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1.
珠江流域实际蒸散发的时空变化及影响要素分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用基于互补相关理论的平流-干旱模型,根据60个气象站1961—2010年气象资料,计算并分析了珠江流域实际蒸散发（ETa）的时空变化特征,通过对实际蒸散发的辐射能量项、空气动力学项与主要气象要素的相关分析,对珠江流域实际蒸散发的时空变化进行了归因研究。结果表明:（1） 珠江流域多年平均实际蒸散发量为665.6 mm/a。1961—2010年,珠江流域实际蒸散发量呈明显的下降趋势,下降幅度为-24.3 mm/(10 a)。夏秋季节实际蒸散发的下降对年际尺度实际蒸散发的下降具有明显的贡献。（2） 珠江流域东南沿海地区年实际蒸散发量较高（大于690 mm）,该区年实际蒸散发量呈现显著的下降趋势。流域中部有一条呈东北-西南走向的条带状实际蒸散发低值区,年均实际蒸散发量在630 mm以下,但该区域的时间变化趋势不明显。（3） 气温日较差和日照时数的下降以及大气压的增加使得辐射能量项的下降,是造成实际蒸散发下降的主要原因;平均气温、最高、最低气温的上升使空气动力学项呈现增加趋势,从而在一定程度上贡献于实际蒸散发的下降。春秋冬三季平均风速的下降引起空气动力学项的下降趋势或减缓其增加趋势,反过来在一定程度上减缓了实际蒸散发的下降趋势。 相似文献
2.
根据1971-2012年气象、水文资料采用线性趋势分析、Mann-Kendall秩次相关检验和Pearson相关系数方法研究了第二松花江流域潜在蒸散发、实际蒸散发(ETa)以及20cm蒸发皿蒸发量的变化特征及影响的主要气象因子。结果表明:蒸发皿蒸发量表现为明显的下降趋势,潜在蒸发下降趋势不明显,实际蒸发在总体上显著上升,与蒸发皿蒸发、潜在蒸散发的变化趋势相反,很好地验证了互补相关理论。分析气温、降水、风速、云量、实际水汽压、相对湿度和日照时数等的变化趋势及相关关系发现,风速、日照时数和低云量是影响蒸发皿蒸发下降的主要气象因子;平均气温、风速、相对湿度和总云量是影响实际蒸发升高的气象因子;而潜在蒸发的下降主要受日照时数、降水和低云量的影响。 相似文献
3.
黄河源区蒸散发量时空变化趋势及突变分析 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
蒸散发量是流域水文过程的关键因子。由于缺乏区域面上实际蒸散发量的长期观测,很难得到长时间序列的蒸散发时空变化趋势。因此,本研究首先利用架设在黄河源若尔盖地区的涡动相关系统观测的2010年全年的蒸散发资料进行分析,对欧洲中心提供的ERA-interim和美国国家环境预报中心(NCEP)提供的地表变量再分析数据集进行了局地适用性评估,并依据再分析蒸散数据集,基于统计学方法分析了1979~2014年黄河源区蒸散发量的时空分布及变化特征。结果表明:(1)ERA-interim蒸散发再分析资料在黄河源区适用性较好,均方根误差为0.63,NCEP蒸散发再分析资料在4~7月、10~12月模拟值偏高,均方根误差为0.81。(2)进而利用ERA-interim蒸散发再分析资料,基于Mann Kendall方法及Sen斜率(Sen’s slope estimator)检验法,分析了黄河源区蒸散发量在1979~2014年期间的变化趋势。黄河源区蒸散发量总体上呈现北高南低的年变化趋势,北部兴海—共和—贵德地区增加最为迅速,年变化率在1.5~2.5 mm/a,西南部曲麻莱—治多—玉树地区减少最为明显,变化率为-1.0~-0.5 mm/a,东南部玛沁—玛曲—久治地区蒸散发量的变化在0.5~1.0 mm/a。(3)利用滑动t检验和SQMK(Sequential Mann Kendall)方法检测出发生突变的年份集中在20世纪80年代。 相似文献
4.
