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1.
眼墙替换是影响台风强度和内核结构的一种重要过程。本研究在高分辨率的数值理想试验中加入大涡模拟技术,对比分析大涡模拟对眼墙替换过程的影响。结果表明:大涡模拟的加入使得模拟台风的强度和边界层入流增强。整个眼墙替换过程共用时约20～22 h,但大涡模拟试验中外眼墙形成更迅速,同时强度和上升运动偏弱。外眼墙完全取代内眼墙之后的台风强度超过替换过程之前的强度。此外,使用大涡技术可以更好地模拟出眼墙替换过程中内外眼墙之间的moat区下沉运动,结构特征与前人观测中所发现的结构特征一致。因此,在台风数值研究中引入大涡模拟技术,有助于更好地模拟眼墙替换过程中的台风结构特征和变化。 相似文献
2.
台风次眼墙位于主眼墙外侧,由次对流环和低层切向风次极大值两个基本结构组成。本文通过一系列理想数值试验讨论了不同初始涡旋外围风场结构对次眼墙形成的影响作用以及关键动力学过程。结果表明,次眼墙形成的时间和位置与初始涡旋外围尺度显著相关:随着外围尺度递减,台风从形成完整双眼墙、伪双眼墙到没有双眼墙逐步过渡,次眼墙形成时间推迟且位置更加靠近台风中心。动力学分析发现,初始外围尺度可控制外雨带分布,雨带的非绝热加热主导了主眼墙外围边界层径向入流和绝对涡度径向输送的分布和大小。绝对涡度径向输送和摩擦耗散的相对大小及位置决定了次眼墙低层切向风次极大值出现的可能性和位置。动量强迫对低层切向风次极大值的大小仍有贡献。 相似文献
3.
通过利用多普勒雷达图、OLR日平均场、环境场和比湿场等资料对7514(ELSIE)、7908(HOPE)、0313(Dujuan)号台风进行对比诊断分析。结果表明3个双重眼壁台风都有规则和紧凑的螺旋云带，外围的云带范围小、副高强盛、登陆前850hPa西南风没加强等等，都是造成台风风大而且影响范围广，降水量偏少的原因；OLR场分布与降水场分布的同时对应关系很好，OLR低中心最终没移至陆上，因此陆上降水偏少；台风OLR低中心移向陆地的地点与强降水中心基本相符；登陆时台风中心比湿值、等值线的梯度越大、移速的越慢，则降水时间越长、雨强越大。降水越集中。 相似文献
4.
利用CIMSS/MIMIC微波、AMSU微波、静止红外、TRMM卫星资料,详细地叙述了"梅花"台风三次双眼墙生消的演变过程,定量分析了这三次过程之间及其与以往研究的异同点,包括双眼墙的生消周期、空间尺度、结构、强度以及所伴随的台风强度变化,在此基础上提出了双眼墙生消的演变模型。结果表明:(1)螺旋云带型态演变是双眼墙生消过程的外在表现形式:随着台风眼墙与螺旋云带的脱离,螺旋云带自身首尾相连,在原台风眼墙的外围形成另一圈闭合环流,即双眼墙结构形成。外眼墙环流在加强加宽后向内收缩,内眼墙环流减弱并消失,只剩一单圈环流,或外眼墙环流演变为螺旋云带,则双眼墙结构消失;(2)双眼墙结构持续的时间可以由几小时至数天,这可能与内、外眼墙直径无关,而与台风环流特别是外眼墙结构有关。当外眼墙环流对称化后,内、外眼墙将在数小时内完成眼璧置换过程;(3)在一个成熟的双眼墙台风中,外眼墙对流发展高度较内眼墙高,内外眼墙之间是类似台风眼的下沉气流控制区;(4)基于ADT的台风业务定强,可能不能正确地描述双眼墙台风强度的变化特征,而AMSU-A所反映的台风暖心强度,能较好说明双眼墙生消过程中台风强度的剧烈变化。 相似文献
5.
