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1.
采用WRF模式对华南飑线的升尺度增长过程进行模拟,利用Barnes滤波将模式数据分解为三个尺度,分别代入相应的能量方程中进行计算,从能量角度研究飑线升尺度增长过程中动能和位能的变化,以及三个尺度系统能量的相互转化。研究表明:动能的变化与飑线过程中各尺度系统的演变有较好的对应,β中小尺度对流的发展对应β中小尺度系统动能的变化,而在飑线升尺度增长过程中,α中尺度系统动能快速增长。在飑线发展过程中环境场通过位能向动能的转化使得β中小尺度对流快速发展加强,而β中尺度飑线的快速发展与合并加强导致了飑线的升尺度增长。在飑线的升尺度增长过程中,β中小尺度动能大量转化为α中尺度动能使得α中尺度飑线迅速增强,而环境场对飑线升尺度增长过程的直接影响较小。   相似文献   

2.
2020年第7号台风“海高斯”在广东省造成大风、暴雨灾害,细致研究其多尺度能量分布及转化特征有助于更好地认识和防御类似的台风灾害。运用WRF模式对台风“海高斯”进行了数值模拟,使用Barnes滤波方法将模拟结果分离为大尺度背景场(> 2 000 km)、α中尺度系统(200~2 000 km)、β中小尺度系统(<200 km)等三个尺度分量,分别计算三个尺度动能、有效位能的分布及变化。结果表明:(1)台风“海高斯”活跃期内,大尺度背景场动能先增加后稳定,α中尺度动能先增加后减少,β中小尺度动能变化不明显。动能的主要来源是有效位能的转化及气压梯度力做功,主要去向是水平输送及跨尺度转化。三种尺度动能主要分布于对流层低层。(2)大尺度背景场有效位能有两次先增加后减少的过程,α中尺度和β中小尺度有效位能先增加后减少。有效位能的主要来源是非绝热加热,主要去向是转化为动能和水平输送及跨尺度转化。三种尺度有效位能主要分布于对流层高层。(3)台风“海高斯”能量转化区域主要为距台风中心200 km以内台风眼壁及中心密集云盖区域对流层上层、距台风中心200—700 km台风外围区域对流层上层、...  相似文献   

3.
沈新勇  沙莎  李小凡 《大气科学》2018,42(5):1109-1118
本文是讨论梅雨锋暴雨过程中多尺度能量相互作用问题的开始部分。为了分析梅雨锋暴雨过程中的多尺度能量相互作用,从z坐标系中的运动方程和热力学方程出发,把基本物理量分成大尺度背景场(>2000 km)、α中尺度(200~2000 km)和β中小尺度系统(< 200 km)分量,利用滞弹性近似,推导了大尺度背景场、α中尺度和β中小尺度系统三个尺度的动能方程和位能方程。能量方程中包含了各尺度动能之间的转换、位能之间的转换以及动能和位能之间的转换。动能方程主要包括各尺度动能之间转换项、动能输送项、水平气压梯度力做功项、垂直方向扰动气压梯度力做功项、浮力做功项、地转偏向力分量做功项以及摩擦力做功项。位能方程主要包括各尺度位能之间转换项、位能输送项、浮力做功项以及非绝热加热做功项。其中浮力做功项为位能和动能之间的能量转换项,是暴雨发生发展过程中比较关键的能量转换项。关于将能量方程用于梅雨锋暴雨过程中并且诊断能量相互作用影响暴雨发展和消亡过程的物理机制等问题,将在以后的研究中给出。  相似文献   

4.
沙莎  沈新勇  李小凡 《大气科学》2018,42(5):1119-1132
本文利用中国自动站与CMORPH(Climate Prediction Center Morphing technique for the production of global precipitation estimates)融合的逐时降水量0.1°网格数据集资料挑选出一次典型的梅雨锋暴雨个例,运用WRF中小尺度模式进行模拟,对模拟得到的高分辨率结果进行Barnes滤波,最后将滤波结果代入动能和位能方程中,目的是定量地分析各个尺度能量的变化以及它们之间的相互作用对暴雨强度的影响。研究发现:模式模拟的降水过程和强度与实况较为吻合,推导的能量方程适用于这次暴雨过程。三种尺度能量之间的相互作用包含了各种跨尺度能量的相互作用。在整个暴雨过程中,跨尺度之间的斜压能量转换包括位能向动能的能量转换和动能向位能的能量转换。同尺度之间的斜压能量转换总是单向的,且量值较大,动能的强度主要靠位能向动能的能量转换来维持。斜压能量转换的多少影响着暴雨的强弱。大尺度斜压能量转换在中高层比较强,中尺度斜压能量转换在低层较强,尤以β中小尺度系统变化最为显著,β中小尺度系统扰动是影响暴雨强度的关键系统。风切变的大小影响各尺度动能之间的能量转换。温度或位温梯度的大小影响各尺度位能之间的能量转换。位能与动能之间的能量转换主要与各尺度垂直速度和温度的垂直分布有关,暖空气上升冷空气下沉是各个尺度位能向动能转换的主要过程。  相似文献   

