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1.
长江流域一次暴雨过程中的不稳定条件分析 总被引：12，自引：3，他引：12
文中分析了 1998年 7月 2 0～ 2 3日发生于长江流域的持续性降水和暴雨过程 ,在分析大尺度降水和中小尺度暴雨相对应的环流场和天气实况的基础上 ,主要分析相应大气层结的对流不稳定和条件性对称不稳定条件 ,并对切变线上涡层不稳定做了重点介绍和分析 ,计算了条件性对称不稳定判据和涡层不稳定判据。结果表明 :降水期间大气低层有对流不稳定和对称不稳定能量的积聚 ,在这两类不稳定条件都基本满足的情况下 ,涡层不稳定的维持对此次降水过程中暴雨的发生提供了有利的不稳定环境场 ,具体的计算分析还表明环境场的配置制约着切变线上低涡扰动的发展 ,是造成降水的重要原因之一。 相似文献
2.
Satellite observations have long revealed to us a spatially growing Kuroshio Extension (KEx), but its underlying dynamics is yet to be studied. With a normal mode model of absolute/convective instability, it is found that the mean zonal jet is unstable at all the sections in the downstream region (east of 154 °E). In each of the resulting complex dispersion relation diagrams there lies a single saddle point associated with a positive temporal growth rate; that is to say, the mean jet is absolutely unstable, implying that KEx favors self-sustained oscillations. By calculation the absolute instability wave has a period increasing from about 27 days to 72 days, and a slightly decreasing wavelength from 360 km to 250 km, as longitude increases from 154 °E to 174 °E, agreeing with those inferred from the wavelet power spectra and Hovmöller diagram of the satellite observations. As KEx travels downstream, the associated eigen-structure of the perturbation velocity changes from a surface trapped mode to a mode with components maximized in the vertical interior. This study shows that at least a portion of the KEx intraseasonal variability is of intrinsic origin, and may be predictable with the absolute/convective instability theory. 相似文献
3.
圆形涡旋中的惯性重力内波不稳定和对称不稳定 总被引：10，自引：2，他引：10
用Boussinesq近似下的轴对称径向二维柱坐标系中的线性扰动方程组，讨论了圆形大气涡旋系统中扰动的惯性重力不稳定和对称不稳定。在环境为正压情形时，惯性重力内波不稳定的条件为#A(μj/R0)2N2+n2F2<0；当环境为斜压时，具有平行型扰动特征的惯性重力波发展的条件为Ri＊<1-[(3/2)+m]2，此时表现为对称不稳定。可见，惯性重力内波不稳定和对称不稳定都可作为台风、气旋一类圆形涡旋中扰动形成和发展的机制。 相似文献
4.
黄淮气旋引发山东两次暴雨过程的对比分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用常规天气图资料和NCEP再分析资料,对2002年5月14日和2013年5月26日发生在山东的两次气旋暴雨过程进行对比分析。结果表明:两次过程均是在高空低槽、西南涡及地面气旋共同作用下形成的,但气旋形成方式、高低空急流及空气不稳定层结有明显的差异。前者为倒槽锋生型,空气层结呈对流性稳定,冷暖空气在近地层交汇使得等熵面陡立触发垂直涡度增长和湿对称不稳定能量释放造成暴雨,后者为静止锋上冷暖平流加强形成气旋波,冷空气团叠加在暖湿气流之上通过降低低层稳定度强迫暖空气抬升触发对流不稳定能量释放造成暴雨;前者高空急流偏南,后者高低空急流配合较好激发出次级环流从而使上升运动增强;两次过程暴雨落区均在850hPa高能轴顶端冷暖空气交汇处。 相似文献
5.
