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1.
常规降水检验受空间及时间微小差异所带来的"双重惩罚"影响严重,邻域空间检验FSS(Fraction Skill Score)方法在确定性预报中已体现出弥补这一不足的明显优势。随着集合预报分辨率的不断提高,集合降水预报同样存在与确定性预报相似的问题。本研究将FSS方法拓展至集合预报领域,构建适用于集合预报的降水空间检验指标EFSS(Ensemble Fraction Skill Score),利用欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF)集合预报模式2018年夏季降水预报产品及国家气象信息中心提供的格点化降水融合产品进行分析,发现EFSS评分不受集合成员数影响,可获取一致性的评估结论。通过与适用于集合预报的常规技巧评分EETS(Ensemble Equitable Threat Score)对比分析发现,常规技巧评分受限于评分过低而无法有效反映强降水过程间差异性特征,EFSS方法则可有效提升强降水预报检验辨识度。 相似文献
2.
Statistical methods for category (yes/no) forecasts, such as the Threat Score, are typically used in the verification of precipitation forecasts. However, these standard methods are affected by the so-called “double-penalty” problem caused by slight displacements in either space or time with respect to the observations. Spatial techniques have recently been developed to help solve this problem. The fractions skill score (FSS), a neighborhood spatial verification method, directly compares the fractional coverage of events in windows surrounding the observations and forecasts. We applied the FSS to hourly precipitation verification by taking hourly forecast products from the GRAPES (Global/Regional Assimilation Prediction System) regional model and quantitative precipitation estimation products from the National Meteorological Information Center of China during July and August 2016, and investigated the difference between these results and those obtained with the traditional category score. We found that the model spin-up period affected the assessment of stability. Systematic errors had an insignificant role in the fraction Brier score and could be ignored. The dispersion of observations followed a diurnal cycle and the standard deviation of the forecast had a similar pattern to the reference maximum of the fraction Brier score. The coefficient of the forecasts and the observations is similar to the FSS; that is, the FSS may be a useful index that can be used to indicate correlation. Compared with the traditional skill score, the FSS has obvious advantages in distinguishing differences in precipitation time series, especially in the assessment of heavy rainfall. 相似文献
3.
Traditional skill scores (e.g., the threat score) used in the high-resolution verification of precipitation are affected by a “double penalty” caused by slight spatial or temporal displacements, which can lead to misleading evaluations. The fractions skill score (FSS) is a popular spatial verificaiton measure that can be used to solve these problems. It can determine useful and skillful scores by neighborhood analysis, which can be used to monitor the performance of operational forecasts. However, the FSS provides different scores at each spatial scale and it is difficult to obtain a definite score for the assessment of precipitation to analyze the temporal variabilities of daily forecasts. We previously reported a modified FSS assessment method and showed that a particular analysis scale had a significant advantage in the verification of operational forecasts of precipitation. To compensate for the lack of artificial definition in the analysis scale, we report here a new integrated score that satisfies a Gaussian weight function to average the FSS over all scales. We describe the advantages of the new score in the verification of forecasts of daily and hourly precipitation, taking forecast products from the GRAPES regional model and quantitative precipitation estimation products from the National Meteorological Information Center during June and July 2017 and investigating the differences between these results and those obtained with the traditional category score. We found that a value of 0.5 can be used as a standard for the skillful FSS in the forecast of heavy rainfall. The integrated score can maintain all the advantages seen in previous studies in the verification of daily and hourly precipitation and show excellent application prospects. The long-term verification including different seasons also find that the score can effectively improve the identification characteristics of the assessment. 相似文献
4.
本文以2013—2015年主要登陆台风暴雨过程为研究对象,利用ECMWF降水和台风路径集合预报以及中央气象台实时业务台风中心定位资料,在统计分析的基础上,提出一种业务上可用的针对单模式集合预报的台风降水实时订正技术(简称集合成员优选技术)。结果表明,在登陆台风暴雨过程预报中,集合成员优选技术对改进集合统计量降水产品有明显的帮助,并较ECMWF确定性预报产品有一定优势;该方法对改进短期时效预报产品的效果优于中期时效预报,对大暴雨评分的改进高于暴雨和大雨评分。另外,本文基于概率匹配平均(Probability Matching average,PM)和融合(FUSE)产品的计算原理,提出融合匹配平均(Fuse Matching average,FM)产品,结果表明,对36 h时效预报,优选10~15个成员的PM产品TS(Threat Scores)评分可达最优,大暴雨评分较确定性预报提高近10%;对60和84 h时效预报,FM产品大暴雨评分较确定性预报提高超过20%。 相似文献
5.