5.
利用FY静止卫星资料、多普勒雷达监测及四维变分(4DVAR)反演产品、区域自动站和常规观测资料、NCEP分析资料,对2011年8月16日淮河上游副热带高压(简称副高)边缘MCS的结构、演变规律及形成原因进行研究。结果表明:卫星监测的中尺度对流系统(Mesoscale convective system,简称MCS)形成于副高边缘切变线附近,扩散南下冷空气触发高对流不稳定能量释放是系统形成发展的主要机制。对流系统的发展演变可分为四个时期:对流系统初生期、β中尺度对流系统(简称MβCS)合并发展期、圆形α中尺度对流系统(简称MαCS)旺盛期和减弱衰亡期,前三个阶段是产生强降水的主要时期。卫星监测的MCS初生期在雷达上表现为单体和多单体风暴,后三个时期则多表现为β和α中尺度对流系统,成熟期在雷达上表现为带状对系统。对流系统在低层辐合线附近发展,辐合区合并造成对流系统合并,进而造成MCS爆发性发展和降水强度的增加,边界层气旋式旋转气流使冷云罩具有圆形特征。对流系统的垂直辐合辐散层及正负涡度层均呈交替分布特征,高层辐散和垂直上升运动相对弱。低层辐合区的宽度与系统的水平尺度有关。地面冷暖气流交汇及地形辐合线具有重要的对流触发作用,地面气流汇合和豫西中尺度地形对降水落区和中心强度均有影响。  相似文献   

6.
符娇兰  权婉晴  麦子  罗琪  陈涛  李晓兰  许先煌  朱文剑  华珊  韩旭卿 《气象》2023,49(12):1435-1450
基于ERA5再分析资料、国家级和区域级地面气象观测、双偏振多普勒雷达、地面雨滴谱仪、闪电定位仪、风廓线雷达等多源观测资料,对“23·7”华北创纪录极端降水过程中雨强的精细化特征,导致极端降水的中尺度对流系统(MCS),极端降水的微物理特征及动力和热力条件进行了分析。结果表明:整个过程小时雨强表现出面弱点强的特点,局地小时、分钟级雨强具有极端性。雨强阶段性特征明显,2023年7月30日08:00至31日20:00(第二阶段)雨强最强,与多个β-MCS发展有关,并伴有后向传播及列车效应等中尺度过程,降水以中等直径、高浓度雨滴为主,具有一定量的低浓度大粒子雨滴样本,属于海洋性与大陆性混合型降水,暖云碰并与冰晶聚合融化过程共存。7月29日08:00至30日08:00(第一阶段)和7月31日20:00至8月2日08:00(第三阶段)雨强相对较小,对应于前者的MCS垂直伸展高度较低、强度不强,以暖云降水为主导,雨滴浓度高、直径中等,对应于后者的MCS发展强盛,但移动速度快,也具有海洋性与大陆性降水混合型降水特征。三个阶段的大气整层可降水量最大值均超过70mm,第一阶段天气尺度强迫强,对流有效位能(CAPE)在500J·kg-1左右,MCS发展高度相对较低;第二阶段后期天气尺度强迫有所减弱,但华北中南部对流不稳定能量再次重建,上游地区CAPE较第一阶段有所增大(600~1000J·kg-1),导致极端降水的 MCS发展为深厚湿对流系统,雨强明显增大;第三阶段天气尺度强迫明显减弱,低层偏南风脉动辐合和大的CAPE为MCS强烈发展提供了有利条件。  相似文献   

7.
冷涡背景下MCS的统计分析   总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1  
王磊  谌芸  张仙  曾波 《气象》2013,39(11):1385-1392
文章首先给出冷涡的定义,根据冷涡的定义识别出冷涡,2005—2011年4—9月7年共识别出60个冷涡,主要形成在蒙古和我国的东北地区。然后根据中尺度对流系统(MCS)的标准按尺度大小将MCS分类为α中尺度对流系统(MαCS)和β中尺度对流系统(MβCS),又按MCS的形状将MαCS分类为中尺度对流复合体(MCC)和持续拉长状对流系统(PECS),MβCS分类为β中尺度对流复合体(MβCC)和β中尺度持续拉长状对流系统(MβECS)。利用FY 2C(2005—2009年)和FY 2E(2010—2011年)的TBB资料对60个冷涡背景下的MCS进行识别并对其时空分布特征及其与冷涡的关系进行统计分析。结果表明:(1) 60个冷涡过程识别出61个MCS,MCS通常产生在我国东北和华北,MCC和PECS生成较分散;MβCC主要集中在华北和东北地区;MβECS主要集中在东北地区。(2) 6月生成的MCS最多,有16个,9月最少。MCS大多形成于当地的下午和晚上,此时对流发展旺盛,有利于中尺度对流系统的产生,到了夜间MCS发展成熟,至凌晨—日出时分消散。(3) 冷涡背景下的MCS的移动路径多数是从西向东偏北的,其生成后主要向东移动,这和我国中纬度西风带天气系统的移动路径基本一致,但由于受冷涡等天气系统的影响,会出现不同的移动方向。位于冷涡东侧且距离冷涡中心距离较近的MCS有向东偏北方向移动的趋势;位于冷涡南侧且距离中心较远的MCS有向东偏南方向移动的趋势。(4) 冷涡背景下的MCS主要产生在冷涡的发展阶段,成熟和消散阶段相对较少。(5) 冷涡背景下的MCS主要形成在冷涡的东南部,西南部也有一小部分。(6) MβCS系统发展较MαCS系统快,持续的时间也较MαCS短。  相似文献   