Properties and Stability of a Meso-Scale Line-Form Disturbance 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
By using the 3D dynamic equations for small- and meso-scale disturbances, an investigation is performed on the heterotropic instability (including symmetric instability and traversal-type instability) of a zonal line-like disturbance moving at any angle with respect to basic flow, arriving at the following results: (1) with linear shear available, the heterotropic instability of the disturbance will occur only when flow shearing happens in the direction of the line-like disturbance movement or in the direction perpendicular to the disturbance movement, with the heterotropic instability showing the instability of the internal inertial gravity wave; (2) in the presence of second-order non-linear shear, the disturbance of the heterotropic instability includes internal inertial gravity and vortex Rossby waves. For the zonal line-form disturbance under study, the vortex Rossby wave has its source in the second-order shear of meridional basic wind speed in the flow and propagates unidirectionally with respect to the meridional basic flow. As a mesoscale heterotropic instable disturbance, the vortex Rossby wave has its origin from the second shear of the flow in the direction perpendicular to the line-form disturbance and is independent of the condition in the direction parallel to the flow; (3) for general zonal line-like disturbances, if the second-order shear happens in the meridional wind speed, i.e., the second shear of the flow in the direction perpendicular to the line-form disturbance, then the heterotropic instability of the disturbance is likely to be the instability of a mixed Rossby–internal inertial gravity wave; (4) the symmetric instability is actually the instability of the internal inertial gravity wave. The second-order shear in the flow represents an instable factor for a symmetric-type disturbance; (5) the instability of a traversal-type disturbance is the instability of the internal inertial gravity wave when the basic flow is constant or only linearly sheared. With a second or nonlinear vertical shear of the basic flow taken into account, the instability of a traversal-type disturbance may be the instability of a mixed vortex Rossby – gravity wave. 相似文献
6.
We investigated the dynamics of upwelling fronts near a coast. This work was first motivated by laboratory experiments [Bouruet-Aubertot, Linden, Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 2002] in which the front is produced by the adjustment of a buoyant fluid initially confined within a bottomless cylinder. It was shown that cyclonic eddies consisting of coastal waters are enhanced when the front is unstable near the coast (the outer vertical boundary). The purpose of this paper is to provide further insights into this process. We reproduced the experimental configuration using a three-dimensional model of the primitive equations. We first show that for coastal fronts more potential energy, in terms of the maximum available potential energy, is released than for open-ocean fronts. Therefore, waves of larger amplitude are generated during the adjustment and the mean flow that establishes has a higher kinetic energy in the former case. Then as baroclinic instability starts and wave crests reach the boundary, cyclonic eddies are enhanced as in the laboratory experiments and in a similar way. However, in contrast to the laboratory experiments, offshore advection of cyclonic eddies can occur in two stages, depending on the spatial organization of the baroclinic wave. When the baroclinic wave consists of the sum of different modes and is thus highly asymmetric, the offshore advection of cyclonic eddies occurs just after their enhancement at the boundary, as in the laboratory experiments. By contrast, when a single-mode baroclinic wave develops, neighboring cyclonic eddies first merge before being advected offshore. Very different behavior is observed for open-ocean fronts. First a mixed baroclinic–barotropic instability grows. Then the eddies transfer their energy to the mean flow and the barotropic and baroclinic instabilities start again. An excellent agreement is obtained with the main result obtained in the laboratory experiments: the ratio between growth rates of surface cyclonic and anticyclonic vorticity increases as the instability develops nearer to the coast. 相似文献
7.
利用常规气象资料和NCEP／NCAR 1°×1° 6h再分析资料,从大气环流形势、物理量场等方面对2007年4月29日发生在川东北地区的一次强冰雹天气过程的成因进行了分析。结果表明：此次西北气流型冰雹天气是在低能量环境场条件下发生的;冰雹天气发生前12h内降雹区的对流有效位能激增、午后下垫面强烈加热对大气不稳定性增强的作用显著;大气层结对流不稳定、湿对称不稳定、充足的水汽以及干线（露点锋）的存在为此过程提供了有利条件。 相似文献
8.