中国夏季降水多模式集成概率预报研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
基于TIGGE资料中的中国气象局（CMA）、欧洲中期天气预报中心（ECMWF）、日本气象厅（JMA）、美国国家环境预报中心（NCEP）以及英国气象局（UKMO）五个中心2007-2011年5月25日-8月31日中国地区逐日12-36 h、36-60 h、60-84 h、84-108 h、108-132 h与132-156 h累积降水集合预报资料,分别利用PoorMan （POOL）和多模式消除偏差（MBRE）两种方法对2011年各中心降水概率预报进行集成,并采用RPS和BS评分方法对预报效果进行评估。结果表明,对于12-156 h逐24 h累积降水量概率预报,多模式集成预报效果优于单模式预报效果,且多模式消除偏差概率预报效果最好;针对小雨、中雨以及大雨以上降水,PoorMan和MBRE概率预报较单中心预报效果均有提高,MBRE概率预报效果优于PoorMan方法。 相似文献
6.
基于WRF集合预报系统开发了概率匹配平均降水产品,选取了山东省2014—2016年共13次强降水过程,检验评估了概率匹配平均法在山东省强降水预报中的综合表现。结果表明：对于不同的强降水过程,各预报产品的预报能力差异较大,尤其是对暴雨以上量级降水的预报存在较大偏差;概率匹配平均相对集合平均,对大雨以上量级降水预报有明显改善,较WRF确定性预报产品也有一定提高,对强降水预报具有一定指示意义;该方法的改进主要体现在对不同量级降水的调整上,尤其是强降水的落区,相对集合平均增大了强降水的范围和强度,但对整个区域的总降水量预报没有很好的改进作用。 相似文献
7.
It has been demonstrated that ensemble mean forecasts, in the context of the sample mean, have higher forecasting skill than deterministic(or single) forecasts. However, few studies have focused on quantifying the relationship between their forecast errors, especially in individual prediction cases. Clarification of the characteristics of deterministic and ensemble mean forecasts from the perspective of attractors of dynamical systems has also rarely been involved. In this paper, two attractor statistics—namely, the global and local attractor radii(GAR and LAR, respectively)—are applied to reveal the relationship between deterministic and ensemble mean forecast errors. The practical forecast experiments are implemented in a perfect model scenario with the Lorenz96 model as the numerical results for verification. The sample mean errors of deterministic and ensemble mean forecasts can be expressed by GAR and LAR, respectively, and their ratio is found to approach2~(1/2) with lead time. Meanwhile, the LAR can provide the expected ratio of the ensemble mean and deterministic forecast errors in individual cases. 相似文献
8.
利用2016—2018年4月1日至6月30日三个全球数值预报业务中心（CMA、ECMWF和NCEP）的24 h降水集合预报资料和辽宁省降水观测资料,采用TS评分、预报偏差B、Talagrand分布以及BS评分等方法对辽宁省春季透雨（4—6月）CMA、ECMWF和NCEP三套全球集合预报结果进行对比分析。结果表明：三个集合预报中心的集合预报系统的离散度均具有偏小的特征,Talagrand都呈U型分布,即各集合预报系统对量级较小的降水预报值偏大,空报率高;对量级较大的降水预报能力不足,极值偏小,容易产生降水预报偏差。将各中心的确定性检验结果和概率性检验结果进行对比后发现,ECMWF相比CMA和NCEP的TS评分值更高,预报偏差B值更接近于1,也就是说另外两个预报中心对辽宁省春季透雨预报漏报更为明显。从BS评分值和其分解评分值结果来看,ECMWF优于另外两个预报中心。ECMWF对辽宁省春季透雨预报的结果与实况最为接近,检验结果最好,可在日后的预报服务工作中作为主要参考。 相似文献
9.
