共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 906 毫秒
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大气长波辐射的图解法最早由Mugge和Moller(1932)研究。Elsasser(1942)则提出便于使用的Elsasser辐射图解。此后,大量作者提出了许多新的图解,其中比较成功的为山本图解。1960年,Elsasser等根据最新的吸收光谱实验资料重新给出了辐射图解。在山本与Elsasser(1960)的论文中,用了很多篇幅讨论了广义吸收系数随温度的变化,并指出广义吸收系数随温度的变化对大气长波辐射传输起着重要作用。他 相似文献
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本文首先用北京和南京的总辐射及日照记录,比较了几种计算总辐射经验公式的精确程度,然后用哈蒙等人设计的图解,由日照求出中国东部总辐射的分布。 相似文献
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利用MODTRAN3计算我国太阳直接辐射和散射辐射 总被引：11，自引：6，他引：11
根据光的多次散射理论－离散纵标法，利用我国国家一级辐射测站的大气廓线，计算出晴空大气观测波段不同高度上的太阳直接辐射和向下散射辐射。将模式输出的地面辐射值与地面辐射观测资料进行比较，对不同高度的太阳直接辐射和向下散辐射以及日变化进行了讨论。最终目的是直接由MODTRAN3计算我国辐射空白站的地面辐射值，以弥补我国辐射站稀少，时空分布短缺的不足。 相似文献
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青藏高原太阳总辐射的计算方法的讨论 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
本文利用1982年8月—1983年7与1978—1980年青藏高原地区总辐射的观测资料与二流近似的模式计算讨论了高原地区总辐射的气候学计算方法,计算了纬度24°—46°不同海拔高度,不同地表反射率条件下的晴天地面总辐射的月平均值,并绘制了青藏高原地区1月与7月晴天地面总辐射的分布图。 相似文献
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本文在讨论并验证大气逆辐射和地表有效辐射计算方法的基础上,计算并分析了两者在青藏高原及其周围地区的气候特征。结果表明,大气逆辐射和有效辐射的分布形势与高原地形有很大的一致性,高原主体分别为大气逆辐射的低中心和有效辐射的高中心。季节变化对大气逆辐射分布形势影响不大,而对有效辐射分布的影响较大,可造成高值中心的位移。最后,文中还就大气逆辐射和有效辐射的年变化问题作了讨论。 相似文献
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It has been noted that several distinct modes of glacial oscillation have existed during the past few million years, ranging from low-amplitude, high-frequency oscillations in the early Pliocene, through relatively high amplitude, predominantly near-40 ky period, oscillations in the late Pliocene and early Pleistocene, to the major near-100 ky period oscillations of the late Pleistocene. In addition to other plausible mechanisms suggested previously to explain aspects of this multirhythmic phenomenon, we now illustrate another possible contributor to this type of behavior based on the hypothesis that the slow-response climatic system is bistable and that two kinds of internal instability may be operative along with externally imposed forcing due to earth-orbital (Milankovitch) radiation changes and slow, tectonically-induced changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide. These two instabilities have been discussed previously: one is due to positive feedback in the global carbon cycle leading to near-100 ky free oscillations of the ice sheets, and the other is due to the potential for ice-calving catastrophes associated with bedrock variations that can lead to oscillations of a period near 40 ky, independent of obliquity forcing. Within the framework of a dynamical model containing the possibility for these two instabilities, as well as for stable modes, we show (1) how Milankovitch radiative changes or stochastic forcing influencing ice sheets can induce aperiodic (chaotic) transitions between the possible stable and unstable modes, and more significantly, (2) how progressive, long-term, tectonically-induced, changes in carbon dioxide, acting in concert with earth-orbital radiative variations in high Northern Hemisphere latitudes, can force systematic transitions between the modes. Such systematic changes can result in an ice mass chronology for the past 5 My that is qualitatively similar to the observed record of global ice mass. In essence, we have constructed a minimum dynamical model of the late Cenozoic climatic changes, containing what are believed to be the main physical factors determining these changes: ice mass, bedrock depression, atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, deep ocean thermohaline state, Milankovitch radiation forcing, and slow tectonically-induced carbon dioxide forcing. This model forms the basis for a coherent theory for the complex climatic events of this long period. 相似文献
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Dale Jamieson 《Climatic change》2013,121(3):527-537
In this paper I discuss the nature of geoengineering, some of its attractions, and some reasons for concern. I claim that there is confusion in the use of the term ‘geoengineering’ that is related to larger concerns about the language in which responses to climate change are discussed. I conclude that despite some reasonable grounds for suspicion, research in areas that involve carbon dioxide removal and solar radiation management should go on as part of the general portfolio of climate-related research, competing with the full panoply of other possible responses to climate change. 相似文献
