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1.
《内蒙古气象》2019,(4)
背景场误差协方差矩阵的统计是资料同化的重点工作。文章利用NMC方法对内蒙古区域模式2017年7月和2018年2月各月的预报场进行背景场误差协方差矩阵的统计,通过对重新统计背景场误差协方差矩阵的特征、单点试验及预报效果进行分析。结果表明:内蒙古夏季和冬季控制变量的特征向量变化特征相似,但由于天气系统的影响而有所差别;夏季和冬季各控制变量在各模态上的特征值都随着模态数的增加而快速减小,冬季误差模态振幅要小于夏季,这主要是由于影响内蒙古夏季的天气系统较多,天气过程较冬季复杂;对模式贡献越小的特征向量,其特征长度尺度也越小,影响的范围也越小;单点试验验证了应用本地资料重新统计的背景场误差协方差矩阵的合理性。对暴雨个例的数值模拟试验表明:应用本地化背景场误差协方差同化后模拟的强降水范围和强度均得到明显改善,降水模拟更接近实况。说明本地化后的背景场误差协方差对模式预报具有一定的改进作用,在三维变分同化系统中,背景场误差协方差的重新统计工作十分必要。 相似文献
2.
GRAPES全球三维变分同化系统--基本设计方案与理想试验 总被引：25，自引：4，他引：21
中国气象局数值预报研究中心开发了一个全球和区域统一框架的格点三维变分资料同化系统(GRAPES3D-Var).作者给出全球版本的方案设计,采用单点观测试验检验方案设计的合理性和正确性.全球方案选择流函数、速度势、非平衡高度和相对湿度作为分析求解的控制变量,用线性平衡方程作为质量场和风场的动力约束,通过预调方法解决背景误差协方差矩阵阶数过大和难以求逆的问题,其中垂直变换和物理变换以及观测算子设计等方面与区域方案相同,但预调的水平变换采用球谐函数谱滤波表示背景误差协方差的水平相关模型,避免了递归滤波在高纬和极区因相关尺度过大无法实施的问题.另外,设计了一个使极区插值和差分计算完全闭合的网格以及相应的算法,解决了极点分析问题.单点观测理想试验结果表明,GRAPES 3D-Var系统能够合理给出全球任何地区的分析. 相似文献
3.
基于WRF预报模式、WRFDA Hybrid集合变分同化系统和ETKF方法,构建了面向城市气象观测网数据的快速更新混合同化系统。针对北京地区地基微波辐射计和风廓线雷达组网观测资料数据同化,开展了静态背景误差调整因子(特征长度尺度因子和方差因子)、局地化距离和集合权重系数4个重要参数敏感性试验研究。试验结果表明:当温度、相对湿度、u风和v风的特征长度尺度因子和方差因子分别调整为0.7/1.0、1.0/1.0、0.7/1.0和0.7/1.0,局地化距离和集合权重系数分别调整为11.2 km和0.5时,快速更新混合同化系统的分析场均方根误差最小。为对比三种常用同化方案,开展了默认参数混合同化、最优参数混合同化、三维变分同化对比试验,试验结果表明:在针对北京地区地基微波辐射计和风廓线雷达组网观测资料的快速更新同化预报试验中,混合同化方案表现优于三维变分,同时相对于默认参数混合同化方案,最优参数混合同化方案的风场、温度及湿度的分析场和预报场得到了进一步改善:风温湿的分析场均方根误差分别最大降低了13％、19％和5％,12～24 h预报场的均方根误差分别最大降低了2％、12％和5％。 相似文献
4.
构造合理的背景场误差协方差是做好资料同化的关键。分析了背景误差协方差中变量相关关系在台风季节和非台风季节隐含的不同动力平衡特征,并讨论其对台风同化和预报的影响。分析发现,与非台风季节相比,在台风季节温度与非平衡速度势具有更强的动力相关性,拟相对湿度与其他控制变量的相关性也更显著。这些动力相关性在背景场误差中协方差的引入,将在同化分析过程中使得观测信息可以合理地对同化分析场产生影响。台风循环同化和预报的结果验证了对变量平衡特征的分析:背景误差协方差中新平衡关系的建立,对同化和预报有较大的正面影响,尤其是相对湿度和其他控制变量相关的建立,明显改善了台风路径、强度和降水的预报效果。 相似文献
5.