增长模繁殖法在华南暴雨中期集合预报中的应用 总被引：11，自引：1，他引：10
采用增长模繁殖法和全球谱模式T106L19对2005年6月发生在华南的暴雨过程进行了中期集合预报试验。结果表明：相对于单一的确定性预报,集合预报能给出更多的预报信息;各成员的降水预报、降水概率预报等丰富的预报产品能够给暴雨预报提供更有价值的信息,减少漏报率,对低压槽线和副高脊线等关键环流系统的预报,集合预报结果更为接近实况。 相似文献
10.
A convection-allowing ensemble forecast based on the breeding growth mode and associated optimization of precipitation forecast 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
Xiang Li Hongrang He Chaohui Chen Ziqing Miao Shigang Bai 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2017,31(5):955-964
A convection-allowing ensemble forecast experiment on a squall line was conducted based on the breeding growth mode (BGM). Meanwhile, the probability matched mean (PMM) and neighborhood ensemble probability (NEP) methods were used to optimize the associated precipitation forecast. The ensemble forecast predicted the precipitation tendency accurately, which was closer to the observation than in the control forecast. For heavy rainfall, the precipitation center produced by the ensemble forecast was also better. The Fractions Skill Score (FSS) results indicated that the ensemble mean was skillful in light rainfall, while the PMM produced better probability distribution of precipitation for heavy rainfall. Preliminary results demonstrated that convection-allowing ensemble forecast could improve precipitation forecast skill through providing valuable probability forecasts. It is necessary to employ new methods, such as the PMM and NEP, to generate precipitation probability forecasts. Nonetheless, the lack of spread and the overprediction of precipitation by the ensemble members are still problems that need to be solved. 相似文献
11.
集合预报在数值天气预报体系中具有重要地位，因此如何有效提取集合样本信息以提高集合预报技巧一直是一个重要课题。基于中国全球集合预报业务系统（GRAPES-GEPS）的500 hPa高度场集合资料开展对环流集合预报的分类释用方法研究，并对集合聚类预报结果进行了检验分析。通过在传统Ward聚类法中引入动态聚类的“手肘法”方案，发展了环流集合预报分类释用方法。针对该方法的个例分析表明，对于中国中东部地区环流集合预报的聚类释用方法能够有效地划分出最有可能发生的环流形势类型并提供发生概率。确定性预报综合检验结果显示，集合预报聚类结果中发生概率最高的集合大类相对于集合平均的预报技巧有明显提升，并随着预报时效的延长提升更明显。总体来看，通过集合预报的分类释用方法划分环流形势类型可以为天气预报提供参考依据，具有实际应用价值。 相似文献
12.
基于时空不确定性的对流尺度集合预报效果评估检验 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
针对对流尺度天气系统的高度非线性特征和高分辨率模式预报结果存在时、空不确定性现象,以及当前邻域概率法主要考虑高分辨率预报结果的空间位移误差,而不能有效解决预报结果存在时间超前与滞后问题,将时间因素引入到邻域概率法中,结合一次强飑线过程进行对流尺度集合预报试验,并基于改进后的新型邻域概率法与分数技巧评分,对降水预报进行了不同时、空尺度的效果评估检验。结果表明:（1）邻域集合概率法和概率匹配平均法在极端降水的分数技巧评分远高于传统集合平均,弥补了集合平均对极端降水预报能力偏低的缺陷。（2）对于此类飑线过程的对流尺度天气系统而言,邻域半径为15—45 km的空间尺度能够改善降水位移误差的空间不确定性,并使其预报效果达到最优,其中15—30 km的邻域半径对于尺度更小的大量级降水事件预报能力更强。（3）对流尺度降水预报考虑时间尺度与降水强度存在着对应关系,不同时间尺度可以捕获到不同量级降水的时间不确定性。同时,时间尺度与空间尺度对于降水预报效果的影响是相互关联的。（4）改进的邻域概率法能够同时体现高分辨率模式预报结果在对流尺度降水事件上存在的时、空不确定性,实现了对流尺度降水在时、空尺度上的综合评估,并能为不同量级降水提供与其时、空尺度相匹配的概率预报结果。 相似文献
13.
