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1.
In recent years the pollution of aerosol is getting worse and worse in Guangzhou area. The haze weather mainly occurs from October to April of the following year, resulting in visibility deterioration. From the beginning of the 1980's the visibility dramatically deteriorated, obviously increasing haze weather, in which there are three big fluctuations, respectively showing the periods of pollution of dust, sulphate and dust, fine particle from photochemical process and sulphate and dust accompanying the development of economy. The long-term tendency of visibility caused by fog and light fog does not have the tendency due to human activity or economical development and the variation mainly show the inner interannual and interdecadal variation of climate. The deterioration of visibility has close relation to the fine particles in Guangzhou area, with half of PM10 surpassing the limits set by national second graded standard, meanwhile, all values of PM2.5 rise above the day-mean limits of American national standard, indicating very high fine particle concentration. The ratio of PM2.5 to PM10 is also very high, reaching 62% - 69%, especially higher in dry seasons than in rainy seasons.  相似文献   

2.
Continuous observations of mass concentration and elemental composition of aerosol particles (PM2.5) were conducted at Tongyu, a semi-arid site in Northeast China in the spring of 2006. The average mass concentration of PM2.5 at Tongyu station was 260.9±274.4 μg m^-3 during the observation period. Nine dust events were monitored with a mean concentration of 528.0±302.7 μgm^-3. The PM2.5 level during non- dust storm (NDS) period was 111.65±63.37 μg m^-3. High mass concentration shows that fine-size particles pollution was very serious in the semi-arid area in Northeast China. The enrichment factor values for crust elements during the dust storm (DS) period are close to those in the NDS period, while the enrichment factor values for pollution elements during the NDS period are much higher than those in the DS period, showing these elements were from anthropogenic sources. The ratios of dust elements to Fe were relative constant during the DS period. The Ca/Fe ratio in dust aerosols at Tongyu is remarkably different from that observed in other source regions and downwind regions. Meteorological analysis shows that dust events at Tongyu are usually associated with dry, low pressure and high wind speed weather conditions. Air mass back-trajectory analysis identified three kinds of general pathways were associated with the aerosol particle transport to Tongyu, and the northwest direction pathway was the main transport route.  相似文献   

3.
As improved and accumulated satellite records become available,it is significant to provide up-to-date perspectives on the spatiotemporal signatures of tropospheric nitrogen dioxide(NO2)over China,the knowledge of which is helpful for air pollution control.In this study,the Ozone Monitoring Instrument NO2 dataset for the last 10 years(2005–14)was retrieved to examine multiple aspects of NO2 columns,including distributions,trends,and seasonal cycle.The pattern of average NO2suggests five hotspots with column density higher than 20×1015 molec cm-2:Jing-Jin-Tang;combined southern Hebei and northern Henan;Jinan;the Yangtze River Delta;and the Pearl River Delta.Furthermore,substantial and widespread NO2 growths are distributed over the North China Plain.By contrast,downward trends in NO2 amounts prevail in the megacities of Beijing,Shanghai,and Guangzhou,despite generally high loading levels.Except for the Pearl River Delta,there appears to be temporally consistent behaviors across all regions considered,where NO2 had an abrupt decline during 2008 to 2009,then a drastic increase up to 2013,before beginning to reduce again after 2013.However,the NO2 over the Pearl River Delta is not coevolving with the rest,having experienced a moderate rise from 2005 to 2007,followed by a reduction thereafter.A marked seasonality is apparent,with a maximum in winter and a minimum in summer,regardless of the region.The annual amplitude of NO2 is less pronounced over the Pearl River Delta,whereas the largest range is observed over the combined Southern Hebei and Northern Henan region,induced by enhanced NO2emission in wintertime due to intense domestic heating.  相似文献   

4.
Based on the geographical circumstance, climate and the boundary layer meteorology features of the Pearl River Delta, a boundary layer concept model of the Pearl River Delta was built. The concept model consists of four fundamental factors that affect the boundary layer meteorology of the Pearl River Delta and can convincingly explain the reason of the air quality change in the Pearl River Delta. The model can be used to the diffusion capability analysis, the air pollution potential forecasting or haze forecasting, etc.  相似文献   