黄河流经我国干旱半干旱地区,其流域蒸散发变化对当地的生态安全和经济发展尤其重要。本文利用欧洲中期天气预报中心第五代再分析产品（ERA5）定量分析了1979-2020年黄河流域蒸散发的时空变化特征,并结合气温、降水和风速数据,对黄河流域蒸散发与3种气候因子进行了相关性分析。结果表明：黄河流域蒸散发在1979-2020年呈波动下降趋势,空间分布差异明显,源区附近蒸散发上升,上游的干旱区附近蒸散发基本不变,而中游和下游地区主要呈现下降趋势。1979-2020年黄河流域气温持续上升,降水呈波动下降趋势,风速呈上升趋势。对黄河流域蒸散发与气候因子的相关性分析表明,蒸散发与气候因子的相关性空间差异较为明显,蒸散发与气温、风速呈负相关,与降水呈正相关的区域占流域的较大部分;而在复相关性方面,黄河流域大部分地区蒸散发与气候因子的相关性较强,其中以流域上游的干旱区附近复相关性最强。研究黄河流域不同地区蒸散发与气候因子的相关性可为黄河流域水资源的开发管理和区域气候调节提供科学参考。 相似文献
5.
水量平衡和蒸散发过程研究是水文循环研究的重要方面。正确的观测和计算地表实际蒸散发量对认识气候变化条件下的水循环特征、实现区域水资源的可持续开发利用具有非常重要的意义。传统蒸渗仪功能单一,不仅安装费用较高,日常维护和观测需要大量的人力物力,观测精度也常常受到仪器系统误差或人为因素的影响。围绕着陆面蒸散发观测和解决"蒸发悖论"的科学问题,设计了用于研究气候变化对水循环、陆面蒸散发影响的野外自动观测实验的新系统,站址选择在江西省南昌县生态实验站。该新型蒸渗仪(Lysimeter)系统采用先进的高分辨率称重系统(陆面蒸散发观测精度:0.01 mm)、高精度土壤水分水势传感器(pf:0-7,国际专利号:102004010518.9)和动态IP解析技术的GPRS数据采集器(24 bit,512 k),通过地表气象站、土壤水分水势、蒸渗仪和地下水位等独立的观测实验对比,确定陆地表面实际蒸散发量以及蒸散发过程的有关参数。该系统无论在测量的精度及频次上都比传统观测方法有极大的提高。另外,除了应用于陆面实际蒸散发量的观测外,该系统装置了2004年获得国际专利的新型土壤水分、温度和水势传感器,观测精度较高,观测频次可调节幅度较大,且适应多种环境条件,能够根据不同的科学目标进行新的组合和设计。 相似文献
6.
地表蒸散的估算在干旱半干旱区水资源研究中具有重要意义。利用NOAA/AVHRR遥感资料、NCEP再分析格点资料和气象站点资料,根据能量平衡模型和FAO-17 Penman公式,计算了研究区域内逐日蒸散发量;对于晴天,用遥感模型反演出瞬时蒸散,进而推算出日蒸散;同时用FAO-17 Penmen公式和气象资料,计算研究区域内的同一天的蒸散,利用气象资料计算得到的蒸散与遥感估算的蒸散的关系,估算非晴空日的蒸散,进而得到逐日蒸散发结果。与同类研究结果的比较表明:该方法能够估算逐日蒸散发,通过气象与遥感资料结合,提高了气象格点资料的空间分辨率,弥补了难以得到遥感逐日晴空资料的不足,同时也为流域内同类研究提供参考依据。 相似文献
7.
