共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 156 毫秒
1.
本文利用一个包含Wave-CISK机制以及蒸发、感热与扰动风场的反馈机制，并引入实际的下垫面温度分布和海陆差异的热带大气模式，较好地模拟了低纬平均环流在风场、散度场及低层位势高度场上的纬向非均匀性。分析表明这种纬向非对称性是由于下垫面的热力非均匀性造成的强迫与大气内部的热力-动力反馈过程相互作用的结果。对热力强迫的响应形成了西太平洋暖水区上的西风和东太平洋上的东风，而对简化模式的解析分析说明，由于热力-动力反馈造成的Kelvin波的发展过程，可以解释平均东风强于西风的事实。 相似文献
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青藏高原热力状况异常特征及其与长江中下游地区夏季降水的关系 总被引：2，自引：5，他引：2
本文首先对青藏高原热力状况特征进行统计分析，得出高原下垫面热力状况分布具有复杂性和多样性，除具有整个高原一致性外，还具有南北反相关及东西反相关等异常的热力对比分布型，不同的下垫面热力分布型能够对大气环产生不同的影响。并针对南北反相现象进行成因及持续性分析，青藏高原下垫面热力状况南北反相关分布型与大气环流的异常有关，分析表明青藏高原下垫面热力状况南北反相关分布型与大气环流的异常有关，青藏高原下垫面热力状况异常实际上可能是亚洲冬季风异常活动的结果；而高原下垫面热力异常状况具有较强的持续性，其与后期大气环流存在密切的联系，通过影响亚洲夏季风进而影响我国夏季降水的分布型，即当青藏高原下同前冬热力状况为南侧偏暖（冷），北侧则偏冷（暖）分布时，对应长江中下游地区夏季易偏旱（涝），反之亦然。 相似文献
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对大气环流模式提出了完全控制试验的概念，对包括陆面下垫面在内的整个地球表面的热力强迫作了控制，在ＦＣ中，可以更好地分离出大气内动力过程对于模式大气短期气候异常的影响。 相似文献
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在非局地闭合大气边界层模拟研究基础上,选取黑河实验研究资料（HEIFE）,利用二维模式对绿洲和沙漠交界地区的内边界层结构进行了模拟研究,模式考虑了两种下垫面条件下动力、热力特性的不同,并加入了湿度及水汽通量的预报。模拟结果表明:二维非局地闭合模式能得到合理的TIBL结构的基本特征,包括平均场、湍流场等,并能模拟给出一些由下垫面特性形成的大气现象,如沙漠地区逆湿现象的生消过程、绿洲的冷岛效应、绿洲与沙漠因热力差异而形成的局部环流形势等细致结构,符合沙漠站白天观测事实的典型特征。 相似文献
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总结了水平非均匀下垫面的大气边界层研究,指出干旱区的绿洲具有明显的“冷湿岛效应”,并可形成边缘逆湿和区域环流,而植被和水域的分布则显著改变了大气边界层结构．阐述了复杂地形下垫面对局地风场和小尺度环流产生的影响、城市热岛效应的产生及特点和城市中绿地和水体的微气候效应．比较分析了不同陆面参数化方案以及边界层气候模式,提出未来在热力与动力非均匀的结合、湿地下垫面的数值模拟、城市复杂下垫面参数化以及气候模式的耦合等方面尚需进行深入的研究． 相似文献
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关于大气环流型季节特征形成的物理因子的数值试验 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文着重研究大气环流季节特征的成因问题。模式试验中将牛顿强迫项的平衡温度斜压结构作类似冬夏气候特征的变化,且加入南北半球大地形强迫作用,研究大气环流型对冬夏全球热力结构特征以及南北半球大地形强迫效应的响应。 相似文献
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非均匀下垫面局地气候效应的数值模拟 总被引：18，自引：24，他引：18
使用美国NCAR非静力平衡模式MM 5V3,模拟了黑河地区非均匀下垫面局地小气候效应 ,再现了山谷风环流及夏季“绿洲效应”、沙漠上的“逆湿”和由于地表热力分布不均匀引起的绿洲—沙漠垂直环流等绿洲—沙漠相互作用的典型特征 ,较全面地揭示了非均匀地表大气边界层内的风、温、湿度场与陆面相互作用的物理机理 ,验证了野外实验的结果 相似文献
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水、陆不均匀条件下大气边界层结构的模拟研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
应用2004年白洋淀野外观测实验资料,对白洋淀地区水、陆不均匀分布条件下的大气边界层开展了数值模拟试验,结果表明:由于下垫面的热力差异,在360多km2的白洋淀地区,地表特征分布的不均匀可以引发弱的局地环流,影响大气边界层内温度和湿度的空间分布;在500m高度以下,下垫面不均匀分布对湍流动能有明显影响.最后将模拟结果与观测资料进行了对比检验. 相似文献
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A numerical model is developed for two-dimensional turbulent boundary-layer flow above gentle topography — defined as not giving rise to mean flow separation. Although the model is formulated in a framework of mixing length and turbulent energy equation models for the surface layer of the atmospheric boundary layer, it could be modified to include higher-order closure hypotheses and/or extended to model gentle topography for the planetary boundary layer or on the sea bed. Results are presented for flow above a specific shape of hill and the effects of surface roughness and hill height are investigated. 相似文献
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边界层参数化方案在“灰色区域”尺度下的适用性评估 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