5.
In this paper we present a review of atmospheric chemistry research in China over the period 2006-2010, focusing on tropospheric ozone, aerosol chemistry, and the interactions between trace gases and aerosols in the polluted areas of China. Over the past decade, China has suffered severe photochemical smog and haze pollution, especially in North China, the Yangtze River Delta, and the Pearl River Delta. Much scientific work on atmospheric chemistry and physics has been done to address this large-scale, complex environmental problem. Intensive field experiments, satellite data analyses, and model simulations have shown that air pollution is significantly changing the chemical and physical characters of the natural atmosphere over these parts of China. In addition to strong emissions of primary pollutants, photochemical and heterogeneous reactions play key roles in the formation of complex pollution. More in-depth research is recommended to reveal the formation mechanism of photochemical smog and haze pollution and their climatic effects at the urban, regional, and global scales.  相似文献   

6.
Belonging to the southern subtropical moist type of monsoon climate,the Nanling mountainous area experiences heavy fogs whenever quasi-stationary fronts appear there from September to May.There can be as many as 15-18 days of heavy fogs per month.Fogs have more serious consequences in the Lechang-Ruyuan section of the Beijing-Zhuhai Expressway(the longest expressway in China)that passes through the main part of the Nanling Mts.,where the road rises from 200m to more than 800m above sea level(ASL).For a major motorway in the mountainous areas of Nanling Mts.,two multidisciplinary integrated field observations were carried out,which measured visibility by the naked eyes,visibility by instrument,spectrum of fog- drops,liquid water content(LWC)of fog,tethered sounding,dual-parameter low-level sounding,turbulence diffusion within fog layers,aerosol spectra of size and composition,sampled fog water compositions,and sampled rainwater compositions.Typical cases were probed for their analyses of synoptics,micro- and macro-structures and microphysics.It is understood that heavy fogs take place with high frequency in the area and bring about serious consequences.Being typical advection and upslope fogs,they are in essence low-lying clouds appearing at high altitudes,which are closely related with the activity of South China frontal processes,especially the South China quasi-stationary fronts,and reflect on the role of local terrain as well.The heavy fogs are characteristic of long duration,extremely low visibility,well-organized lump- shaped structure,large-size fog-drops,moderate concentration,high LWC,and stronger turbulent diffusion within the fog layers than in fine sky.They differ much from radiation fogs,which are better documented in previous study in China.It is found that fog LWC is in significant anti-correlation with visibility so that large LWC is associated with small visual range.It is also noted that one of the reasons for the fluctuation of characteristic quantities of micro-structure such as the LWC of fog in the area is,in addition to the inhomogeneous structure of the fog itself,the effect of advection and inhomogeneous underlying surface; during the translation of fog with the ambient wind,irregular upslope and cross-over movement is another reason for the inhomogeneous structure and fluctuation of fog.The spectrum of the aerosol size displays itself as the power function of monotonous descent.The concentration of submicrometer particles is even higher.The high-concentration sulfate particles found in the aerosols of Nanling Mts.are actually good nuclei for condensation,which are favorable for the formation of fog.The presence of fog can help cleanse the trace compositions in the atmosphere so that fog droplets contain high levels of polluting elements.In the meantime,compared to cloud droplets,fog droplets are easier to be captured by the vertical surfaces of objects on the land surface,such as vegetation and buildings to constitute another kird of cleansing process. In vast stretches of forest like the Nanling Mts.,this kind of cleansing may be quite important.Studying the characteristic variation of fogs in the area realistically assists in setting up a forecast and warning system for local fogs and provides basic information for fog dispersal experiments.  相似文献   