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一个自组织气候模型 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：7
本文选择全球平均地表温度#AT#a和全球平均云量#An#a为状态变量。通过对气候系统中物理过程的研究与在气候意义上的合理近似，得到行星反照率α和大气有效发射率ε与状态变量的参数化关系，它们给出了气候系统内部几个重要的反馈过程。利用这些结果，建立起一个云和辐射相互作用的零维的非线性气候模型。在Hopf分支点附近，得到极限环的解析解，它们同数值解吻合得相当好，由解析解得到振幅，周期和位相差与太阳常数和CO2的近似关系，依此可估计它们在气候振荡中的作用，尤其，我们发现CO2的增加除有增温效应外，还能使气候振荡的振幅增加，这个结果意味着CO2的增加可能导致自然灾害周期性地出现或加剧。 相似文献
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利用2012年11月11日至2013年1月20日上海秋冬季涡动相关通量观测资料,对比分析地表能量平衡和CO2通量在不同天气条件下的日变化特征。结果表明：2012-2013年上海晴天和多云天气条件下,最大能量通量为储热项,其次为感热项;用于蒸发的潜热通量项最小,低于50 w·m-2。储热项日峰值出现在11时,出现时间早于净辐射通量,而在日落前转为负值。感热项日变化曲线并不以12时为中心呈对称分布,日落后感热项仍为明显正值。中午至日落时波文比值为3以上。感热通量受风向影响最大,在主导风向为西北风时,感热通量日峰值从其他风向的175 w·m-2左右减小至120 w·m-2左右。霾和云对短波辐射均表现为衰减作用,云的衰减作用明显大于霾。云使地表向上长波辐射和净长波辐射明显减少,而使大气逆辐射增加。晴天条件下,全天表现为CO2排放源,且日变化呈双峰型,两个峰值出现时间正好对应上下班高峰时段,傍晚峰值大于早上峰值。 相似文献
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A review of climate geoengineering proposals 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Climate geoengineering proposals seek to rectify the current radiative imbalance via either (1) reducing incoming solar radiation (solar radiation management) or (2) removing CO2 from the atmosphere and transferring it to long-lived reservoirs (carbon dioxide removal). For each option, we discuss its effectiveness and potential side effects, also considering lifetime of effect, development and deployment timescale, reversibility, and failure risks. We present a detailed review that builds on earlier work by including the most recent literature, and is more extensive than previous comparative frameworks. Solar radiation management propsals are most effective but short-lived, whilst carbon dioxide removal measures gain effectiveness the longer they are pursued. Solar radiation management could restore the global radiative balance, but must be maintained to avoid abrupt warming, meanwhile ocean acidification and residual regional climate changes would still occur. Carbon dioxide removal involves less risk, and offers a way to return to a pre-industrial CO2 level and climate on a millennial timescale, but is potentially limited by the CO2 storage capacity of geological reservoirs. Geoengineering could complement mitigation, but it is not an alternative to it. We expand on the possible combinations of mitigation, carbon dioxide removal and solar radiation management that might be used to avoid dangerous climate change. 相似文献
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The Bowen-ratio profile method for calculating total carbon dioxide, latent heat, and sensible heat flux density above a corn crop was used by measuring temperature, water vapor, and CO2 concentrations at several heights in the aerodynamic boundary layer of the crop. The ratio (α) of sensible heat flux density to carbon dioxide flux density as well as the Bowen ratio (β) were used in the computations. The two ratios, α and β were determined graphically from the slopes of linear plots of temperature vs CO2 concentration and vs water vapor. Each of the energy flux densities was computed from the two ratios and net radiation minus soil heat flux density. An analysis of probable error was performed on the Bowen-ratio profile method to evaluate the accuracy of the flux density estimates. Less than 10% error was found for latent heat flux density and less than 15% for carbon dioxide flux density under normal midday conditions for the instrumentation used. However, the carbon dioxide flux density error increased to over 40% when the sensible heat flux was small. 相似文献
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Empirical investigations have indicated that projections of future atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations of a quality
quite adequate for practical questions regarding the environmental threat of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions and its
relationship to energy use policy could be made with the simple assumption that a constant fraction of these emissions would
be retained by the atmosphere. By analysis of the structural behavior of equations describing the transfer of carbon and carbon
dioxide between their several reservoirs we have been able to demonstrate that this characteristic can be explained to result
from approximately linear behavior and exponentially growing carbon dioxide release rates, combined with fitting of carbon
cycle model parameters to the last twenty years of observed atmospheric carbon dioxide growth.
