  相似文献   

13.
Long-term variations and trends of atmospheric aerosols in the East Asian region were analyzed by using aerosol optical depth (AOD or τ), and ångström exponent (AE or α) obtained from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) from 2001 to 2010. The increased emission of anthropogenic fine aerosols in east China resulted in the high AOD in this region during summer. The steady increasing emission of anthropogenic fine aerosols caused an increasing trend of AOD in east China, and the large-scale transport of sandstorms and smoke plume caused by forest fires affected intense inter-annual variations of AOD in the East Asian region. While in the central part of South Korea, located in the lee side of the East Asian continent, AE tended to rise to a level higher than in east China, the ground-based mass concentrations continued to decline. A noticeable decrease of PM10 mass concentration in spring and winter in central Korea is most likely attributable to decreases in sandstorms in the source region of East Asia. However, the ratio of PM2.5 mass concentration to PM10 increases overall with a high level in summer. Aerosol types were classified into dust, smoke plume, and sulphate by using satellite data over Cheongwon in central Korea. The columnar AOD, with different aerosol types, was compared with the ground-based mass concentrations at Cheongwon, and the relatively high level of the correlations presented between PM2.5 and AOD produced in sulphate. Growth and increases of fine hygroscopic aerosols generated as gas-to-particle conversion particularly in summer contribute to increases of columnar AOD in the East Asian region.  相似文献   

14.
Using the CAM3.0 model, we investigated the respective effects of aerosol concentration increasing and decadal variation of global sea surface temperature(SST) around year 1976/77 on the East Asian precipitation in boreal summer. By doubling the concentration of the sulfate aerosol and black carbon aerosol separately and synchronously in East Asia(100-150 °E, 20-50 °N), the climate effects of these aerosols are specifically investigated. The results show that both the decadal SST changing and aerosol concentration increasing could lead to rainfall decreasing in the center of East Asia, but increasing in the regions along southeast coast areas of China. However, the different patterns of rainfall over ocean and lower wind field over Asian continent between aerosol experiments and SST experiments in CAM3.0 indicate the presence of different mechanisms. In the increased aerosol concentration experiments, scattering effect is the main climate effect for both sulfate and black carbon aerosols in the Eastern Asian summer. Especially in the increased sulfate aerosol concentration experiment, the climate scattering effect of aerosol leads to the most significant temperature decreasing, sinking convection anomalies and decreased rainfall in the troposphere over the central part of East Asia. However, in an increased black carbon aerosol concentration experiment, weakened sinking convection anomalies exist at the southerly position. This weakened sinking and its compensating rising convection anomalies in the south lead to the heavy rainfall over southeast coast areas of China. When concentrations of both sulfate and black carbon aerosols increase synchronously, the anomalous rainfall distribution is somewhat like that in the increased black carbon concentration aerosol experiment but with less intensity.  相似文献   

15.
Areview of the effects of the Tibetan Plateau on circulation features over the plateau and its surrounding areas has been made, with a special emphasis upon the monsoon circulations in South Asia and East Asia. This includes estimates of heat sources, dynamic and thermal effects of the plateau, and effects of the plateau on summer and winter monsoons. Major progresses made in this aspect by Chinese meteorologists have been specifically described and are compared with the achievements made by the meteorologists of other countries.  相似文献   

16.
The present study defines a low-latitude component (regionally averaged winter 1000-hPa V-winds over 10 25°N, 105 135°E) and a mid-high-latitude component (regionally averaged winter 1000-hPa V-winds over 30 50°N, 110 125°E) of the East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM), which are denoted as EAWM-L and EAWM-M, respectively. The study examines the variation characteristics, reflecting variations in winter climate over eastern China, and associated atmospheric circulations corresponding to the two components. The main results are as follows: 1) the EAWM-L and EAWM-M have consistent variation in some years but opposite variations in other years; 2) the EAWM-M index mainly reflects the extensive temperature variability over eastern China, while the EAWM-L index better reflects the variation in winter precipitation over most parts of eastern China; and 3) corresponding to the variation in the EAWM-M index, anomalous winds over the mid-high latitudes of East Asia modulate the southward invasion of cold air from the high latitudes and accordingly affect temperatures over eastern China. In combination with the variation in the EAWM-L index, anomalous low-latitudinal winds regulate the water vapor transport from tropical oceans to eastern China, resulting in anomalous winter precipitation. These pronounced differences between the EAWM-L and the EAWM-M suggest that it is necessary to explore the monsoons' individual features and effects in the EAWM study.  相似文献   