热带气旋的快速增强机制目前仍然不太清楚,不少研究开始关注快速增强过程中热带气旋内核结构的变化。通过比较模拟的西北太平洋超强台风Rammasun (2014)和大西洋5级飓风Wilma (2005)快速增强过程中内核结构的变化特点,理解内核结构在快速增强过程中的变化特点。飓风Wilma是一个典型的快速增强热带气旋,快速增强期间具有弱的环境垂直切变、对称的眼墙、较小的中心倾斜以及比较直立的眼墙。但是,台风Rammasun快速增强发生在较强切变(超过10 m/s)环境下,眼墙对流呈高度不对称,强对流基本固定在台风中心的南侧。整个快速增强期间,Rammasun在垂直方向上维持较大的中心倾斜以及较大的眼墙倾斜。结果表明,快速增强也可能在不完全对称的内核结构和倾斜垂直结构的情况下发生。 相似文献
6.
利用CIMSS微波卫星产品和多普勒天气雷达资料,分析超强台风利奇马（1909）的长时间双眼墙特征,并采用集合卡尔曼滤波方法同化雷达径向风资料,诊断利奇马双眼墙的三维结构演变特征。结果表明:在双眼墙演变过程初期,受强垂直风切变和中高层干空气入侵的影响,外眼墙对流减弱,呈非对称特征。Sawyer-Eliassen方程诊断结果显示:台风利奇马（1909）内、外眼墙次级环流之间的相互作用不明显,不同于发生眼墙替换过程的台风,其外眼墙处非绝热加热引起的下沉运动发生在内眼的眼心,内眼墙的上升运动并未受到外眼墙次级环流抑制。另外,在强垂直风切变条件下,非对称的外眼墙不能持续增强收缩并取代内眼墙,因此双眼墙结构得以长时间维持。可见,台风利奇马（1909）外眼墙的非对称结构和特殊的次级环流分布是其双眼墙能够长期维持的重要原因。 相似文献
7.
利用多种资料对2011年第9号热带气旋“梅花”的两次路径转折过程进行诊断分析和数值模拟,结果表明:副热带高压、中纬度槽和越赤道气流等外部大环境场的变化对路径转向有影响,第一次路径转折期间,眼墙和螺旋云带分布变化不大;第二次路径转折前后,台风眼墙从双眼墙结构演变成明显的非对称结构,台风眼区发生了眼墙置换与合并,以及螺旋云带与眼墙合并过程。机制的定量分析表明:第一次转向期间,环境风场的纬向和经向分量对引导气流的贡献在83%以上,表明外部环境风场对其路径转向的影响较大,内部的风暴尺度风场对其路径转折的影响程度较小;第二次转向期间,风暴尺度场的纬向分量对引导引流贡献的百分比从23%上升到36%,经向分量对引导引流贡献的百分比介于35%~47%之间,表明内部非对称结构与外部大尺度环境流场对第二次路径转折都有影响。 相似文献
8.
2019年9号台风利奇马在浙江造成极端降水,其中8月9日白天浙江东部受台风外围螺旋雨带长时间影响,9日夜间在台风内核对流影响下降水有显著增强;降水中心与浙江临海地区的天台山、括苍山和雁荡山等地形特征密切相关。GPM（Global Precipitation Measure）卫星遥感反演表明近岸台风螺旋雨带以层积混合型降水为主,台风眼墙区域以热带暖云对流型降水为主;眼墙区雨滴有效直径更大、雨滴数密度更高,有利于形成高降水强度。台风登陆前移动速度较慢,浙江沿海地区维持低层锋生和辐合,有利于外围螺旋雨带降水维持和增强;登陆前后受环境垂直切变等因素影响,台风中心左前侧眼墙区域对流活跃,在登陆点附近强降水区偏向于台风中心左侧。分钟级降水观测表明台风登陆期间浙江近海山区降水强度2~3倍于平原地区,其中地形性降水增幅效应与台风对流非对称结构差异对降水影响程度基本相当,有利于在台风中心左前侧的括苍山—雁荡山山区形成强降水中心。 相似文献
9.