基于SPEI的中国干湿变化趋势归因分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
选用1960—2012年中国气象站点资料,利用标准化降水蒸散指数SPEI(Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index),研究了中国干湿变化趋势及其原因。过去52 a,中国干湿变化由西北向东南呈现"+-+"的空间分布状况,其中黄河流域、长江流域西部、西南流域东南及珠江流域西部显著变干;淮河流域中西部和西北流域大部显著变湿;通过数值试验,定量计算了参考蒸散发及降水对干湿趋势的贡献状况。就中国总体而言,年平均参考蒸散发显著减少抵消了由年降水量减少导致的干化趋势,呈微弱变湿趋势;其次,降水仍然是多数区域干湿变化的主导因素(黄河流域中部、长江流域、西南流域、珠江流域及东南流域);同时,参考蒸散的影响值得引起注意,其在辽河流域、海河流域、淮河流域及西北流域对干湿趋势的贡献均超过降水贡献。 相似文献
8.
柴达木盆地属于高寒干旱内陆盆地,水资源短缺,生态环境十分脆弱,蒸散发是生态系统水分耗散的主要方式,研究其变化特征对区域水资源合理开发与生态环境保护具有重要意义。本研究以柴达木盆地灌木林地和高寒草甸为观测点,采用涡动相关仪观测的2020年通量资料计算实际蒸散发量,分析不同下垫面实际蒸散发量在不同时间尺度的变化特征,并探究了气象因子与实际蒸散发量的相关性。结果表明：（1）灌木林地和高寒草甸蒸散发过程主要集中在生长季,呈正态分布,但变化范围有一定差异,高寒草甸实际日蒸散发量和实际月蒸散发量大于灌木林地。其中,灌木林地日平均蒸散发量为0.48 mm,高寒草甸日平均蒸散发量为1.28 mm;灌木林地蒸散发量8月达到峰值,为40.47 mm,高寒草甸蒸散发量7月达到峰值,为88.92 mm。（2）对于不同下垫面,气温和土壤温度变化趋势大致相同,饱和水汽压差和风速有一定差异,实际日蒸散发量与气温、土壤温度、饱和水汽压差显著相关,但是与风速相关性不大,各季节蒸散发量对各气象因子敏感程度不同,此外高寒草甸蒸散发量与土壤含水量呈显著相关。（3）不同下垫面水分消耗变化特征表明灌木林地各月水汽交换以下垫面水分... 相似文献
9.
多年冻土区土壤蒸散发对气候变化的敏感性分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
由于不同区域蒸散发对气候变化的敏感性各不相同,为摸清多年冻土活动层陆面过程中冻土-气候变化-水文循环之间的相互关系,选择青藏高原风火山区域的典型多年冻土区,依据气象站观测资料,应用Penman-Monteith公式计算了典型多年冻土区土壤蒸散发和蒸散发气候敏感系数,分析了多年冻土区土壤蒸散发对气候变化的敏感性。结果表明:多年冻土区土壤蒸散量对相对湿度的敏感性最高(-1. 291),其次为风速(0. 658),对空气温度的敏感性最低(0. 248);土壤完全融化的植被生长期,蒸散发对各气象因子的敏感性最高,土壤完全冻结的植被枯萎期,蒸散发对各气象因子的敏感性都最低;年内尺度,蒸散发对气温、相对湿度和风速的敏感性均在8月最高,在1月或12月最低;蒸散发对气温和相对湿度的敏感性变化与植物生长变化过程高度一致,而蒸散发对风速的敏感性则较为复杂,与土壤的冻融过程相关,分别在土壤逐渐融化的植物生长前期和土壤完全融化的植物生长期敏感性较高。 相似文献
10.
