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利用西双版纳雾凉季和干热季热带次生林林窗的小气候观测资料，探讨了昼间林窗地表温、气温及下层植物叶温的时空分布和变化规律，分析了叶温与气温和地表温的相互关系。指出在林窗区域，由于受雾、太阳高度及林窗边缘树木的影响，各小气候要素最大值随时间、季节的不同，出现在林窗不同的方位，并且存在叶温高值区时空动态位移现象；另外，林窗区域土壤-植物-大气连续体界面间热量传递方向随时间、季节的不同而发生着改变，甚至在同一时段内，林窗不同区域会存在热量传递方向截然相反的现象，显示出林窗内可能存在热量循环的小环流。其结果对深入探讨林窗区域的热量传输、小气候的形成机制、生物多样性和更新等问题均具有重要意义。 相似文献
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紫外（UV）辐射在太阳幅射光谱中的谱区范围是在100－400nm间，其能量仅占太阳辐射总量的8％，按照不同波长线所起的生物作用，可分为三部分，紫外线A段（UV－A），波长320－400nm，约占太阳辐射总量的6％，这部分生物作用较弱，主要是色素沉着作用，紫外线B段（UV-B），波长290－320nm，约占太阳辐射总量的1．5％，此段对人体影响较大，主要作用是抗佝偻病和红斑作用，是引起民皮肤癌，白内障，免疫系统能力下降的主要原因之一，紫外线C段（UV－C），波长100－290nm，约占太阳辐射总量的0．5％，由于几乎完全被臭氧层吸收而不能达到地面，以人工发生的紫外线灯进行实验，这段紫外线具有最大杀菌力，对机体细胞也有强烈的刺激破坏作用。 相似文献
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本文分析1984—1986年在南海和西太平洋热带海域考察期间实测的太阳辐射资料;发现在同一海区中总辐射值随季节,天气形势的不同有明显的差异。其中最大值出现在副热带高压中心控制的时候,最小值出现在西南季风潮天气形势下;副热带高压南部边缘的总辐射值比副高中心的值小,原因是总辐射值白天总云量的变化有密切关系。 相似文献
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本文选择长野县有代表性的落叶松林为研究对象,观测其内部小气候环境的季节变化,以便搞清松林对气候环境的影响。林内气候环境的变化与叶子状态的变化有关。在秋季十月下旬,由于叶色浓绿,林冠上部反射率约为18％;在冬季,由于叶子脱落,在开阔地带树冠下入射太阳辐射的最大反射率约为45％。林被覆盖对林区内的热量条件影响很大,在盛夏季节,林地表面最高和最低温度分别比裸地低30℃和3℃左右,这是由于松林植被减小了土壤温度波动的振幅的缘故。盛夏时节林内空气温度可以比裸地低7.5℃,相对地产生了冷的环境。在生叶和落叶过程中植株接收太阳辐射的主要部位位于不同的高度上,这从林内气温的垂直分布状态可以看出来。能量平衡分析认为,松林植被对其环境的主要影响之一是通过潜热通量来传输热量,即松林改变了鲍文比率,从而向其周围提供了凉爽清新的空气。这种热量交换在裸地上和城市柏油、水泥路面上是几乎不存在的。 相似文献
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HEIFE绿洲区太阳总辐射和地表反射率的分光谱特征 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
太阳辐射的分光测量在许多研究和应用领域中都具有十分重要的意义．本文利用HEIFE临泽子站进行的太阳总辐射和反射辐射的分光观测资料，研究了黑河绿洲区太阳总辐射和地表反射率的光谱特征．研究结果表明：在太阳总辐射的光谱能量分布中，紫外和可见光部分的比倒偏小，近红外部分则偏太．在其从冬到夏的季节变化中紫外和可见光部分是由小到大，近红外部分剐是由大到小。在其日变化中0．5μm以下波段是中午大早晚小；0．7μm以上波段是中午小，早晚大；0．5-0．7μm波段的日变化不明显。紫外波段的相对日变化幅度最大．地表反射率的光谱特性有明显的季节变化，变化特征与地表植被状况有关．各波段地表反射率的日变化型有一定的季节差异，其中波长小于0．7μm部分较为明显，并与地表植被状况有关．在裸露地表各波段反射率与太阳高度角的关系中，近红外波段随太阳高度角增加而增大，紫外和可见光波段则随太阳高度角增大而减小．全波段反射率随太阳高度角增大而增大主要是近红外波段的贡献．这是裸露地表光谱反射率的重要特征之一。 相似文献
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上海地区地面太阳紫外辐射的观测和分析 总被引：21，自引：0，他引：21
通过对上海地区2001～2003年地面太阳总辐射和紫外辐射观测资料的分析表明：（1）上海地区太阳辐射和紫外辐射年总量分别为4487．1MJ／m^2和149．6MJ/m^2。（2）紫外辐射的季节变化特征十分明显，夏半年（4-9月）各月极大紫外辐射强度远大于冬半年（10月～次年3月），7月份最强，12月份最弱。（3）不同天气条件下，紫外辐射日变化显示出明显的差异，晴天强且稳定，多云天气波动较大，阴天则次之。（4）紫外辐射占总辐射的比例（η）也显示冬半年低，夏半年高的分布特征。（5）影响上海地区到达地面紫外辐射的主要因子有：太阳高度角的大小大致决定了到达地面紫外辐射的强弱，两者具有相近的年变化趋势；云、雨等天气类型是影响紫外辐射的重要因子；大气能见度对紫外辐射也有比较明显的影响。 相似文献
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我国太阳总辐射气候学计算方法的再讨论 总被引：24，自引：2，他引：24
根据我国建站时间在30a以上的辐射资料以及对应的地面站日照资料，在分析太阳总辐射统计特征的基础上，讨论了总辐射气候学计算公式中a、b系数的地理分布和季节变化特征，分析了辐射气候学计算的可能误差，得到了用日照资料估算总辐射的误差范围。结果表明，太阳总辐射月总量接近正态分布特征；总辐射气候学计算公式中的a、b系数具有较明显的时空变化特征，需按不同月份确立；通过逐年观测资料计算各基本站a、b系数，再由内插求得无辐射资料测站的a、b系数，进而计算无辐射资料站的辐射总量，其误差在可接受的范围内。 相似文献
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利用TRMM卫星测雨雷达、微波成像仪和可见光/红外扫描仪的探测资料,以2006年第8号台风"桑美"为例,研究了热带气旋在海面上强烈发展时期的降水云系多谱段辐射特征,研究结果表明:可见光资料反映了云的厚度信息,红外(亮温)资料反映云顶高度信息,可以较好地反映台风云系所表现台风的外观,但对台风云系覆盖下的细节特征的探测能力则有限.微波有很强的穿透性,能揭示台风云系中各种粒子的三维分布特征.微波通道亮温与PR降水的相关远大于可见光和红外遥感的效果.不论是可见光、红外还是微波亮温,与高层降水的相关系数绝对值总大于其与低层降水的相关系数.可见光和近红外波段的辐射率与降水正相关,相关系数随频率减小而减小;中红外和两个红外分裂窗区的亮温与降水呈负相关,相关系数的绝对值随频率减小略有增大.TMI低频通道的亮温与降水正相关,相关程度随频率减小略有减小;TMI高频通道的亮温与降水负相关,相关系数的绝对值随频率减小而减小. 相似文献