17.
Haze pollution in early winter(December and January) in the Yangtze River Delta(YRD) and in North China(NC)are both severe;however, their monthly variations are significantly different. In this study, the dominant large-scale atmospheric circulations and local meteorological conditions were investigated and compared over the YRD and NC in each month. Results showed that the YRD(NC) is dominated by the so-called Scandinavia(East Atlantic/West Russia)pattern in December, and these circulations weaken in January. The East Asian December and January monsoons over the YRD and NC have negative correlations with the number of haze days. The local descending motion facilitates less removal of haze pollution over the YRD, while the local ascending motion facilitates less removal of haze pollution over NC in January, despite a weaker relationship in December. Additionally, the monthly variations of atmospheric circulations showed that adverse meteorological conditions restrict the vertical(horizontal) dispersion of haze pollution in December(January) over the YRD, while the associated local weather conditions are similar in these two months over NC.  相似文献   

18.
人为气溶胶的直接辐射效应及其对南亚冬季风的影响   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
运用区域气候模式RegCM4.0(Regional Climate Model Verson 4.0)耦合入一个化学过程,对硫酸盐、黑碳、有机碳这3种人为气溶胶的时空分布特征和直接辐射效应进行了数值模拟,进而研究了气溶胶对南亚冬季风的影响。结果表明:光学厚度和地表短波辐射强迫的时空变化可能主要受硫酸盐气溶胶的影响。在南亚夏季风向冬季风转换时期和南亚冬季风盛行时期,大气层顶和地表的负短波辐射强迫分布与气溶胶分布基本一致,地表辐射强迫强度绝对值比大气层顶辐射强迫强度绝对值大得多。相关分析和合成分析表明:在南亚夏季风向冬季风转换时期和南亚冬季风盛行时期,南亚人为气溶胶主要分布区中的气溶胶柱浓度含量与南亚冬季风的建立和强度有反相关关系。这与气溶胶吸收太阳辐射,从而引起气温和位势高度的变化有关。  相似文献   

19.
As part of the development work of the Chinese new regional climate model (RIEMS), the radiative process of black carbon (BC) aerosols has been introduced into the original radiative procedures of RIEMS,and the transport model of BC aerosols has also been established and combined with the RIEMS model.Using the new model system, the distribution of black carbon aerosols and their radiative effect over the China region are investigated. The influences of BC aerosole on the atmospheric radiative transfer and on the air temperature, land surface temperature, and total rainfall are analyzed. It is found that BC aerosols induce a positive radiative forcing at the top of the atmosphere (TOA), which is dominated by shortwave radiative forcing. The maximum radiative forcing occurs in North China in July and in South China in April. At the same time, negative radiative forcing is observed on the surface. Based on the radiative forcing comparison between clear sky and cloudy sky, it is found that cloud can enforce the TOA positive radiative forcing and decrease the negative surface radiative forcing. The responses of the climate system in July to the radiative forcing due to BC aerosols are the decrease in the air temperature in the middle and lower reaches of the Changjiang River and Huaihe area and most areas of South China, and the weak increase or decrease in air temperature over North China. The total rainfall in the middle and lower reaches of the Changjiang River area is increased, but it decreased in North China in July.  相似文献   

20.
The authors present spatial and temporal characteristics of anthropogenic sulfate and carbonaceous aerosols over East Asia using a 3-D coupled regional climate-chemistry-aerosol model, and compare the simulation with the limited aerosol observations over the region. The aerosol module consists of SO2, SO4^2-, hydrophobic and hydrophilic black carbon （BC） and organic carbon compounds （OC）, including emission, advections, dry and wet deposition, and chemical production and conversion. The simulated patterns of SO2 are closely tied to its emission rate, with sharp gradients between the highly polluted regions and more rural areas. Chemical conversion （especially in the aqueous phase） and dry deposition remove 60% and 30% of the total SO2 emission, respectively. The SO4^2- shows less horizontal gradient and seasonality than SO2, with wet deposition （60%） and export （27%） being two major sinks. Carbonaceous aerosols are spatially smoother than sulfur species. The aging process transforms more than 80% of hydrophobic BC and OC to hydrophilic components, which are removed by wet deposition （60%） and export （30%）. The simulated spatial and seasonal SO4^2-, BC and OC aerosol concentrations and total aerosol optical depth are generally consistent with the observations in rural areas over East Asia, with lower bias in simulated OC aerosols, likely due to the underestimation of anthropogenic OC emissions and missing treatment of secondary organic carbon. The results suggest that our model is a useful tool for characterizing the anthropogenic aerosol cycle and for assessing its potential climatic and environmental effects in future studies.  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号