GRAPES非静力数值预报模式的三维变分资料同化系统的发展 总被引：21，自引：3，他引：18
为了减少分析变量与模式状态变量之间的插值误差,改善业务预报模式的初值质量,在GRAPES等压面三维变分资料同化系统的基础上,研究发展了针对GRAPES区域模式的非静力模式变量三维变分资料同化系统(GRAPES m3DVAR).该资料同化系统的垂直坐标及其分析变量的水平分布格式、垂直跳点方案与GRAPES预报模式保持完全一致.由于垂直坐标的变化和非静力关系,m3DVAR分析系统中设计了求解动力学约束方程的新方案.通过有效的高精度数学方案,避免了地形追随坐标下平衡方程的非线性项造成的复杂计算,有效解决了非静力平衡条件下求解平衡方程中非线性项的切线性方程和伴随方程引起的困难.重新构造各种观测算子,并考虑了质量场和风场之间的平衡约束关系、背景误差协方差结构,实现对探空、地面资料、船舶报等常规观测的同化.理想单点试验和实际资料的多变量资料同化分析结果表明,非静力模式变量三维变分资料同化系统能够正确地描写多变量之间的相互作用以及物理约束关系,分析结果合理,能够有效减少原等压面三维变分资料同化系统的分析与模式变量之间需要相互插值、变换产生的误差,在一定程度上提高了分析场质量,对预报模式的初值具有一定改善. 相似文献
6.
在同化系统中使用更合理的背景误差协方差对于得到更良好的同化效果至关重要。首先采用NMC方法针对中国区域构建更适合WRF-ARW区域预报系统的B矩阵,并对比分析了其与GSI同化系统预设的NCEP预报系统的B矩阵在分析变量间的平衡关系、分析控制变量的标准差、水平和垂直特征尺度等方面的特征差异。参照这些特征差异设计单点观测试验、背景误差协方差调优参数敏感性试验,确定针对中国区域构建B矩阵的最佳调优参数。并讨论其对一次季风低压强降水天气过程的循环同化和预报效果的影响。结果表明,采用最佳调优参数使用针对中国区域构建B矩阵的试验(Sen6)对V风分量场和相对湿度场的预报性能改进显著,同时也引出了GSI同化系统背景误差协方差参数调优(尤其是水平特征尺度参数调整)的两难问题。在此基础上,采用Hybrid同化方法使用针对中国区域构建B矩阵的循环同化试验(Hyb3)可以进一步改善预报效果,并在一定程度上修正个例模拟雨带的位置。 相似文献
7.
江西省暴雨灾害频繁发生,改善同化系统性能是提高数值天气预报水平的有效手段,构建合理的背景误差协方差是做好资料同化的关键工作。基于WRF模式的江西区域一个月控制预报为样本,计算得到多元变量相关的背景误差协方差,分析其平衡约束特征、特征值、特征向量以及特征长度尺度。结果表明,江西区域模式层中的低层和高层风场辐合、辐散分量的作用更大,各个变量对水汽场的贡献也集中在低层和高层,其中温度场起主导作用;模式层高层温度场的模拟效果偏差,各个变量的垂直相关性较大;相较于风场,温度场和水汽场在水平方向影响范围小,具有较强的局地性。 相似文献
8.