同心双眼台风结构和强度的初步分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
本文利用飞机探测、雷达和卫星云图资料,分析和讨论了同心双眼台风的特征和强度.作者普查了1949—1983年35年的观测资料,得到76个同心双眼台风,发现在西北太平洋地区强台风中,常常可以观测到这种结构的台风眼,而且它与台风的自身强度也有密切的关系.另外,这类台风的地理分布和季节分布都有明显的规律.根据观测事实,本文提出了同心双眼台风结构的一种理想化模型. 相似文献
10.
本文利用飞机探测资料，分析了台风同心双环云墙演变的特征。在1949—1985年的83个同心双眼台风中，双环云墙的演变可分为以下三类。1.随着台风的加强，包围眼的云墙直径逐渐缩小，而外围又会涌入一圈环状闭合云墙，外云墙也逐渐缩小，内云墙很快消失。在这类台风变化过程中，会有几次外围涌入环状云墙的情况；与此相对应，台风强度变化有一振荡。2.另一类台风在变化过程中，外围涌入环状云墙只有一次。外云墙发展变化较复杂:有的台风外云墙会渐渐缩小；有的外云墙会渐渐扩展；有的双环云墙维持较长一段时间；有的外云墙出现后很快消失。3.还有一类双环云墙的形成是由台风眼内积云对流发展而演变为环状闭合内云墙的，这类台风的内云墙维持一段时间后即消散。 相似文献
11.
In this study, the impacts of the environmental temperature profile on the tropical cyclone eyewall replacement cycle are examined using idealized numerical simulations. It is found that the environmental thermal condition can greatly affect the formation and structure of a secondary eyewall and the intensity change during the eyewall replacement cycle. Simulation with a warmer thermal profile produces a larger moat and a prolonged eyewall replacement cycle. It is revealed that the enhanced static stability greatly suppresses convection, and thus causes slow secondary eyewall formation. The possible processes influencing the decay of inner eyewall convection are investigated. It is revealed that the demise of the inner eyewall is related to a choking effect associated with outer eyewall convection, the radial distribution of moist entropy fluxes within the moat region, the enhanced static stability in the inner-core region, and the interaction between the inner and outer eyewalls due to the barotropic instability. This study motivates further research into how environmental conditions influence tropical cyclone dynamics and thermodynamics. 相似文献
12.
By using idealized numerical simulations, the impact of tropical cyclone size on secondary eyewall formation (SEF) is examined. Both unbalanced boundary layer and balanced processes are examined to reveal the underlying mechanism. The results show that a tropical cyclone (TC) with a larger initial size favors a quicker SEF and a larger outer eyewall. For a TC with a larger initial size, it will lead to a stronger surface entropy flux, and thus more active outer convection. Meanwhile, a greater inertial stability helps the conversion from diabatic heating to kinetic energy. Furthermore, the progressively broadening of the tangential wind field will induce significant boundary layer imbalances. This unbalanced boundary layer process results in a supergradient wind zone that acts as an important mechanism for triggering and maintaining deep convection. In short, different behaviors of balanced and unbalanced processes associated with the initial wind profile lead to different development rates of the secondary eyewall. 相似文献
13.
Based on high-fidelity numerical simulation by using the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model, we analyzed the formation and replacement mechanism of the concentric eyewall of Super Typhoon Muifa (1109) from the aspects of the potential vorticity (PV), dynamic/ thermodynamic structure change, sea surface flux, and water vapor content. Observational data and sensitivity tests were also adopted to verify the results. We found that: (1) The abnormal increase of the PV in the rain zone is mainly due to the condensation latent heat. Sufficient water vapor conditions are beneficial to the formation of the outer eyewall structure, and when the environmental water vapor content is larger, the intensity of the outer eyewall becomes greater. (2) After the formation of the typhoon’s outer eyewall, in the area where the outer eyewall is located, the increase of inertial stability contributes to the decrease of the intensity of the inner eyewall. When the intensity of the outer eyewall is larger, the divergence and subsidence motion in the upper layer of the outer eyewall has a greater weakening effect on the intensity of the inner eyewall. (3) The increase of potential temperature of the outer eyewall is mainly due to the condensation latent heat release and the warming of dry air subsidence motion in the moat area. (4) The increase of sea surface heat flux can prolong the concentric eyewall replacement process. 相似文献
14.