随着数值预报模式分辨率的提高,当模式网格距与含能湍涡的长度尺度相当时,模式动力过程可解析一部分湍流运动,而剩余的湍流运动仍需参数化,此时便产生了湍流参数化的“灰色区域”问题。对传统的PBL（Planetary Boundary Layer）方案在“灰色区域”下的适用性评估,是改进PBL方案以使其能够适应分辨率变化的前提和基础。本研究基于干对流边界层的大涡模拟试验,比较了WRF（Weather Research and Forecast Model）模式中四种常用的边界层参数化方案[YSU（Yonsei University）、MYJ（Mellor-Yamada-Janjic）、MYNN2.5（Mellor-Yamada-Nakanishi-Niino Level 2.5）、MYNN3）]在“灰色区域”尺度下的表现。研究表明,混合层内总热通量对所使用的参数化方案和水平分辨率均不敏感。不同参数化方案中次网格与网格通量的比例表现出对水平网格距不同的依赖性。局地PBL方案（MYJ、MYNN2.5）在混合层内的平均位温随网格距减小而增大,次网格通量随网格距减小而减小,较参考湍流场对次网格通量有所低估。YSU方案的非局地项几乎不随水平格距改变而变化,对次网格通量的表征并未表现出较强的分辨率依赖性,且过强的非局地次网格输送使混合层内温度层结呈弱稳定,抑制了可分辨湍流输送,不易于激发次级环流。MYNN3方案的非局地次网格通量（负梯度输送项）随网格距减小而减小,使其对次网格通量的表征具有较好的分辨率依赖性。PBL方案在“灰色区域”尺度下的适用性与具体分辨率有关。以分辨率500 m为例,四种PBL方案中不存在一种最佳方案,能对边界层的热力结构和湍流统计特征均有准确的描述。 相似文献
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Experimental results in the atmospheric surface layer indicate that the viscous heating term in the equation for the mean-square value of the turbulent temperature fluctuation is small, but the correlation between temperature and turbulent energy dissipation fluctuations is significant. 相似文献
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Modeling nonhydrostatic atmospheric flow requires the solution of the vertical equation of motion and a prognostic or diagnostic equation for pressure. If the nonhydrostatic components of the flow are relatively small, they can be approximated and incorporated into a purely hydrostatic model, which usually is conceptually simpler and computationally more efficient. A method to do this for a linear model of local thermally-induced circulations is further developed and adapted to a non-linear numerical model of the neutral atmospheric boundary layer. A hydrostatic model and the quasi-nonhydrostatic version were used to simulate neutral flow over simple terrain features. One set of observations taken over a simple change in roughness and another set taken over a change in both roughness and terrain were simulated by both models to assess the capabilities of the quasi-nonhydrostatic technique.It is found that (as expected) the pressure deviation from the hydrostatic state is negligible for the roughness change, but it is an important aspect of neutral flow over terrain. Thus, for flow encountering a simple roughness change, the hydrostatic approximation is good, even for small horizontal scales. However, the quasi-nonhydrostatic model qualitatively produces the features in the observations for flow over a terrain change that the hydrostatic model cannot produce.Journal Paper No. J-12737 of the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa. Project No. 2779. 相似文献
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热带大气垂直环流圈对海温场响应的数值试验 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文用一个热带地区两层原始方程模式在赤道东太平洋异常增暖和降冷两种情况下,计算了大气的垂直环流圈对海温异常的响应。试验结果进一步发展了Bjerknes的假说,支持了我国气象工作者提出沃克环流和哈得莱环流存在相互制约的发展趋势。同时通过试验对比,我们指出,热带东西海温梯度在形成这两个正交的垂直环流圈中起主导作用,即由这一海温梯度形成的热力性赤道纬圈环流可以引导出与它有相反变化趋势的经圈环流,反之则不然。 相似文献
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A two-dimensional time-dependent Earth-atmosphere model is developed which can be applied to the study of a class of atmospheric boundary-layer flows which owe their origin to horizontal inhomogeneities with respect to surface roughness and temperature. Our main application of the model is to explore the governing physical mechanisms of nocturnal urban atmospheric boundarylayer flow.A case study is presented in which a stable temperature stratification is assumed to exist in the rural upwind area. It is shown through integration of the numerical model that as this air passes over a city, the heat is redistributed due to increased