NCEP-NCAR reanalysis data were used to analyze the characteristics and evolution mechanism of convective and symmetric instability before and during a heavy rainfall event that occurred in Beijing on 21 July 2012.Approximately twelve hours before the rainstorm,the atmosphere was mainly dominated by convective instability in the lower level of 900-800 hPa.The strong southwesterly low-level jet conveyed the moist and warm airflow continuously to the area of torrential rain,maintaining and enhancing the unstable energy.When the precipitation occurred,unstable energy was released and the convective instability weakened.Meanwhile,due to the baroclinicity enhancement in the atmosphere,the symmetric instability strengthened,maintaining and promoting the subsequent torrential rain.Deriving the convective instability tendency equation demonstrated that the barotropic component of potential divergence and the advection term played a major role in enhancing the convective instability before the rainstorm.Analysis of the tendency equation of moist potential vorticity showed that the coupled term of vertical vorticity and the baroclinic component of potential divergence was the primary factor influencing the development of symmetric instability during the precipitation.Comparing the effects of these factors on convective instability and symmetric instability showed some correlation. 相似文献
9.
作为气象研究中的一个难点问题,暖区暴雨的动力学一直为学界所关注。基于多尺度子空间变换(MWT)以及基于MWT的局地多尺度能量学分析和正则传输理论,对2018年5月7日的一次闽南暖区暴雨进行研究以了解其多尺度动力过程。首先将原始物理量场重建到三个尺度子空间:背景流子空间、天气尺度子空间和暴雨子空间。重构场上可以很好地看出背景环流尺度的高低空急流,以及暴雨尺度上的垂直环流。以往的研究普遍认为暖区暴雨的动力过程具有弱斜压性这一特征,而就此次事件而言,正压失稳和斜压失稳都起着很关键的作用,暴雨主要落区内既发生了正压失稳,也发生了斜压失稳。研究表明,对流层不同高度上的动力学存在差异,低层主要表现为正压失稳,天气尺度子空间与背景流子空间向暴雨子空间传输的动能相当; 中层主要是混合失稳,除正压失稳外,斜压正则传输也将有效位能从背景流子空间传输到了暴雨子空间,再通过浮力转换将有效位能转为动能,从而维持暴雨在中层的动力过程; 高层则与低层相似,但只存在背景流子空间向暴雨子空间的能量传输。 相似文献
10.
采用适合于中尺度研究的ｆ平面、非静力平衡、滤声波模式，运用解析方法研究了具有非热成风梯度存在的高空急流入口区右侧及低空急流入口区左侧的对称不稳定性问题。求出了扰动流函数解析表达式，从而定性地分析了由于非热成风梯度的存在，中尺度扰动波结构以及波振幅空间分布特征。所得理论结果可以解释在平行型高低空急流入口区间产生强暴雨的原因。 相似文献
11.
中尺度对称不稳定和横波不稳定的波动性质 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
使用纬向线性以及非线性切变基流下中尺度扰动的Boussinesq近似方程组，讨论了两种典型的中尺度扰动发生对称不稳定或者横波不稳定时，其不稳定的一些特征以及扰动的波动性质。研究结果表明：（1）对于扰动的等位相面平行于基本气流方向的对称性扰动来说，对称不稳定的波动实质是沿着与基本气流方向相垂直的方向传播的重力惯性内波的不稳定。基流二次切变对于中尺度对称扰动来说是一个不稳定因子，并且驱动不稳定的中尺度对称扰动在南北方向传播；（2）对于扰动的等位相面垂直于基本气流方向的横波性扰动来说，在基本气流为常数或者只具有线性切变的情况下，此时根本不存在涡旋Rossby波，横波不稳定的波动实质则是沿着基本气流方向双向传播的重力惯性内波的不稳定。如果考虑基本流场的风速存在二次切变或者非线性切变时，此时就会产生一支新的波动（涡旋Rossby波），涡旋Rossby波相对于基本气流^-U0是单向传播的，涡旋Rossby波产生的物理根源是基本流场的风速^-U二次切变（β＊=^-Uzz≠0），此时横波型不稳定可能是混合的涡旋Rossby——重力波的不稳定。实际大气中，涡旋Rossby波对于中够尺度对流云核、暴雨团等天气系统的发生、发展和演变的物理机制具有极其重要的意义。 相似文献
12.