1961—2010年松花江流域实际蒸散发时空变化及影响要素分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
采用1961—2010年松花江流域60个气象站逐日资料,基于平流-干旱模型(AA模型)计算并分析了流域实际蒸散发时空变化特征,采用相关分析方法研究了影响实际蒸散发变化的主要气象要素。结果表明,1961—2010年,松花江流域年均实际蒸散发为420.8 mn,总体呈现增加趋势,增加速率为4.9 mm/10a,呈"减-增-减-增"年代际波动变化。季节上,春、冬两季实际蒸散发增加趋势较明显,夏、秋两季则呈现与年实际蒸散发类似的年代际波动。春、夏、秋三季和年实际蒸散发的空间分布特征基本一致,高值主要出现在流域南部,低值区主要分布在流域西部。冬季绝大部分区域的实际蒸散发呈现微弱上升趋势。1961-2010年,松花江流域年和四季的平均气温、最高气温和最低气温都呈上升趋势,其中平均气温和最低气温上升显著,日照时数和风速大都呈现显著下降趋势。相关分析结果表明,松花江流域实际蒸散发的时空变化是各气象要素共同影响的结果,而且各气象要素在不同时期对实际蒸散发的影响是有差异的。总体上看,松花江流域实际蒸散发的增加主要是由平均气温,特别是最低气温的增加引起,特别在春、冬季体现得较为明显。夏、秋季节,影响实际蒸散发的要素包括气温日较差、实际水汽压、平均风速及降水量等气象要素,但夏、秋季节这些要素的多年变化趋势不明显,导致夏、秋实际蒸散发的总体变化趋势并不明显。 相似文献
11.
Comparison of different methods for estimating soil surface evaporation in a bare field 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
Haofang Yan Chuan Zhang Hiroki Oue Hideki Sugimoto 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2012,118(3-4):143-149
In this paper, three methods for estimating soil evaporation in a bare field were evaluated: evaporation ratio method (k ratio), complementary relationship and bulk equation. Micro-lysimeters were used to measure the actual evaporation for validation of the three methods. For the k ratio method, pan evaporation was used as the reference evaporation instead of the value obtained from the Penman–Monteith equation. This result is important for areas where meteorological data are unavailable. The results showed that, for daytime evaporation, the k ratio and bulk equation produced a good fit with the observation data, while the complementary relationship generated a larger deviation from the measured data. We recommend that the k ratio method and bulk equation could be used to calculate daytime soil evaporation with high accuracy when soil water content and pan evaporation data or meteorological data are available, while the complementary relationship could be used for a rough estimation when pan evaporation is available. All the methods could be applied to calculate cumulative evaporation. 相似文献
12.
On the link between potential evaporation and regional evaporation from a CBL perspective 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The relationship between potential evaporation and actual evaporation was first examined by Bouchet (Proc Berkeley Calif Symp IAHS Publ, 62:134–142, 1963) who considered potential evaporation as the consequence of regional evaporation due to atmospheric feedbacks. Using a heuristic approach, he derived a complementary relationship which, despite no real theoretical background, has proven to be very useful in interpreting many experimental data under various climatic conditions. Here, the relationship between actual and potential evaporation is reinterpreted in the context of the development of the convective boundary layer (CBL): first, with a closed-box approach, where the CBL has an impermeable lid; and then with an open system, where air is exchanged between the CBL and its external environment. By applying steady forcing to these systems, it is shown that an equilibrium state is reached, where potential evaporation has a specific equilibrium formulation as a function of two parameters: one representing large-scale advection and the other the feedback effect of regional evaporation on potential evaporation, i.e. a kind of “medium-scale advection”. It is also shown that the original form of Bouchet’s complementary relationship is not verified in the equilibrium state. This analysis leads us to propose a new and more rational approach of the relationship between potential and actual evaporation through the effective surface resistance of the region. 相似文献
13.
Interannual to interdecadal precipitation (P), evaporation (E), water deficit (E-P), and total heat flux have been correlated with North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and Mediterranean Oscillation (MO) indices to explore the influence of large-scale atmospheric forcing on the variability of the Mediterranean water and heat budgets. Basin-averaged precipitation decrease from the mid-1960s to the late 1980s clearly corresponds to a switch from a low to a high state of both indices. The variability of E-P is not so well correlated with the atmospheric indices because of the different sensitivity of E and P that leads to correlations of opposite sign in the eastern and western sub-basins. The effectiveness of the NAO and MO indices is quite similar for P and E-P but the regional MO index has turned out to be a more successful indicator of interdecadal evaporation and net heat flux because, from the mid-1970s to the early 1990s, correlation with the NAO index decreases considerably. Because the MO centre remains relatively steady, it influences most of the Mediterranean Sea year round, so it is more suitable for monitoring long-term water and especially heat budget variability. 相似文献
14.