7.
The direct climatic effect of aerosols for the 1980-2000 period over East Asia was numerically investigated by a regional scale coupled climate-chemistry/aerosol model,which includes major anthropogenic aerosols(sulfate,black carbon,and organic carbon) and natural aerosols(soil dust and sea salt) .Anthropogenic emissions used in model simulation are from a global emission inventory prepared for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fifth Assessment Report(IPCC AR5) ,whereas natural aerosols are calculated online in the model.The simulated 20-year average direct solar radiative effect due to aerosols at the surface was estimated to be in a range of-9--33 W m-2 over most areas of China,with maxima over the Gobi desert of West China,and-12 W m-2 to-24 W m-2 over the Sichuan Basin,the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and the Yangtze River.Aerosols caused surface cooling in most areas of East Asia,with maxima of-0.8-C to-1.6-C over the deserts of West China,the Sichuan Basin,portions of central China,and the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. Aerosols induced a precipitation decrease over almost the entire East China,with maxima of-90 mm/year to-150 mm/year over the Sichuan Basin,the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and the lower reaches of the Yellow River.Interdecadal variation of the climate response to the aerosol direct radiative effect is evident,indicating larger decrease in surface air temperature and stronger perturbation to precipitation in the 1990s than that in the 1980s,which could be due to the interdecadal variation of anthropogenic emissions.  相似文献   

8.
Based on RegCM4, a climate model system, we simulated the distribution of the present climate (1961-1990) and the future climate (2010-2099), under emission scenarios of RCPs over the whole Pearl River Basin. From the climate parameters, a set of mean precipitation, wet day frequency, and mean wet day intensity and several precipitation percentiles are used to assess the expected changes in daily precipitation characteristics for the 21st century. Meanwhile the return values of precipitation intensity with an average return of 5, 10, 20, and 50 years are also used to assess the expected changes in precipitation extremes events in this study. The structure of the change across the precipitation distribution is very coherent between RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. The annual, spring and winter average precipitation decreases while the summer and autumn average precipitation increases. The basic diagnostics of precipitation show that the frequency of precipitation is projected to decrease but the intensity is projected to increase. The wet day percentiles (q90 and q95) also increase, indicating that precipitation extremes intensity will increase in the future. Meanwhile, the 5-year return value tends to increase by 30%-45% in the basins of Liujiang River, Red Water River, Guihe River and Pearl River Delta region, where the 5-year return value of future climate corresponds to the 8- to 10-year return value of the present climate, and the 50-year return value corresponds to the 100-year return value of the present climate over the Pearl River Delta region in the 2080s under RCP8.5, which indicates that the warming environment will give rise to changes in the intensity and frequency of extreme precipitation events.  相似文献   

9.
The aerosol optical depth (AOD) data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) aboard Satellite Aqua, along with the altitude-resolved aerosol subtypes product from the Cloud-Aerosol LIdar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP), as well as surface PM 10 measurements, were utilized to investigate the dust activities common in springtime of northern China. Specifically, a dust storm episode that occurred over the North China Plain (NCP) during 17-21 March 2010 was identified. The PM 10 concentration at Beijing (39.8 °N, 116.47 °E) reached the peak value of 283 μgm -3 on 20 March 2010 from the background value of 15 μg m-3 measured on 17 March 2010, then dropped to 176 μgm-3 on 21 March 2010. Analysis of the CALIOP aerosol subtypes product showed that numerous large dust plumes floated over northern China, downwind of main desert source regions, and were lifted to altitudes as high as 3.5 km during this time period. The MODIS AOD data provided spatial distributions of dust load, broadly consistent with ground-level PM 10 , especially in cloud free areas. However, inconsistency between the MODIS AOD and surface PM 10 measurements under cloudy conditions did exist, further highlighting the unique capability of the CALIOP lidar. CALIOP can penetrate the cloud layer to give unambiguous and altitude-resolved dust measurements, albeit a relatively long revisit period (16 days) and narrower swath (90 m). A back trajectory simulation using the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model was performed, and it was found that the sand-dust storm originated from the Gobi Desert on 18 March 2010 travelled approxi-mately 1200-1500 km day-1 eastward and passed over the NCP on 19 March 2010, in good agreement with previous findings. In addition, the multi-sensor measurements integrated with the HYSPLIT model output formed a three-dimensional view of the transport pathway for this dust episode, indicating that this episode was largely associated with the desert source regions to the northwest of the NCP. The results imply the importance of integration of multi-sensor measurements for clarifying the overall structure of dust events over northern China.  相似文献   