全球资料同化中误差协方差三维结构的准确估计与应用Ⅱ:背景误差协方差调整与数值试验分析 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：6
利用NMC方法针对背景误差协方差的方差、三维相关与特征长度来揭示T213L31模式的误差主要特点,并与传统更新矢量方法的计算结果进行了对比与调整。结果表明NMC方法结果与更新矢量方法结果在大体特征上基本吻合,但细节上的差异不可忽视,特别是对背景误差方差与特征长度的估计存在显著的差异,其主要原因是NMC方法倾向于高估天气尺度波的背景误差,而低估次天气尺度到中尺度波的背景误差。通过对背景误差方差、特征长度的调整,显著改善了背景误差功率谱的分布特点,使得NMC方法结果与更新矢量方法结果更为吻合。通过三维变分同化与最优插值中观测与背景误差相对重要性的比较,发现两者结果基本一致,但三维变分同化在850 hPa以下的温度场和300 hPa以上的风场统计结果都表现出背景误差相对于观测误差偏小的特点。背景误差相对于观测误差偏小有助于保证分析场中质量场与风场平衡,消除了大气底层和高层质量场与风场不匹配现象。在数值试验中,针对不同的背景误差均方差与特征长度的特点,分析了分析增量和预报效果的差异,结果表明,准确的背景误差估计与优化工作改善了预报效果,使得北半球三维变分同化的120 h预报效果整体好于现有最优插值。 相似文献
9.
合理估计背景场误差协方差矩阵(B)是做好变分同化的关键环节。利用控制变量随机扰动法(RandomCV)、增长模繁殖法(BGM)及NMC法等3种背景场样本模拟方法,基于WRFDA系统计算B矩阵,对B矩阵的特征及其对同化预报效果的影响进行了研究。B矩阵的特征分析和单点观测试验表明,NMC法与RandomCV法得到的B矩阵误差方差较大,在同化中观测的权重更大;RandomCV法得到的B矩阵,背景场误差中变量的长度尺度更大,说明同化中观测的水平影响范围更大。连续循环同化和预报试验表明:应用RandomCV法计算得到的B矩阵分析与预报的效果明显优于系统自带的以及BGM法得到的B矩阵,且效果与NMC法相当与NMC方法相比,采用RandomCV方法产生背景场样本具有时间和人力成本相对低的优点。 相似文献
10.
一个用于气候模式的三维变分资料同化系统——方案设计及检验 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
介绍了一种适合格点模式的三维变分同化方案,并应用于中国科学院大气物理研究所的9层大气环流格点模式（IAP9L2°×2.5°-AGCM）中。同化方案考虑质量场和风场的动力约束关系,并通过变量变换将模式变量转化为互不相关的控制变量：流函数、非平衡速度势、非平衡位势和比湿;同时采用共轭梯度法求解代价函数避免了直接计算背景误差协方差矩阵逆的困难。通过理想试验、模式连续同化积分试验以及对东亚地区特殊寒潮天气的同化试验,结果表明：该系统能够正确反应多变量之间的相互关系,并且长时间运行稳定,更重要的是同化不仅可以明显改善直接参与同化的物理量,而且经过模式的动力调整也改善了未参与同化的物理量（如海平面气压、近地面气温、降水等）,这为大气的持续性信息存储于陆面物理量提供了可能,从而可为IAP9L2°×2.5°-AGCM提供陆—气相协调的初始场。 相似文献
11.
The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics. 相似文献
12.
Yuepeng PAN Mengna GU Yuexin HE Dianming WU Chunyan LIU Linlin SONG Shili TIAN Xuemei Lü Yang SUN Tao SONG Wendell W. WALTERS Xuejun LIU Nicholas A. MARTIN Qianqian ZHANG Yunting FANG Valerio FERRACCI Yuesi WANG 《大气科学进展》2020,37(9):933-938
正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on 相似文献
13.
《大气和海洋科学快报》2013,(4):227
正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. 相似文献
14.