Summary Current understanding of tropical cyclone (TC) structure and intensity changes has been reviewed in this article. Recent studies in this area tend to focus on two issues: (1) what factors determine the maximum potential intensity (MPI) that a TC can achieve given the thermodynamic state of the atmosphere and the ocean? and (2) what factors prevent the TCs from reaching their MPIs? Although the MPI theories appear mature, recent studies of the so-called superintensity pose a potential challenge. It is notable that the maximum intensities reached by real TCs in all ocean basins are generally lower than those inferred from the theoretical MPI, indicating that internal dynamics and external forcing from environmental flow prohibit the TC intensification most and limit the TC intensity. It remains to be seen whether such factors can be included in improved MPI approaches.Among many limiting factors, the unfavorable environmental conditions, especially the vertical shear-induced asymmetry in the inner core region and the cooling of sea surface due to the oceanic upwelling under the eyewall region, have been postulated as the primary impediment to a TC reaching its MPI. However, recent studies show that the mesoscale processes, which create asymmetries in the TC core region, play key roles in TC structure and intensity changes. These include the inner and outer spiral rainbands, convectively coupled vortex Rossby waves, eyewall cycles, and embedded mesovortices in TC circulation. It is also through these inner core processes that the external environmental flow affects the TC structure and intensity changes. It is proposed that future research be focused on improving the understanding of how the eyewall processes respond to all external forcing and affect the TC structure and intensity changes. Rapid TC intensity changes (both strengthening and weakening) are believed to involve complex interactions between different scales and to be worthy of future research.The boundary-layer processes are crucial to TC formation, maintenance, and decaying. Significant progress has been made to deduce the drag coefficient on high wind conditions from the measurements of boundary layer winds in the vicinity of hurricane eyewalls by Global Positioning System (GPS) dropsondes. This breakthrough can lead to reduction of the uncertainties in the calculation of surface fluxes, thus improving TC intensity forecast by numerical weather prediction models. 相似文献
15.
利用TMI反演的水汽凝结物对热带气旋潜热结构分布的探索研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
本文利用热带测雨卫星TRMM（Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission）微波成像仪TMI（TRMM Microwave Imager）2A12 水汽凝结物（Hydrometeor）反演资料,对西北太平洋地区从1998～2009 年的236 个热带气旋个例的1776 个“快照”（snapshot）的水汽凝结物的结构特征进行了分析,并探讨了水汽凝结物的时空变化与热带气旋强度演变联系。研究结果表明:（1）TMI 2A12 水汽凝结物资料显示出了热带气旋内部的细致结构及变化特征,水汽凝结物的峰值集中于数十公里到一百多公里的热带气旋眼壁及云墙区;在热带气旋发展过程中,随着热带气旋强度的增强,水汽凝结物增多且往其中心靠拢,从发展阶段到成熟阶段,水汽凝结物的大值中心基本上集中在距离热带气旋中心约50 km 区域,而且强度越强的热带气旋,水汽凝结物的大值中心与热带气旋中心的距离越近;在热带气旋消亡的过程中,水汽凝结物不断减弱且往外围扩散,逐渐扩展到远离中心的区域;（2）热带气旋强度与水汽凝结物的分布关系密切,热带气旋强度变化与热带气旋中心附近200 km 范围内的水汽凝结物含量存在显著的正相关,而200 km 以外的外围水汽凝结物含量存在负相关;（3）热带气旋强度变化与水汽凝结物的变化存在时间差,水汽凝结物的变化超前于热带气旋强度的变化,在热带气旋迅速发展之前数小时,热带气旋中心0～50 km 环状区域的水汽凝结物含量就已经提前增加了,在热带气旋减弱前数小时到十数小时,即使热带气旋还处于它强度的鼎盛时期,其中心0～50 km 环状区域的水汽凝结物含量就已经提前显著减少了,这种水汽凝结物的变化超前于热带气旋强度的变化的现象,可能是热带气旋强度预报的潜在线索。 相似文献
16.