10.
By making use of the 2005 hourly data of visibility at Chek Lap Kok and suspended particulate (PM2.5) at Tung Chung,PM2.5 concentration and visibility (excluding cases with mist,fog, rain, or relative humidity≥95%) are found to have a reciprocal relationship with correlation coefficient about 0.8. Besides, similar seasonal trends are exhibited in both the number of hours of reduced visibility (visibility below 8 km and excluding cases with mist, fog, rain, or relative humidity≥95%) and PM2.5 concentration, i.e., with higher value attained in winter and lower value in summer.Backward trajectory analysis using HYSPLIT indicates that this phenomenon is related to the source of air mass affecting Hong Kong. For continental trajectories, the average daily occurrence of reduced visibility and the daily mean PM2.5 concentration were much higher than the corresponding occurrence of reduced visibility and mean PM2.5 concentration for maritime trajectories.A case study on an event with a tropical cyclone approaching Hong Kong is included in this paper to demonstrate the significance of meteorological conditions in determining the visibility and PM2.5 concentration.  相似文献   

11.
Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...  相似文献   

12.
文章选用阴山山脉山北乌拉特后旗、白云、达茂旗、苏尼特左旗、化德,山南杭后旗、包头、呼和浩特、察右前旗、兴和1971—2000年气温、降水量、天气现象等资料进行对比分析,得到阴山山脉对内蒙古自治区中部地区气象要素影响初步结论。  相似文献   

13.
叶茵  余清 《贵州气象》2004,28(4):37-38
我局从1999~2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.  相似文献   

14.
热带气旋眼墙非对称结构的研究综述   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
热带气旋的眼墙非对称结构与其发展过程密切相关。在热带气旋移动过程中,非对称风场伴随着边界层内非对称摩擦而引起的辐合,影响着热带气旋眼墙内的对流分布。此外,风垂直切变作为影响热带气旋强度的重要因子,将上层暖心吹离表层环流,引起眼墙垂直运动的非对称,导致云、降水在方位角方向的非均匀分布。当存在平均涡度的径向梯度时,罗斯贝类型的波动可以存在于涡旋内核区域,影响眼墙非对称结构。海洋为热带气旋提供潜热和感热形式的能量,是热带气旋发展的重要能量来源,关于海洋如何影响热带气旋眼墙非对称结构的相关研究较少。文中着重回顾了热带气旋与海洋相互作用的研究成果,并提出海洋影响热带气旋眼墙非对称结构的机制。海洋对热带气旋最显著的响应特征是冷尾效应,该效应通过降低海表温度,减少海洋向大气输送的潜热和感热,从而影响热带气旋眼墙非对称结构。此外,海浪改变海表粗糙度,通过边界层影响移动热带气旋的眼墙结构。  相似文献   

15.
准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响   总被引:11,自引:5,他引:6  
张弘  陈月娟  吴北婴 《大气科学》2000,24(1):103-110
NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式(SOCRATES)移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡(QBO)对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。  相似文献   

16.
Summary Considering the effects of causal mechanics on geophysical problems enables us to explain a number of phenomena, which cannot be explained from conventional positions. This paper shows that the introduction of the force of causality in a simple barotropic hydrodynamic model of weather forecasts results in the outcomes, which, on the one hand, can not be described from the positions of classical hydro-thermodynamics, whilst on the other hand, exist in nature.  相似文献   

17.
基于ERA-40再分析资料以及多尺度子空间变换和多尺度能量分析方法,探讨了大西洋阻塞高压平流层底部冷中心的形成机制,发现该冷中心形成的根本原因为16 d以下(高频尺度)和64 d以上过程(基本气流)向阻高尺度有效位能的正则传输,所获得有效位能在阻高尺度内被输运到西北和东南侧,并转换成动能,起到使阻高强度增加或者维持的作用。这种过程在西北侧表现得尤为明显,这可能是阻高形态不断向西北侧扩展的原因。在传统的认知中,大气有效位能从大尺度向小尺度传输,但本研究发现,阻高发生时,有效位能在平流层底部的传输方向表现为从高频尺度和基本气流尺度同时向阻高尺度传输。此外,前人的研究表明,阻高发展加强之后对流层中阻高动能向有效位能转化使得阻高消亡,而本文的分析表明两种能量的转换方向在平流层底部完全相反——由有效位能向动能转换,起到了使阻高加强或维持的作用。最近的研究表明对流层顶附近的动力学对于阻高的发展和维持非常重要,上述发现增进了对这些动力学深层的了解。  相似文献   