美国农业气象和农田蒸散研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
美国的农业气象比较强调基础和应用研究，重点为土壤－大气系统中的能量交换，水分交换，物质积累和转化，农业生产模型以及植物与环境相互作用机制等。试验多在大田条件下进行，配有比较完善的数据自动化采集系统，在农田实际蒸散的测定中，中子仪和蒸散仪得了广泛的应用，并用来检验各种蒸散计算公式。潜在蒸攻的计算方法很多，多在Ｐｅｎｍａｎ公式的基础上发展而来，并研制了相应的计算机软件，和其它公式相比，Ｐｅｎｍａｎ－Ｍ 相似文献
15.
A new method for calculating evaporation is proposed, using the Penman–Monteith (P-M) model with remote sensing. This paper achieved the effective estimation to daily evapotranspiration in the Ziya river catchment by using the P-M model based on MODIS remote sensing leaf area index and respectively estimated plant transpiration and soil evaporation by using coefficient of soil evaporation. This model divided catchment into seven different sub-regions which are prairie, meadow, grass, shrub, broad-leaved forest, cultivated vegetation, and coniferous forest through thoroughly considering the vegetation diversity. Furthermore, optimizing and calibrating parameters based on each sub-region and analyzing spatio-temporal variation rules of the model main parameters which are coefficient of soil evaporation f and maximum stomatal conductance g sx . The results indicate that f and g sx calibrated by model are basically consistent with measured data and have obvious spatio-temporal distribution characteristics. The monthly average evapotranspiration value of simulation is 37.96 mm/mon which is close to the measured value with 33.66 mm/mon and the relative error of simulation results in each subregion are within 11 %, which illustrates that simulated values and measured values fit well and the precision of model is high. In addition, plant transpiration and soil evaporation account for about 84.64 and 15.36 % respectively in total evapotranspiration, which means the difference between values of them is large. What is more, this model can effectively estimate the green water resources in basin and provide effective technological support for water resources estimation. 相似文献
16.
Summary Estimates of mean daily evapotranspiration using the aerodynamic resistance-surface energy balance (ARSEB) model of Monteith were obtained for three periods during 3 September (day of year 246) to 15 November (day 319) 1983 in an alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) field in central Arizona near Coolidge. These estimates were compared with Penman method estimates, within situ soil water balance (SWB) method estimates, and with long-term soil water depletion-based estimates of evapotranspiration for central Arizona. The SWB method estimates were obtained from soil moisture data collected to 1.5 m depth at 60 field sites, and to 1.8 m depth at 16 of the 60 sites. During relatively wet field conditions in September, daily estimates from the ARSEB method were on average about 19% to 23% lower than estimates from the Penman and SWB methods, respectively. However, for these wetter conditions, soil moisture data were only collected to 1.5 m depth. Thus, the SWB method may have overestimated evapotranspiration because drainage below the crop root zone was not measured. During drier conditions later in the season, ARSEB estimates of daily evapotranspiration were on average about 5% greater than Penman estimates. Also, ARSEB estimates were on the average about 24% to 35% greater than SWB method estimates. Agreement was good between ARSEB method estimates and long-term alfalfa evapotranspiration estimates by Erie et al. (1981) for central Arizona.