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本文利用淮南森林观测站2018年7月1日至2019年6月30日冠层辐射观测,分析了淮南栎树森林下垫面冠层内外辐射变化特征。结果表明:（1）从春季到夏季,栎树冠层之上向下的太阳短波辐射增加,到冬季逐渐减少。从早春开始,由于叶片生长增多,冠层中间和冠层之下向下的太阳短波辐射下降,从秋季到冬季树叶凋落,其向下的太阳辐射增加,与冠层之上的变化趋势相反;对于向上的短波辐射,无论冠层之上、冠层中间还是冠层之下,随季节的变化都与向下的短波辐射相似,只是数值小很多。（2）冠层之上、冠层中间和冠层之下向下的长波辐射,随时间的变化从春季逐渐开始增大至夏季达到最大,随后逐渐减小并在冬季达到最小;就空间变化而言,冠层中间和冠层之下向下的长波辐射值比冠层之上的辐射值高,使得冠层对长波辐射的振幅增大,晴空条件最高可达1.3倍。（3）淮南森林区冠层之上（距地面25 m）年平均反照率为0.14,比中国北方地区（35°N）温带季风气候区（混交林为主）反照率的整体水平低0.01,表明淮南的森林茂密、灌丛更多些。（4）冠层上部分和整层的短波辐射透射率主要受叶片的影响。夏季,冠层的短波透射率平均为0.1。到了冬天,叶子凋落,透射率增加并趋于一个平稳的波动。冠层的短波辐射吸收率在夏季最高,秋季逐渐降低,随着叶子凋落在冬季迅速减小,趋于一常值。 相似文献
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阿尔卑斯山杉林冠层影响辐射传输的个例分析 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
利用瑞士Alptal观测站杉树林冠层上方、下方的辐射观测资料,分析了冠层对短波辐射的减弱及对长波辐射的增幅作用及其季节变化。结果表明,对比较密集的常绿针叶林,冠层对入射短波辐射的透过率随着太阳高度的降低而减小,春季以后趋于稳定;冠层对长波辐射的增幅作用随天气状况而变化,这种增幅作用在晴空条件下最显著,可达1.5倍。在冬季,因为太阳辐射较弱,冠层对长波辐射的增幅作用超过对短波辐射的减弱从而增加地面净辐射。在其它季节,太阳辐射比较强,冠层对短波辐射的减弱超过对长波辐射的增幅作用而减少地面净辐射。地面净辐射与冠层上方气温的变化趋势虽然在有些时段一致,但在伴随降雪过程的降温时段,地面净辐射与气温的变化趋势近乎反相,在积雪融化时段,地面净辐射的增加比气温升高更显著,尤其是在白天。 相似文献
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A new canopy radiation transfer and surface albedo scheme is developed as part of the land surface model EALCO (Ecological
Assimilation of Land and Climate Observations). The model uses a gap probability-based successive orders of scattering approach
that explicitly includes the heterogeneities of stands and crown elements and the radiation multiple scattering. The model
uses the optical parameters of ecosystem elements and physically represents ecosystem processes in surface albedo dynamics.
Model tests using measurements from a boreal deciduous forest ecosystem show that the model well reproduced the observed diurnal
and seasonal albedo dynamics under different weather and ecosystem conditions. The annual mean absolute errors between modeled
and measured daily albedo and reflected radiation are 0.01 and 1.33 W m−2, respectively. The model results provide a quantitative assessment of the impacts of plant shading and sky conditions on
surface albedo observed in high-latitude ecosystems. The contribution of ground snow to surface albedo in winter was found
to be less than 0.1 even though the canopy is leafless during this time. The interception of snow by the leafless canopy can
increase the surface albedo by 0.1–0.15. The model results show that the spectral properties of albedo have large seasonal
variations. In summer, the near infrared component is substantially larger than visible, and surface albedo is less sensitive
to sky conditions. In winter, the visible band component is markedly increased and can exceed the near infrared proportion
under cloudy conditions or when snow exists on the canopy. The spectral properties of albedo are also found to have large
diurnal variations under the clear-sky conditions in winter. 相似文献
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Christopher Poëtte Barry Gardiner Sylvain Dupont Ian Harman Margi Böhm John Finnigan Dale Hughes Yves Brunet 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2017,163(3):393-421