These conclusions are independent of the details of carbon cycle model structure for projections up to 100 years into the
future as long as the growth in atmospheric carbon dioxide release rates is sufficiently high, of the order of 1.5% per annum
or more, as referenced to p re-industrial (steady state) conditions. At low rates of growth, when the longer response times
of the carbon cycling system become important, for most energy use projections the resultant CO2 induced climate changes are small and the uncertainties in predicted atmospheric carbon dioxide level are thus not important.
A possible exception to this condition occurs for scenarios of future fossil fuel use rates designed to avoid atmospheric
CO2 levels exceeding a chosen threshold. In this instance details of carbon cycle model structure could significantly affect
conclusions that might be drawn concerning future energy use policies; however, it is possible that such a result stems from
inappropriate specification of a criterion for an environmental threat, rather than from inherent inadequacy of current carbon
cycle models.
Recent carbon cycle model developments postulate transfer processes of carbon into the deep ocean, large carbon storage reservoir
at rates much higher than in the models we have analysed. If the existence of such mechanisms is confirmed, and they are found
to be sufficiently rapid and large, some of our conclusions regarding the use of the constant fractional retention assumption
may have to be modified.
Currently at the Gas Research Institute, 8600 West Bryn, Mawr Ave., Chicago, IL 60631, U.S.A. 相似文献
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Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is increasingly depicted as an important element of the carbon dioxide mitigation portfolio. However, critics have warned that CCS might lead to “reinforced fossil fuel lock-in”, by perpetuating a fossil fuel based energy provision system. Due to large-scale investments in CCS infrastructure, the fossil fuel based ‘regime’ would be perpetuated to at least the end of this century.In this paper we investigate if and how CCS could help to avoid reinforcing fossil fuel lock-in. First we develop a set of criteria to estimate the degree of technological lock-in. We apply these criteria to assess the lock-in reinforcement effect of adding CCS to the fossil fuel socio-technical regime (FFR).In principle, carbon dioxide could be captured from any carbon dioxide point source. In the practice of present technological innovations, business strategies, and policy developments, CCS is most often coupled to coal power plants. However, there are many point sources of carbon dioxide that are not directly related to coal or even fossil fuels. For instance, many forms of bio-energy or biomass-based processes generate significant streams of carbon dioxide emissions. Capturing this carbon dioxide which was originally sequestered in biomass could lead to negative carbon dioxide emissions.We use the functional approach of technical innovations systems (TIS) to estimate in more detail the strengths of the “niches” CCS and Bio-Energy with CCS (BECCS). We also assess the orientation of the CCS niche towards the FFR and the risk of crowding out BECCS. Next we develop pathways for developing fossil energy carbon capture and storage, BECCS, and combinations of them, using transition pathways concepts. The outcome is that a large-scale BECCS development could be feasible under certain conditions, thus largely avoiding the risk of reinforced fossil fuel lock-in. 相似文献