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本文建立了一个考虑层结的二维内边界层数值模式,研究了下垫面粗糙度、温度、湿度突变引起的内边界层。结果表明:下垫面温度突变引起的温度内边界层与下垫面粗糙度突变引起的速度内边界层具有明显的差异。 相似文献
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运用中尺度数值模式WRF耦合城市冠层模式（urban canopy model,UCM）,对2016年登陆深圳的热带气旋妮妲（1604）（以下简称妮妲）进行数值模拟。高分辨率数值模拟较好地再现了妮妲登陆前后的强度、路径和累积降水。利用城市化过程当中城市冠层对热带气旋降水的敏感性试验结果表明:城市冠层会减弱对流运动和水汽的输送,导致热带气旋登陆后珠江口城市群区域累积降水量略减少。应用最新的土地利用资料进行的城市下垫面敏感性试验结果表明:由于城市下垫面粗糙度增加,造成登陆地面风的减速,强度减弱,潜热通量与2 m高度比湿相应减小;城市下垫面粗糙度增加会加强该区域垂直对流运动以及不稳定能量增加,有利于降水增强,尤其在城市化下垫面处,热带气旋登陆后6 h累积降水增加量最大可超过20 mm。总体而言,对登陆热带气旋降水而言,耦合城市冠层使城市区域热带气旋降水减少,但在数值模拟中城市冠层影响作用不显著。城市化下垫面对登陆热带气旋暴雨的增幅作用明显,在登陆热带气旋降水预报中应重视。 相似文献
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南京地区城市下垫面特征对雷暴过程影响的数值模拟 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：8
本文选取2011年7月23日发生在南京的一次雷暴个例, 利用中尺度数值模式WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting model),耦合Noah/UCM,并采用NCEP FNL 1°×1°每日4次的全球分析场资料作为初始场及南京自动站观测数据等,对南京地区城市下垫面特征对雷暴过程的影响进行了数值模拟。结果表明:模拟的雷暴发生发展过程与该地区城市下垫面有着密切的联系。首先,雷暴发生前期,南京地区热岛效应明显。其次,城市上空的感热通量较高,结合城郊下垫面热力差异造成的城市热岛环流,加强了城区的辐合上升,为雷暴的形成提供了重要的抬升作用。城市下垫面扩张,使其上空边界层高度相应提升,垂直混合高度增加,有助于对流云的发展。此外,城市下垫面加强了大气低层的扰动位温,为雷暴提供了不稳定的层结条件。最后,城市地表较大的粗糙度使雷暴降水在城区低层的迎风面一侧明显增强。 相似文献
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近地层湍流通量计算对于中尺度数值模式有重要意义, 湍流通量的参数化是当前大气边界层研究的重要课题之一。选择青藏高原东缘大理观象台边界层通量观测系统, 离线测试了WRF区域模式中的两种常用的近地层参数化方案(MM5相似理论非迭代方案A和ETA 相似理论迭代方案B), 并将参数化方案计算结果与边界层铁塔涡动相关法的观测值进行对比分析。在大理观象台观测场不同植被随季节交替的状况下, 根据边界层铁塔4层高度风速拟合, 发现近地层空气动力学粗糙度随季节变化特征明显。将拟合的空气动力学粗糙度输入模式参数化方案进行通量计算。结果表明:稳定度是影响近地层参数化方案精度的重要因素, 在不稳定条件下方案B低估了动量通量, 方案A优于方案B, 而在稳定条件下方案A低估了动量通量, 方案B优于方案A, 两种方案总体来看误差不大。对于大理边界层通量观测场地农田植被交替的环境条件, 不同季节下垫面植被类型的差异, 以及植被的稀疏对近地层参数化方案湍流通量计算结果的精度有显著影响。方案B考虑了空气动力学粗糙度z0和热量粗糙度z0h的差异, 不稳定条件下感热通量计算结果在裸土或稀少植被条件下明显优于方案A。针对方案B不稳定条件下感热通量计算结果在裸土下垫面仍出现高估的现象, 在使用了(Zeng, et al, 1998)提出的对于使用辐射地表温度在裸土下垫面时的订正方法后, 计算结果也有明显改善。 相似文献
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本文建立了一个二维定常大气中尺度数值模式，并用该模式讨论了由下垫面粗糙分布非均匀（局地动力强迫）和温度分布非均匀（局地热力强迫）而产生的局地大气环流与大气边界层湍流的相互作用。结果指出：下垫面存在温度分布非均匀时运动方程中的湍流交换项与水平气压梯项一样可促使局地热力环境的形成，由粗糙度分布非均匀强迫产生的局地环流与由下垫面温度分布非均匀强迫产和的局地热力环流间的非线笥相互作用是通过湍流交换实现的。 相似文献
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下垫面对WRF模式模拟黑河流域区域气候精度影响研究 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
利用高精度的土地覆盖、土壤质地类型和地形高度值替换了天气研究和预报模式Weather Research and Forecasting Model(WRF)中的相关数据,通过数值模式试验检验了下垫面数据对WRF模拟精度的影响。同时,通过与黑河综合遥感联合试验中7个测站观测数据的比较,以平均误差、均方根误差和相关系数为指标,分析了WRF模式下垫面数据改变对近地表气象要素的模拟精度的影响。结果表明:(1)WRF模式本身的地形高度信息在黑河流域上游地区有较大误差,造成了一定的模拟误差。而使用高精度的下垫面数据可以提高WRF模式在黑河流域上游复杂区域的模拟能力;(2)2m气温除了随地形高度递减外,还受土壤质地和土地覆盖小幅度影响,而且进行地形订正后的2m气温与2m湿度的模拟在下垫面为水体的区域对比强烈,因此为模式提供准确的水体分布信息也至关重要;(3)2m气温和湿度等要素的模拟差异值与地形高度资料的差异呈负相关,而降雨量的差异与地形高度差异呈微弱的正相关,与土壤质地差异和土地覆盖差异的相关性也比较弱。 相似文献
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近地层湍流通量计算对于中尺度数值模式有重要意义,湍流通量的参数化是当前大气边界层研究的重要课题之一.选择青藏高原东缘大理观象台边界层通量观测系统,离线测试了WRF区域模式中的两种常用的近地层参数化方案(MM5相似理论非迭代方案A和ETA相似理论迭代方案B),并将参数化方案计算结果与边界层铁塔涡动相关法的观测值进行对比分析.在大理观象台观测场不同植被随季节交替的状况下,根据边界层铁塔4层高度风速拟合,发现近地层空气动力学粗糙度随季节变化特征明显.将拟合的空气动力学粗糙度输入模式参数化方案进行通量计算.结果表明:稳定度是影响近地层参数化方案精度的重要因素,在不稳定条件下方案B低估了动量通量,方案A优于方案B,而在稳定条件下方案A低估了动量通量,方案B优于方案A,两种方案总体来看误差不大.对于大理边界层通量观测场农田植被交替的环境条件,不同季节下垫面植被类型的差异,以及植被的稀疏对近地层参数化方案湍流通量计算结果的精度有显着影响.方案B考虑了空气动力学粗糙度z0和热量粗糙度z0h的差异,不稳定条件下感热通量计算结果在裸土或稀少植被条件下明显优于方案A.针对方案B不稳定条件下感热通量计算结果在裸土下垫面仍出现高估的现象,使用了Zeng等1998年提出的用辐射地表温度订正裸土下垫面感热能量方法后,计算结果也有明显改善. 相似文献