8.
2015年7月22日福建西部山区经历了一次罕见的极端降水过程,6 h降水量高达254.9 mm,24 h最大降水量达295.5 mm。利用常规天气资料、自动气象站、卫星云图、风廓线雷达以及多普勒天气雷达资料,分析此次过程的中尺度对流系统的环境条件及结构演变特征。分析表明:低空季风槽北抬减弱后的切变和高空高压之间的南北向槽缓慢向东北移动是此次强降雨的主要影响系统,不稳定能量加大、抬升凝结高度和自由对流高度低、大气可降水量大及中等到弱的垂直风切变形成有利于中尺度对流系统发展的环境条件。中尺度对流系统在发展过程中结构发生改变,由线状对流伴随层云(TL/AS)的结构转变为静止后向建立的中尺度对流系统,极端降水出现在静止后向传播阶段。高空冷空气入侵,低空西南急流加强并伴风速辐合,冷暖空气交汇导致中尺度对流系统加强发展,边界层西南气流在有利的喇叭口地形作用下加强抬升,北上受到山脉阻挡形成小涡旋,西北侧对流单体移入后不断加强,对流单体的移动方向和传播方向相反,中尺度对流系统形成静止后向传播,产生列车效应,出现极端降水。  相似文献   

9.
天津地区080625强对流天气过程的分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
强对流降水是天津地区重要的灾害性天气,为了研究该类天气发生发展的动力学、热力学机制,利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和FY-2C卫星逐时TBB资料对2008年6月25日天津的强对流降水过程进行研究,然后利用WRF(weather research and forecasting)中尺度数值模式对该次强对流降水过程进行数值模拟和诊断分析。结果表明:中尺度露点锋是该次强对流降水的重要机制,其对应的低层气流辐合所形成的强烈上升运动及相对应的强烈发展的对流云团,是此次天津强对流降水的直接影响系统;对流有效位能等参数的变化非常好地反映出此次强降水天气的发生和发展特征;较大的相对螺旋度与此次强对流天气的发生对应也较好。由此认为,中尺度露点锋锋生的动力学、热力学过程是此次强对流降水天气发生发展的重要机制。  相似文献   

10.
东北地区一次短时大暴雨β中尺度对流系统分析   总被引:10,自引:1,他引:9  
为了探寻东北短历时暴雨的预报线索,利用自动站、卫星和常规气象观测资料相结合的方法,研究2006年8月10日最大1 h雨量达到90.8 mm(泰来,其中,后半小时降水82 mm)的东北中西部百年一遇短历时特大暴雨中尺度对流系统(MCS)发展过程,及其发生的天气尺度背景和中尺度环境与触发机制.通过红外卫星云图和高分辨率的可见光云图,分析MCS如何从一个γ中尺度发展为α中尺度对流复合体(MCC)的过程.分析表明,与6个市(县)半小时雨量超过33 mm相关联的MβCS分别发生在2个阶段,第1阶段在MCC形成之前,MβCS主要向东移动(最后合并成MCC),第2阶段,在MCC成熟阶段.MpCS出现在MCC的西南边缘,而且最强短历时暴雨就发生在这里.从分辨率更高的可见光云图上可以发现,有北、西两条积云线,它们交汇的地方MβCS强烈发展并产生暴雨.分析MCS加强和产生暴雨的原因表明:(1)暴雨发生前夕暴雨区域具有高温、高湿和对流性不稳定层结,并存在明显的对流有效位能增加、抬升凝结高度及自由对流高度降低的现象,有利于暴雨发生;(2)β中尺度云团之间的合并,使MCS迅速发展,产生暴雨;(3)北、西两条积云线分别与地面风场中的两条辐合线相对应,在它们交汇处的较强辐合导致β中尺度云团强烈发展产生暴雨.分析MCS在MCC西南方向传播的原因表明,两条辐合线的移动方向和速度决定了暴雨MCS的传播方向.另外,偏北气流的出现和新老云团的新陈代谢过程是触发暴雨的关键因素.上述分析结果也为短历时暴雨的预报提供了有用的线索.  相似文献   

11.
The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.  相似文献   

12.
Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.  相似文献   

13.
Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.  相似文献   

14.
Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.  相似文献   

15.
正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on  相似文献   

16.
正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted  相似文献   

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18.
<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea.  相似文献   

19.
《大气和海洋科学快报》2014,7(6):F0003-F0003
AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.  相似文献   

20.
《大气和海洋科学快报》2014,(5):F0003-F0003
AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.  相似文献   

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