Landscape discontinuities such as forest edges play an important role in determining the characteristics of the atmospheric flow by generating increased turbulence and triggering the formation of coherent tree-scale structures. In a fragmented landscape, consisting of surfaces of different heights and roughness, the multiplicity of edges may lead to complex patterns of flow and turbulence that are potentially difficult to predict. Here, we investigate the effects of different levels of forest fragmentation on the airflow. Five gap spacings (of length approximately 5h, 10h, 15h, 20h, 30h, where h is the canopy height) between forest blocks of length 8.7h, as well as a reference case consisting of a continuous forest after a single edge, were investigated in a wind tunnel. The results reveal a consistent pattern downstream from the first edge of each simulated case, with the streamwise velocity component at tree top increasing and turbulent kinetic energy decreasing as gap size increases, but with overshoots in shear stress and turbulent kinetic energy observed at the forest edges. As the gap spacing increases, the flow appears to change monotonically from a flow over a single edge to a flow over isolated forest blocks. The apparent roughness of the different fragmented configurations also decreases with increasing gap size. No overall enhancement of turbulence is observed at any particular level of fragmentation. 相似文献
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A Eulerian-Lagrangian canopy microclimate model wasdeveloped with the aim of discerning physical frombiophysical controls of CO2 and H2O fluxes. The model couples radiation attenuation with mass,energy, and momentum exchange at different canopylevels. A unique feature of the model is its abilityto combine higher order Eulerian closure approachesthat compute velocity statistics with Lagrangianscalar dispersion approaches within the canopy volume. Explicit accounting for within-canopy CO2,H2O, and heat storage is resolved by consideringnon-steadiness in mean scalar concentration andtemperature. A seven-day experiment was conducted inAugust 1998 to investigate whether the proposedmodel can reproduce temporal evolution of scalar(CO2, H2O and heat) fluxes, sources andsinks, and concentration profiles within and above auniform 15-year old pine forest. The modelreproduced well the measured depth-averaged canopy surfacetemperature, CO2 and H2O concentrationprofiles within the canopy volume, CO2 storageflux, net radiation above the canopy, and heat andmass fluxes above the canopy, as well as the velocitystatistics near the canopy-atmosphere interface. Implications for scaling measured leaf-levelbiophysical functions to ecosystem scale are alsodiscussed. 相似文献
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J. G. Lockwood 《Climatic change》1992,20(1):23-56
A multilayer canopy model of a pine forest is used to investigate the sensitivity of the water balance of the wet canopy to variations in meteorological input. The multilayer model does not take into account large-scale eddies, which are now considered to be of importance to canopy transport. It does, however, provide realistic simulations of wet canopy water balance and often predicts interception loss rates higher than those predicted by a unilayer model for the same meteorological input. Stable layers both within and above the canopy are often simulated during rainfall events, and these may help to spontaneously generate large-scale eddies or waves within forest canopies. The sensitivity study for a wet canopy suggests that low vapour pressure deficits and low