Multisatellite data is used to analyze the characteristics of three eyewall replacement cycles (ERCs) during the lifetime of Typhoon Muifa (1109). Spiral rainbands evolutions, concentric eyewall (CE) structure modes, CE durations, and intensity changes are discussed in detail. In addition, an ERC evolution model of Typhoon Muifa is given. There are four main findings. (1) The outer spiral rainband joins end to end to form the outer eyewall after it disconnects from the original (inner) eyewall. The inner eyewall weakens as the outer eyewall becomes axisymmetric and is intensified. The contraction of the outer eyewall causes the inner eyewall to dissipate rapidly. Finally, the ERC ends with an annular eyewall or spiral rainbands. (2) Although the CE duration times of Typhoon Muifa’s three ERCs covered a large range, the CE structures were all maintained for approximately 5 h from the formation of the axisymmetric outer eyewall to the end of the cycle. (3) There is no obvious precipitation reflectivity in the eye or moat region for the subsidence flow. The convection within the two eyewalls is organized as a radially outward slope with increasing height. (4) Typhoon intensity estimation results based on ADT may not explain the intensity variations associated with ERC correctly, while the typhoon’s warm core data retrieved from AMSU-A works well. 相似文献
17.
通过一系列四维变分同化试验对GMS5卫星资料反演的云迹风资料在西北太平洋热带气旋的初始化及路径数值预报中的作用进行研究,同化资料为中国国家卫星气象中心提供的GMS5水汽和红外云迹风资料,其中70%在400hPa以上,50%集中在200～300hPa。应用美国NCAR/PSU中尺度模式MM5及其四维变分同化系统,同化窗口为6h,对初始时刻和6h后的云迹风进行同化。同化前对云迹风资料进行了简单的类似ECMWF初值检验方法的质量控制。对2002年8个西北太平洋热带气旋共进行了22组试验。结果表明,采用四维变分同化技术同化云迹风对热带气旋路径预报有一定改善,12,24,36和48h预报的平均距离误差分别降低5%,12%,10%和7%,但同化云迹风的作用与初始气旋强度有关。选择初始中心海平面气压960hPa作为强、弱气旋的分类标准,则11个较强气旋平均路径误差12h减小了13%,12h以后的预报误差减小率维持在20%以上。而对于11个较弱气旋,平均路径误差反而略有增加,说明同化云迹风资料对不同初始强度的气旋作用也有所不同。其主要原因是由于强度较强的热带气旋往往具有较为深厚的垂直结构,因此受高层大气流场的影响更明显;同时,较弱热带气旋的云迹风观测相对稀少且凌乱,并且更容易受环境气流的影响,因此对于较弱的热带气旋,当模式变量与模式或变量之间在同化后不够协调的话,就会产生负效应。 相似文献
18.
To improve understanding of essential aspects that influence forecasting of tropical cyclones (TCs), the National Key Research and Development Program, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China conducted a five-year project titled “Key Dynamic and Thermodynamic Processes and Prediction for the Evolution of Typhoon Intensity and Structure” (KPPT). Through this project, new understandings of TC intensification, including outer rainband-driven secondary eyewall formation and the roles of boundary layer dynamics and vertical wind shear, and improvements to TC data assimilation with integrated algorithms and adaptive localizations are achieved. To promote a breakthrough in TC intensity and structure forecasting, a new paradigm for TC evolution dynamics (i.e., the correlations, interactions, and error propagation among the triangle of TC track, intensity, and structure) is proposed; and an era of dynamic-constrained, big-data driven, and strongly coupled data assimilation at the subkilometer scale and seamless prediction is expected. 相似文献