Connections between the Eurasian teleconnection and concurrent variation of upper-level jets over East Asia 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
The variation of the East Asian jet stream(EAJS) associated with the Eurasian(EU) teleconnection pattern is investigated using 60-yr NCEP–NCAR daily reanalysis data over the period 1951–2010. The EAJS consists of three components: the polar front jet(PFJ); the plateau subtropical jet(PSJ); and the ocean subtropical jet(OSJ). Of these three jets over East Asia,the EU pattern exhibits a significant influence on the PFJ and OSJ. There is a simultaneous negative correlation between the EU pattern and the PFJ. A significant positive correlation is found between the EU pattern and the OSJ when the EU pattern leads the OSJ by about 5 days. There is no obvious correlation between the EU pattern and the PSJ. The positive EU phase is accompanied by a weakened and poleward-shifted PFJ, which coincides with an intensified OSJ. A possible mechanism for the variation of the EAJS during different EU phases is explored via analyzing the effects of 10-day high-and low-frequency eddy forcing. The zonal wind tendency due to high-frequency eddy forcing contributes to the simultaneous negative correlation between the EU pattern and the PFJ, as well as the northward/southward shift of the PFJ. High- and low-frequency eddy forcing are both responsible for the positive correlation between the EU pattern and the OSJ, but only high-frequency eddy forcing contributes to the lagged variation of the OSJ relative to the EU pattern. The negative correlation between the EU pattern and winter temperature and precipitation anomalies in China is maintained only when the PFJ and OSJ are out of phase with each other. Thus, the EAJS plays an important role in transmitting the EU signal to winter temperature and precipitation anomalies in China. 相似文献
15.
<p>PARTITION OF SEASON BASED ON MULTIELEMENTS AND THE DECADAL CHANGE OF SEASON DURATION IN CHINA</p>
<p>Using the multielements similarity measurement method and 1950–C2017 NCEP/NCAR gridded daily reanalysis datasets, we analyzed season duration in China during 1950–C2016, and we defined the element with maximum absolute sensitivity as the key impact element at each point using the sensitivity analysis method. The decadal change of season duration and its key impact element before and after 1980 were studied. The results indicated obvious meridional and zonal differences in the distribution of season duration for the 67-year average, and that the key impact element has the same distribution characteristics as season duration. In addition, complementary relationships were found between the durations of spring and summer, autumn and winter, and the cold and warm seasons. Of those, the complementary relationship between the durations of spring and summer was strongest and the regions of complementarity were numerous. The complementary regions of autumn and winter durations were found mainly in western China. In the cold and warm seasons, the complementary regions were widespread and the complementary relationship was generally weak. Comparison of the periods before and after 1980 revealed an east–Cwest difference in the interdecadal variation of season duration. Interdecadal variation in spring and summer was found concentrated in northern and western regions, while that in autumn and winter was concentrated in the western region. Areas of significant interdecadal variation of the key elements were found concentrated in northern and western regions, corresponding well with the areas of significant interdecadal variation of season duration.</p> 相似文献
16.
By using the gauged rainfall in 160 stations within mainland China and the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, the impacts of anomalous SST in Kuroshio and its extension on precipitation in Northeast China were investigated. The results show that a difference in the meridional circulation such as the East Asia/Pacific teleconnection pattern(EAP)may be responsible for the difference in rainfall between 1998 and 2010. In comparison with 1998, the anomalous meridional circulation pattern in 2010 shifted northeastward, and then the western subtropical high, the mid-latitudinal trough and the northeastern Asia blocking high also shifted northeastward, causing intensified convergence of the cold and warm air masses at the southern region and thus more rainfall in the southwestern region and less in the northwestern region. In 1998, the anomalous cyclone, one component of the meridional pattern, located at the Songhuajiang-Nengjiang River basin, resulted in more rainfall in the majority of the area. The results of observation and the model show that the difference in SSTA in Kuroshio and its extension under the background of different El Ni觡o events is the key point:(1) The anomalous warmth moved westward from the mid-Pacific to the east of the Philippine Sea during the central event, which led the heat resources shifting to the northeast in 2010; subsequently, a shift occurred to the north of the anomalous ascent and decent, followed by a warm SSTA in the region of Kuroshio's extension in 2010 and Kuroshio in 1998.(2) The warm SSTA in the Kuroshio extension causing the Rossby wave activity flux strengthened in 2010, and then the westerly jet shifted northward and extended eastward. A warm SSTA in Kuroshio and cold SSTA in its extension in 1998 caused the westerly jet to shift southward and weaken. As a result,the anomalous anticyclone and cyclone shifted northward in 2010, and the blocking high also shifted northward. 相似文献
17.