surface friction (and hence increased turbulent mixing). This redistribution of heat results in the formation of an urban heat island.Additional numerical integrations of the model are conducted to examine the dependence of induced perturbations on: (1) the upwind temperature inversion; (2) the geostrophic wind speed; and (3) urbanization. The results show a linear relationship between heat-island intensity and the rural temperature inversion with the heat island increasing in intensity as the upwind inversion becomes stronger; that the heat-island intensity close to the surface is inversely proportional to the geostrophic wind; and that the effects of anthropogenic heat cause an increase in the perturbation temperature with the perturbation extending to higher altitudes. From this study, we conclude that with an upwind temperature inversion, a city of any size should generate a heat island as a result of increased surface roughness. The heat-island intensity should increase with city size because of two factors: larger cities are usually aerodynamically rougher; and larger cities have a larger anthropogenic heat output.Research supported in part by NSF Grant GA-16822. 相似文献
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A. Basovich 《Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans》2011,51(3):151-164
The interaction between non-uniform near-surface currents and long surface waves is shown to produce large-scale secondary circulations. The circulations are caused by the Craik–Leibovich vortex force imposed on the existing non-uniform current by the surface waves. The current could be produced by different types of sources, such as by ship wakes or by river and sewer outflows. In this paper the circulations are considered for three representative types of currents: a near-surface jet, a shear current, and an underwater jet. A model similar to the model of Langmuir circulations is formulated and studied numerically. The general model takes into account the effect of viscosity on the main current as well as the effect of the circulation-related advection on the main current and secondary flow itself. A simplified model that describes the initial stage of the development of circulations was used in order to demonstrate the strength of the phenomenon and its dependence on some parameters of the problem. At this initial stage, the effect of viscosity on the main current as well as the effect of advection caused by the circulations was neglected (under assumption that the perturbation velocity is small). The effect of the viscosity on the circulations was included in the solution, and it was shown that initial development of the circulations is practically independent of the viscosity. This fact simplifies the solution of the problem and removes the uncertainty related to the value of the turbulent viscosity at the initial stage of the circulations. The results obtained demonstrate that strong circulations are generated under very realistic assumptions regarding the parameters of the current and the surface waves. The maximum velocity at the surface produced by such circulations can easily reach several centimeters per second. A circulatory flow with this magnitude of velocity at the surface can significantly affect short surface waves and, correspondingly, radar and optical signatures produced by the initial currents on the sea surface. Some important conclusions about the nature of these signatures are made based on numerical results and simple qualitative arguments. Theoretical predictions include, for example, the asymmetry of centerline ship wakes and the difference in the width and length between images of two wakes of similar ships moving in opposite directions when ambient surface waves are present. 相似文献