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In view of the absence or insufficiency of tropical cyclone(TC) turbulence parameters in current design standards of wind turbines, in this paper, TC turbulence parameter models with roughness length involved are developed based on six landfall TCs observed from meteorological towers located on various underlying surfaces, so as to provide references for the wind turbine design under TC conditions. Firstly, the roughness length values are examined in order to reduce the effect on turbulence parameters of the various underlying surfaces. On this basis, the reference turbulence intensity is normalized by the roughness length. The related turbulence parameters are parameterized, including the turbulence standard deviation and the turbulence spectrum; and the turbulence parameters available under TC conditions for turbulence turbine design are presented finally. Comparisons of the wind parameter models presented in this paper with those used in current turbine design standards suggest that the former can represent TC characteristics more accurately. In order to withstand TCs, we suggest that the turbulence parameter models recommended in this paper be included in future wind turbine design standards under TC conditions. 相似文献
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影响测风塔代表性的因素很多,为了合理地确定测风塔观测结果能够代表的区域范围,需要通过适当的方法综合考虑这些因素。湍流通量代表性研究中常用的印痕函数是风速、稳定度、下垫面粗糙度等的函数,可以定量地刻画单点观测结果的代表性。利用印痕函数方法对中国风能资源观测网中来自不同下垫面的44个测风塔2010年的观测结果进行了测风塔资料的代表性分析。首先,根据两层(10、70 m)的风速和温度计算稳定度参数Lp并确定中性层结,粗糙度的计算选取了中性层结条件下满足对数风廓线的资料。然后,利用中性层结下70 m高度主导风向和风向频率较大方位的资料分析了两种印痕函数方法(Schuepp和Hsieh方法)的适用性及代表性范围与粗糙度的关系。两种方法得到的印痕函数对应距离(即代表性范围)比较接近。但是,在复杂山地Schuepp方法已不适用。当粗糙度小于10 m时,粗糙度与印痕函数对应距离的关系可用对数-线性函数描述。根据经验推荐了利用印痕函数积分90%对应的距离以及下垫面显著变化位置来确定测风塔代表范围。但是,印痕函数积分阈值仍需要通过示踪实验或数值模拟检验。 相似文献
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A large set of routine wind profiles has been analyzed at three towers, located in various types of complex terrain in New England. After allowing for effects of roughness change, uphill flow and stability, roughness lengths have been estimated. In general, the profiles and roughness lengths could be explained by differences in terrain features and stability. 相似文献
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陆面上总体输送系数的特征 总被引：7，自引：4，他引：7
利用气象铁塔的风、温梯度资料，对陆面上近地层湍流拖曳系数ＣＤ和总体输送系数ＣＨ（或ＣＥ）的大小和日变化规律进行研究。发现陆面上较粗糙的地表，ＣＤ和ＣＨ可以比海面上大一个量级左右。而且存在着明显的日变化。它们对地表面动力粗糙度变化的反应较敏感。本工作为气候及大气环流模式研究中陆面参数化过程提供了重要依据。 相似文献
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Observations from several towers are used to show how measurements of wind and temperature near the surface can be used to estimate the variances of the horizontal velocity and the dissipation rate up to the top of the towers, provided the roughness length is known. The roughness length usually varies with wind direction, and the traditional methods of estimating it tend to lead to over-estimates.Analysis of cross spectra between velocity components at different levels shows that Davenport's Geometrical Similarity is satisfied. Coherence falls off exponentially with the ratio of height interval to wavelength, and the decay parameter depends on Richardson number near the surface. Coherences at different sites show no significant differences in neutral air. The lateral velocity components have larger coherence and more time delay between levels than the horizontal components at all sites.Time delay and coherence are also discussed in other Cartesian directions, and it is suggested that these quantities, having relatively simple properties, can be used as building blocks for an empirical three-dimensional model of turbulence.Contribution No. 6951 相似文献