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Zusammenfassung Es werden mit Hilfe des ARSEB (Aerodynamisches Widerstands-Energiebilanz-Modell) von Monteith Schätzwerte der mittleren täglichen Evapotranspiration eines Luzernenfeldes für die Periode zwischen 3. September und 15. November 1983 gewonnen. Die Ergebnisse wurden mit denen der Penman-Methode, der Methode der Bodenwasserbilanz (SWB) und der Abschätzung über die langfristige Reduktion des Bodenwassers in Zentralarizona verglichen. Die SWB-Werte wurden aus Bodenfeuchtedaten in 1,5 m Tiefe von 60 Punkten und 1,8 m Tiefe von 16 Punkten berechnet. Während relativ feuchter Bedingungen im September waren die ARSEB-Schätzwerte durchschnittlich etwa 19 bis 23% niedriger als die der Penman- und SWB-Methode. Für feuchte Verhältnisse wurden allerdings nur Daten aus 1,5 m Tiefe gesammelt. Daher mag die SWB-Methode die Evapotranspiration überschätzt haben, weil der Abfluß unter dem Wurzelbereich nicht gemessen wurde. Unter trockeneren Bedingungen waren die ARSEB-Werte etwa 5% höher als die nach Penman. Gegenüber den SWB-Werten lagen die der ARSEB-Methode um etwa 24 bis 35% höher. Die Übereinstimmung zwischen ARSEB-Werten und den Abschätzungen der Luzernenevapotranspiration nach Erie et al. (1981) für Zentralarizona war gut.
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17.
18.
Changes of pan evaporation and reference evapotranspiration in the Yangtze River basin 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：5
Summary For the upper and mid-lower Yangtze River basin trends of pan evaporation and reference evapotranspiration are analysed from
1961 to 2000 using daily data of 115 stations. Both pan evaporation and reference evapotranspiration decreased during the
summer months contributing most to the total annual reduction. This trend is more significant in the mid-lower than in the
upper Yangtze reaches. The decreasing trends can be associated with trends in net radiation and wind speed. Results are compared
with the 20th century evaporation simulated by the general circulation model (GCM, ECHAM5/MPI-OM). Also the GCM’s actual evaporation
decreases contrasting an overall increase in air temperature. 相似文献
19.
Sensitivity of evapotranspiration of cotton and sorghum in west Texas to changes in climate and CO2 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Summary In regions such as west Texas where water is scarce, changes in the water balance may have a significant impact on agricultural production and management of water resources. We used the mechanistic soil-plant-atmosphere simulation model ENWATBAL to evaluate changes in soil water evaporation (E) and transpiration (T) in cotton and grain sorghum that may occur due to climate change and elevated CO2 in west Texas. Climatic and plant factors were varied individually, and in combination, to determine their impact onE andT. Of the climatic factors,E was most sensitive to changes in vapor pressure, andT to changes in irradiance. Simulations suggest that if warming is accompanied by higher humidity, the impact of climate change may be minimal. However, if the climate becomes warmer and less humid,ET may increase substantially. Simulations also suggest that enhanced growth due to elevated CO2 may have a greater impact onET than climatic change.With 9 Figures 相似文献
20.
Single and dual crop coefficients and crop evapotranspiration for wheat and maize in a semi-arid region 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
In this study, weighing lysimeters were used to investigate the daily crop coefficient and evapotranspiration of wheat and maize in the Fars province, Iran. The locally calibrated Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Penman–Monteith equation was used to calculate the reference crop evapotranspiration (ETo). Micro-lysimetry was used to measure soil evaporation (E). Transpiration (T) was estimated by the difference between crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and E. The single crop coefficient (K c) was calculated by the ratio of ETc to ETo. Furthermore, the dual crop coefficient is composed of the soil evaporation coefficient (K e) and the basal crop coefficients (K cb) calculated from the ratio of E and T to ETo, respectively. The maximum measured evapotranspiration rate for wheat was 9.9 mm?day?1 and for maize was 10 mm?day?1. The total evaporation from the soil surface was about 30 % of the total wheat ETc and 29.8 % of total maize ETc. The single crop coefficient (K c) values for the initial, mid-, and end-season growth stages of maize were 0.48, 1.40, and 0.31 and those of wheat were 0.77, 1.35, and 0.26, respectively. The measured K c values for the initial and mid-season stages were different from the FAO recommended values. Therefore, the FAO standard equation for K c-mid was calibrated locally for wheat and maize. The K cb values for the initial, mid-, and end-season growth stages were 0.23, 1.14, and 0.13 for wheat and 0.10, 1.07, and 0.06 for maize, respectively. Furthermore, the FAO procedure for single crop coefficient showed better predictions on a daily basis, although the dual crop coefficient method was more accurate on seasonal scale. 相似文献