采用2004年Casati提出的强度-尺度检验技术,选取2008年汛期代表不同类型降水(对流云降水、层状云降水、混合云降水)的4个降水过程,从尺度分解角度入手,对"世界气象组织天气研究计划——北京奥运会预报示范项目"(WWRP B08FDP)项目中4个I临近预报参加系统(BJANC,GRAPES-SWIFT,STEPS,CARDS)的1h定量降水预报进行时空尺度分解检验,研究降水预报技巧与降水时空尺度和强度之间的关系。结果表明:尽管目前国际先进的临近预报系统的水平分辨率已高达1～2km,但其有技巧的临近预报能力主要集中于空间尺度大于32km、时间尺度大于1h的降水系统,而对小于这些尺度的降水系统预报能力仍非常有限;在不同时空尺度的临近预报降水误差中,60%以上的误差来自于空间尺度小于8km的降水,85%以上的误差来自于时间尺度小于1h的降水,传统的外推技术不能满足这些较小时空尺度降水预报的需求,要发展有效的预报方法来提高较小时空尺度降水的预报能力。将基于外推的临近预报和基于稠密观测资料、快速更新的数值预报的潜势预报相结合可能是一条有效的解决途径。 相似文献
14.
利用2011—2015年6—8月TIGGE(THORPEX Interactive Grand Global Ensemble)数据集中欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF,以下简称EC)的集合降水预报数据和江苏省70个基本站逐日24 h(20时至次日20时)降水数据,通过大量暴雨样本系统检验和评估了EC集合预报及多种后处理释用产品对江苏暴雨的预报能力。结果表明:作为集合预报的初级产品,集合平均对暴雨的预报存在明显的漏报率,TS预报评分尚不及EC确定性预报;集合预报不同成员间对暴雨的预报技巧差异大,其最优成员组合的预报能力显著优于EC确定性预报,表明集合预报具有较大的应用潜力;在多种集合预报后处理释用技术中,最大值、最优百分位、降水偏差订正频率匹配法、概率预报、集合异常预报法和杜-周排序法(最大值法)的平均TS评分均较高,超过10%,其次90%分位数、融合、融合-概率匹配和杜-周排序法(集合平均或中位值法)的预报效果也均优于EC确定性预报。集合中位值、概率匹配方法对江苏暴雨的预报评分低于集合平均预报,在暴雨预报上的参考价值相对较低。该评估结果进一步加深了对各集合预报产品区域暴雨预报能力的认识,为预报员更直接快速地选取有效的集合预报产品提供参考。 相似文献
15.
基于欧洲中期天气预报中心（European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,ECMWF）集合预报系统的降水相态产品（precipitation type,PTYPE）,分别以HSS评分最优、TS评分最优和频率偏差最优为标准,运用最优概率阈值法,生成雨、雨夹雪、雪和冻雨4类降水相态的确定性预报产品,并与ECMWF集合预报系统控制成员及细网格模式确定性预报进行对比。最优概率阈值显示:3种最优标准下,不同相态降水最优概率阈值不同,但冻雨和降雪最优概率阈值均最大,为40%~80%,雨夹雪最优概率阈值最小,约为10%,三者最优概率阈值均随预报时效延长而减小;降雨最优概率阈值为7%~25%,随预报时效延长而增大。对比检验结果显示:最优概率阈值法明显提高了降水相态预报能力,且以HSS评分最优时预报效果最佳;最优概率阈值法有效减小冻雨空报,同时显著改善降雨和降雪预报的频率偏差和TS评分,对雨夹雪预报改进效果有限。 相似文献
16.
Evaluation of summer temperature and precipitation predictions from NCEP CFSv2 retrospective forecast over China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
National Centers for Environmental Prediction recently upgraded its operational seasonal forecast system to the fully coupled climate modeling system referred to as CFSv2. CFSv2 has been used to make seasonal climate forecast retrospectively between 1982 and 2009 before it became operational. In this study, we evaluate the model’s ability to predict the summer temperature and precipitation over China using the 120 9-month reforecast runs initialized between January 1 and May 26 during each year of the reforecast period. These 120 reforecast runs are evaluated as an ensemble forecast using both deterministic and probabilistic metrics. The overall forecast skill for summer temperature is high while that for summer precipitation is much lower. The ensemble mean reforecasts have reduced spatial variability of the climatology. For temperature, the reforecast bias is lead time-dependent, i.e., reforecast JJA temperature become warmer when lead time is shorter. The lead time dependent bias suggests that the initial condition of temperature is somehow biased towards a warmer condition. CFSv2 is able to predict the summer temperature anomaly in China, although there is an obvious upward trend in both the observation and the reforecast. Forecasts of summer precipitation with dynamical models like CFSv2 at the seasonal time scale and a catchment scale still remain challenge, so it is necessary to improve the model physics and parameterizations for better prediction of Asian monsoon rainfall. The probabilistic skills of temperature and precipitation are quite limited. Only the spatially averaged quantities such as averaged summer temperature over the Northeast China of CFSv2 show higher forecast skill, of which is able to discriminate between event and non-event for three categorical forecasts. The potential forecast skill shows that the above and below normal events can be better forecasted than normal events. Although the shorter the forecast lead time is, the higher deterministic prediction skill appears, the probabilistic prediction skill does not increase with decreased lead time. The ensemble size does not play a significant role in affecting the overall probabilistic forecast skill although adding more members improves the probabilistic forecast skill slightly. 相似文献
17.