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从湍流经典理论到大气湍流非平衡态热力学理论 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
湍流是日常生活中一种普遍的自然现象,也是经典物理学仍未完全解决的难题。湍流更是大气运动的最基本特征。本文系统地回顾了大气湍流经典理论发展简史,进一步详细介绍了大气湍流非平衡态热力学理论。大气湍流非平衡态热力学理论在熵平衡方程中引入动力过程,进而统一推导出大气湍流输送的Fourier定律、Flick定律和Newton定律,证明了Dufour效应、Soret效应、可逆动力过程与热力不可逆湍流输送过程之间的交叉耦合效应,以及湍流强度定理。这些定律和定理中得到了观测的事实验证,同时它们的唯象系数也由观测资料所确定。湍流强度定理揭示,湍流发展的宏观原因是速度和温度的剪切效应,Reynolds湍流和Rayleigh-Bénard湍流共存于大气湍流中。热力过程和动力过程间耦合效应现象的发现突破了传统湍流输送理论,即Fourier定律、Flick定律和Newton定律的观点——一个宏观量的输送通量等价于这个宏观量的梯度湍流输送通量。热力和动力过程间的耦合原理认为,一个宏观量的输送通量包括这个量的梯度湍流输送通量和速度耦合输送通量两部分。因此,能量和物质的垂直输送通量除了相应物理量梯度造成的湍流输送外,还应包括垂直速度耦合效应,即辐散或辐合运动造成的耦合效应。在一个很宽的尺度范围内,地表面的空间特征是非均匀的。下垫面非均匀性造成的对流运动将引起大气的辐散或辐合运动。这可能是导致地表能量收支不平衡的重要原因之一。垂直速度对垂直湍流输送的交叉耦合效应为非均匀下垫面大气边界层理论的发展,并为克服地表能量收支不平衡问题及非均匀下垫面大气边界层参数化遇到的困难提供了可能的线索。 相似文献
19.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF THE EFFECTS OF AEROSOLS IN THE ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY LAYER ON THE CLIMATE* 
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下载免费PDF全文 Qian Yong fu 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》1993,7(3):303-315
The climatic effects of the atmospheric boundary aerosols are studied by the use of a three-dimensional climate model.Simulated results show that the climate states both at the surface and in the atmosphere change remarkably when the aerosols with different optical thicknesses and properties are introduced into the atmospheric boundary layer of the model.The aerosols absorb and scatter the solar shortwave radiation,therefore,they reduce the solar energy reaching the ground surface and decrease the surface and the soil temperatures.The temperature in the boundary layer increase because of the supplementary absorption of radiation by the boundary aerosols.In the atmosphere,the temperatures at all isobaric surfaces rise up except for the 100 hPa level.The atmospheric temperatures below the 500 hPa level are directly influenced by the boundary aerosols,while the atmospheric temperatures above the 500 hPa level are influenced by the heating due to convective condensation and the changes in the vertical motion field.Cyclonic differential circulations appear over the desert areas at the low levels,and anticyclonic differential circulations exist at the upper levels in the horizontal flow fields.The vertical motions change in correspondence with the differential circulations.The changes in precipitation are directly related to that of vertical motions.The mechanisms of climate effects of the boundary aerosols are also discussed in this paper. 相似文献
20.
珠穆朗玛峰北坡局地环流日变化的观测研究 总被引：5，自引：14，他引：5
青藏高原地-气间的物质/能量交换是高原与全球大气系统相联系的重要纽带.陡峭的地形和强烈的地表差异在高原山区形成特殊的局地大气环流系统,在地气交换中起着重要作用.为研究珠峰北坡的局地环流系统,于2006年5～6月间在珠峰北坡绒布河谷实施强化观测实验HEST2006,对该地区的局地环流以及辐射和热力状况进行观测,分析了该地区局地环流的日变化过程,包括:(1)地面风场的分布和变化;(2)风场垂直结构;(3)垂直运动及可能的驱动机制.研究表明,该地区局地大气环流是由地形与地表状态调整的大气辐射加热和冷却所驱动,包含多种不同的山地环流成分,与典型山谷风环流不同,具有很强的特殊性,对地气问的交换有重要影响. 相似文献