Understanding potential future influence of environmental, economic, and social drivers on land-use and sustainability is critical for guiding strategic decisions that can help nations adapt to change, anticipate opportunities, and cope with surprises. Using the Land-Use Trade-Offs (LUTO) model, we undertook a comprehensive, detailed, integrated, and quantitative scenario analysis of land-use and sustainability for Australia’s agricultural land from 2013–2050, under interacting global change and domestic policies, and considering key uncertainties. We assessed land use competition between multiple land-uses and assessed the sustainability of economic returns and ecosystem services at high spatial (1.1 km grid cells) and temporal (annual) resolution. We found substantial potential for land-use transition from agriculture to carbon plantings, environmental plantings, and biofuels cropping under certain scenarios, with impacts on the sustainability of economic returns and ecosystem services including food/fibre production, emissions abatement, water resource use, biodiversity services, and energy production. However, the type, magnitude, timing, and location of land-use responses and their impacts were highly dependent on scenario parameter assumptions including global outlook and emissions abatement effort, domestic land-use policy settings, land-use change adoption behaviour, productivity growth, and capacity constraints. With strong global abatement incentives complemented by biodiversity-focussed domestic land-use policy, land-use responses can substantially increase and diversify economic returns to land and produce a much wider range of ecosystem services such as emissions abatement, biodiversity, and energy, without major impacts on agricultural production. However, better governance is needed for managing potentially significant water resource impacts. The results have wide-ranging implications for land-use and sustainability policy and governance at global and domestic scales and can inform strategic thinking and decision-making about land-use and sustainability in Australia. A comprehensive and freely available 26 GB data pack (http://doi.org/10.4225/08/5604A2E8A00CC) provides a unique resource for further research. As similarly nuanced transformational change is also possible elsewhere, our template for comprehensive, integrated, quantitative, and high resolution scenario analysis can support other nations in strategic thinking and decision-making to prepare for an uncertain future. 相似文献
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19.
Characterization and source apportionment of volatile organic compounds in urban and suburban Tianjin,China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Tianjin is the third largest megacity and the fastest growth area in China, and consequently faces the problems of surface ozone and haze episodes. This study measures and characterizes volatile organic compounds(VOCs), which are ozone precursors, to identify their possible sources and evaluate their contribution to ozone formation in urban and suburban Tianjin,China during the Ha Chi(Haze in China) summer campaign in 2009. A total of 107 species of ambient VOCs were detected,and the average concentrations of VOCs at urban and suburban sites were 92 and 174 ppbv, respectively. Of those, 51 species of VOCs were extracted to analyze the possible VOC sources using positive matrix factorization. The identified sources of VOCs were significantly related to vehicular activities, which specifically contributed 60% to urban and 42% to suburban VOCs loadings in Tianjin. Industrial emission was the second most prominent source of ambient VOCs in both urban and suburban areas, although the contribution of industry in the suburban area(36%) was much higher than that at the urban area(16%). We conclude that controlling vehicle emissions should be a top priority for VOC reduction, and that fast industrialization and urbanization causes air pollution to be more complex due to the combined emission of VOCs from industry and daily life, especially in suburban areas. 相似文献
20.
碳交易政策的经济影响:以广东省为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过构建广东省两区域动态模型,对广东省碳交易及其他政策措施进行定量评估,分析实施可调控总量的碳交易政策机制对广东省及参与交易部门的经济影响。研究结果表明,按照减排情景到2015年广东完成19.5%的碳强度下降目标,相比基准情景,GDP将减少0.7%;按照强减排情景到2015年将完成20.5%的碳强度下降目标,相比基准情景GDP将减少0.9%;如果在强减排情景的基础上实施碳交易政策,GDP相对基准情景减少0.8%,到2015年实施碳交易政策可减少GDP损失约90亿元,说明广东建立碳排放权交易机制能够发挥支持经济发展和节能减碳双赢的作用。 相似文献