基于WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting)模式,选取河南“21·7”特大暴雨事件,采用局地增长模培育法(Local Breeding Growth Mode,LBGM)生成对流尺度集合预报系统,在此基础上对24 h累积降水量进行SAL(Structure,Amplitude and Location)检验,结合预报成功指数(Threat Score,TS)、公平成功指数(Equitable Threat Score,ETS)评分等评分结果进行对比分析,综合评估集合预报成员的预报效果,表明:1)基于局地增长模培育法生成初始扰动的集合预报系统成员对于强降水预报有一定优势,在降水强度和位置的预报上与实况较接近;2)经检验,成员e003的TS和ETS评分在20日00时—21日00时(北京时,下同)和21日08时—22日08时两个强降水时段内表现最佳,并在SAL检验中对应较好的降雨强度A和雨区位置L,而成员e008暴雨TS、ETS评分最低,对应SAL检验中具有一定的位置偏差,即TS、ETS评分和SAL检验之间存在相关性,将二者有机结合,可以为业务工作中定量评估模式降水预报效果提供参考;3)通过对比整体评分表现较好的成员e003和较差的成员e008,两者预报的位势高度场与ERA5(ECMWF reanalysis v5,ERA5)再分析资料之间的差值,可以验证降水预报误差主要源于对低涡系统的预报偏差,同时预报评分较好的成员其位势高度偏差较小,综合评估效果更佳。 相似文献
18.
A time-lagged ensemble method is used to improve 6-15 day precipitation forecasts from the Beijing Climate Center Atmospheric General Circulation Model,version 2.0.1.The approach averages the deterministic predictions of precipitation from the most recent model run and from earlier runs,all at the same forecast valid time.This lagged average forecast （LAF） method assigns equal weight to each ensemble member and produces a forecast by taking the ensemble mean.Our analyses of the Equitable Threat Score,the Hanssen and Kuipers Score,and the frequency bias indicate that the LAF using five members at time-lagged intervals of 6 h improves 6-15 day forecasts of precipitation frequency above 1 mm d-1 and 5 mm d-1 in many regions of China,and is more effective than the LAF method with selection of the time-lagged interval of 12 or 24 h between ensemble members.In particular,significant improvements are seen over regions where the frequencies of rainfall days are higher than about 40％-50％ in the summer season; these regions include northeastern and central to southern China,and the southeastem Tibetan Plateau. 相似文献
19.
Abstract On‐site and off‐site forecasts for the CFB Summerside aerodrome, written coincidentally over a six‐week period, are verified using the Ranked Probability Score and compared by means of a two‐tailed test of paired differences. The results show that, at a 10% level of significance, forecasts made on‐site are significantly better than forecasts made off‐site for at least four hours into the forecast period. When compared with persistence, both forecast offices were superior. At no time did the persistence forecasts score significantly better than those issued by a meteorologist. When compared with climatology, on‐site forecasts were significantly better for the first nine hours, while off‐site forecasts were significantly better for the first ten hours. 相似文献
20.
A. Yu. Bundel’ E. D. Astakhova I. A. Rozinkina D. Yu. Alferov A. E. Semenov 《Russian Meteorology and Hydrology》2011,36(10):653-662
Precipitation forecasts from short- and medium-range ensemble prediction system of the Hydrometeorological Research Center
of the Russian Federation (Hydrometcenter of Russia) are verified. The verification system includes probabilistic and deterministic
scores. The precipitation forecast quality is analyzed for different seasons and large-scale circulation types. Further development
of ensemble modeling and verification at the Hydrometcenter of Russia is discussed. 相似文献