wind speeds are associated with unstable surface conditions, and increasing values of both variables are associated with decreasing canopy drainage values and increasing evaporative losses. Low short- or long-wave radiation inputs are associated with stable surface conditions, and increasing values of both variables are associated with decreasing canopy drainage values and increasing evaporative losses. Increasing temperature is associated with increasing surface stability and increasing canopy drainage and decreasing evaporative losses. In real situations the tendency for increasing temperature to cause surface stability and decreased evaporative loss is probably compensated by the opposite effects of increasing short- or long-wave radiation. The model simulations suggest that wet forest canopies may be better ventilated at low temperatures, if other meteorological conditions are constant. 相似文献
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In this paper, a generalized layered model for radiation transfer in canopy with high vertical resolution is developed. Differing from the two-stream approximate radiation transfer model commonly used in the land surface models, the generalized model takes into account the effect of complicated canopy morphology and inhomogeneous optical properties of leaves on radiation transfer within the canopy. In the model, the total leaf area index （LAI） of the canopy is divided into many layers. At a given layer, the influences of diffuse radiation angle distributions and leaf angle distributions on radiation transfer within the canopy are considered. The derivation of equations serving the model are described in detail, and these can deal with various diffuse radiation transfers in quite broad categories of canopy with quite inhomogeneons vertical structures and uneven leaves with substantially different optical properties of adaxial and abaxial faces of the leaves. The model is used to simulate the radiation transfer for canopies with horizontal leaves to validate the generalized model. Results from the model are compared with those from the two-stream scheme, and differences between these two models are discussed. 相似文献
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R. Milne 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1979,16(3):67-81
Transpiration of a 7 m-high Stika spruce forest was investigated using measurements of net radiation, sensible heat and ground
heat fluxes in an energy balance to give latent heat flux, and hence canopy resistance from the Penman-Monteith equation.
Sensible heat flux was measured by the eddy-correlation method using a Fluxatron circuit.
During six consecutive days of measurement in July/August, canopy resistance typically followed a decreasing trend from high
values (≈150 s m−1) at dawn to around 40 s m−1 at midday and then returning steadily to >100 s m−1 at sunset. Transpiration was 3 mm day−1 on average over the period studied and changes in the rate within the day were significantly correlated with changes in net
radiation.
Comparisons are drawn with published data from other forest sites and the conclusion is reached that it is imprudent to generalise
about transpiration rates and canopy resistances of different species at different sites from results gathered at one or two
places. 相似文献