18.
两类ENSO事件非对称性特征分析   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
利用1961—2010年多种海、气观测资料,分析了东部型(EP)和中部型(CP)ENSO事件海温异常的非对称性及可能原因,并讨论了两类ENSO事件的非对称性对大气环流的可能影响。结果表明,海温异常非对称性包括空间分布非对称、强度非对称以及持续性非对称。从动力学角度来看,虽然不同事件发展衰减阶段主导的动力作用不尽相同,但就两类事件强度非对称性而言,海洋垂直对流项起关键性的作用。此外,研究发现,无论是通过海温强迫直接影响的赤道地区或是通过遥相关影响的赤道外地区,大气非对称响应都表现出与海温异常非对称较强的一致性,其中东部型ENSO的非对称性分布与事件暖位相分布相似,而中部型ENSO的非对称性分布与事件冷位相分布相似,且东部型ENSO非对称性差异大于中部型ENSO。  相似文献   

19.
2004年9月至2006年10月,在华北地区的4个站开展了太阳辐射、气象参数等的综合测量,得到了可见光辐射QVIS、总辐射Q等的变化特征。水汽和散射因子对QVIS/Q有明显的影响,同时对QVIS也有明显的作用。基于能量观点,建立了实际天气QVIS小时累计值(时累)的经验模式,得到了较好的计算结果。水汽因子对于QVIS在大气中的传输有一定的作用,应该给予足够重视。计算表明,华北地区受水汽因子衰减到达地面的QVIS以及占地面QVIS的比例分别为8.78W·m-2和4.24%,受散射因子衰减到达地面的QVIS以及占地面QVIS的比例分别为171.91W·m-2和95.76%。华北地区受水汽因子和散射因子影响损失于大气中的QVIS分别为16.54W·m-2和311.07W·m-2,这一能量损失有季节变化和区域差别。敏感性实验表明,到达地面的QVIS对水汽因子、散射因子的变化有不同的响应,QVIS对散射因子的变化比对水汽因子的变化更为敏感。水汽因子与可见光辐射之间的关系密切,水汽因子项的真正含义应该是大气中的各种物质成分(气、液、固态)对可见光辐射直接和间接(通过化学和光化学反应,包括均相和非均相过程)利用的总和。利用QVIS经验模式计算了大气顶的QVIS,其计算误差为3.5%。在目前及未来研究中,应重视和考虑消耗于大气中的这部分与水汽有关的能量。采用能量观点与实测资料相配合来理解和探索大气中的物理化学过程和规律是一种有效、实用的方法。  相似文献   

20.
Due to the complex orography and the presence of the moisture-saturated air, the Mediterranean region is characterized by the increased baroclinic and convective instability, that leads to the sudden cyclogenesis and the formation of dangerous weather phenomena. The results are given of the investigation of formation mechanisms of Mediterranean cyclones, peculiarities of stages of their evolution and dynamical processes, which occur throughout the atmosphere, using the regional numerical ETA model of the atmosphere by the example of individual cases of the cyclogenesis over the Mediterranean Sea. It is revealed that the cold Arctic air outbreak (the intrusion of the cold Arctic air) to the south of the Western Europe, leading to the formation of the areas of the baroclinic instability and the increased moisture content of the air in the area of the vortex origin, favors the cyclogenesis. The use of the vertical coordinate η in the model enabled to compute more precisely the vertical wind speed, therefore, the influence of the orography on the moisture content and precipitation increase became pronounced. The transformation of the structure of meteorological fields in the course of the development of vortexes is considered. The computation of the helicity is made, and it is shown that this characteristic can be one of the earliest predictors of cyclogenesis.  相似文献   

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