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利用2006年6月—2010年12月兰州大学半干旱气候与环境观测站 (SACOL) 观测资料,分析了黄土高原自然植被下垫面榆中地表粗糙度时间变化特征,考虑到地形、植被物理特征以及降水和热力条件的影响,分析了东南风向和西北风向粗糙度年变化规律及其影响机理,并分别给出这两个风向归一化粗糙度与时间的拟合关系式。研究发现:对于非均一下垫面,由于地形起伏和下垫面植被差别造成的不同风向粗糙度差异显著。选取东南风向和西北风向,这两个风向的地表粗糙度无论是量级还是年变化特征都有很大差别,且由于地形和植被的差别,东南风向粗糙度年变化趋势与稳定度年变化趋势一致,粗糙度与稳定度存在一定相关关系,而西北风向粗糙度年变化趋势与降水量年变化趋势一致,粗糙度与降水量相关性较好。 相似文献
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Anna Maria Sempreviva S. E. Larsen N. G. Mortensen I. Troen 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1990,50(1-4):205-225
When air blows across a change in surface roughness, an internal boundary layer (IBL) develops within which the wind adapts to the new surface. This process is well described for short fetches, > 1 km. However, few data exist for large fetches on how the IBL grows to become a new equilibrium boundary layer where again the drag laws can be used to estimate the surface wind.To study this problem, data have been sampled for two years from four 30-m meteorological masts placed from 0 to 30 km inland from the North Sea coast of Jutland in Denmark. The present analysis is limited to neutral stratification, and the surface roughness is the main parameter. The analysis of wind data and two simple models, a surface layer and a planetary boundary layer (PBL) model, are described.Results from both models are discussed and compared with data analysis. Model parameters have been evaluated and the model sensitivity to those parameters has been investigated. Using the model parameters, a large-scale roughness length has been estimated.Istituto Di Fisica dell' Atmosfera I.F.A. — CNR, Rome, Italy. 相似文献
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Aerodynamic parameters including the zero-plane displacement (d), roughness length (20), and friction velocity (u*) on the different underlying surfaces of heavy-grazing site, medium-grazing site, light-grazing site, no-grazing site, dune, inter-dune, grassland, rice paddy site, wheat site, soybean site, and maize site have been computed based on the Monin-Obukhov similarity theory by utilizing the micrometeorologically observed data of dune and vegetation in the semi-arid area at Naiman, Inner Mongolia of China, conducted jointly by the Institute of Desert Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences and the National Institute of Agro-Environmental Sciences of Japan in 1990-1994. And their relationships between wind speed and Richardson number are analyzed. The aerodynamic characteristics of different man-made disturbed grassland ecosystems are also compared. Result shows that the vegetation coverage and the above-ground biomass decrease with the increase in man-made stress of the grassland. The roughness length for different underlying surfaces is closely related to vegetation height, above-ground biomass, and ground surface undulation, and Richardson number Ri is also its influencing factor. The friction velocity varies largely on different underlying surfaces, and it is positively proportional to wind speed and roughness length. The aerodynamic parameters of various times on the same underlying surface are different, too. Above results indicate that grassland and vegetation are of significance in preventing desertification, especially in the arid and semi-arid land ecosystems. And the results of this paper are also important for constructing the land surface physical process as well as regional climate model. 相似文献