一次夏季冷锋后暴雨的形成机制探析 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
利用常规观测资料,卫星、雷达及NCEP再分析资料,对2013年7月9日山西太原至河北石家庄一带的暴雨成因分析表明:(1)山西太原附近的暴雨发生在持续性层云弱降水持续6 h之后,层云中镶嵌积云并伴有弱雷电活动,暴雨区位于地面冷锋北侧低层冷区中,距离地面锋面120 km以上,极易漏报;(2)850 hPa东北风显著增强,低层假相当位温小的干冷空气随东北风向西南方向伸展,低层稳定层持续增厚,不稳定区位于稳定的边界层之上,强降水由高架对流造成;低层东北风和高层西南风同时增强,锋区斜压性显著增强,锋面抬升加强,锋面抬升和与500 hPa西南气流相伴的干平流使得锋区上空大气层结由近中性的绝对稳定转化为位势不稳定,锋区抬升使得位势不稳定转化为条件性不稳定;(3)午后河北中西部大气层结绝对稳定,石家庄雷达监测到其附近数条平行于热成风方向的水平尺度几十千米的对流云带是由条件性对称不稳定导致的倾斜对流。 相似文献
13.
本文简要介绍了近年来运用Arnold方法（能量—Casimir方法）研究大气运动非线性不稳定性所取得的若干新进展，讨论了该理论深入发展的前景及其应用问题。 相似文献
14.
"049"川渝暴雨的Q矢量与湿位涡分析 总被引：14，自引：1，他引：14
采用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料对"049"暴雨过程的准地转Q矢量及湿位涡进行诊断分析,揭示了暴雨期准地转Q矢量散度场、涡度场以及锋生函数的分布特征以及与暴雨之间的时空配置关系,指出了Q矢量散度与垂直运动有很好的配置关系,低层Q矢量辐合有利于上升运动的发展和维持,Q矢量对此次暴雨过程具有一定作用;暴雨区对流层中低层的对流不稳定与条件性对称不稳定对此次暴雨过程起了关键作用,而且很可能是中尺度对流系统发生发展的重要条件之一. 相似文献
15.
本文应用一准两维的非静力平衡数值模式研究了凝结加热反馈对线性及非线性对称不稳定的影响。数值试验结果表明:当Ri<1时，对于一定的加热廓线，Wave-CISK可以激发出快速增长的线性对称不稳定，其指数增长率比无加热时增加一倍半，并产生向暖区的移动，而加热廓线对对称不稳定的发生发展及结构都有明显的影响。具有凝结加热的非线性对称不稳定在其发展初期与线性情况相同，当扰动增长到一定强度，非线性作用增强，其不稳定增长速度就减慢，原来对称的环流结构被破坏，正环流不断减弱，负环流不断增强。 相似文献
16.
The localized features on chaotic attractor in phase space and predictability are investigated in thepresent study.It will be suggested that the localized features in phase space have to be considered indetermining the predictability.The notions of the local instability including the finite-time and local-time instabilities which determine the growth rate of error are introduced,and the calculation methodsare discussed in detail.The results from the calculation of the 3-component Lorenz model show thatsuch instability,correspondingly the growth rate of error,varies dramatically as the trajectoriesevolve on the chaotic attractor.The region in which the growth rate of error is small is localizedconsiderably,and is separable from the region in which the growth rate is large.The localpredictability is of important interest.It is also suggested that such localized features may be the maincause for a great deal of case-to-case variability of the predictive skill in the operational forecasts. 相似文献
17.
2007年4月13日在河西走廊中西部发生了特强沙尘暴,极大风速25m/s,最小能见度50m。用风云2号卫星红外云图对下沉急流云头进行跟踪,并用NCEP(1°×1°)6h再分析数据对高速下沉急流到达冷锋云带前后的静力不稳定、条件不稳定、条件对称不稳定等进行了诊断分析。结果表明:这次强沙尘暴由高速下沉急流引起,急流头部触发了锋区附近强对流发生;凝结潜热释放先在对流层中层发生,然后向下发展,使对流层中下部转为条件不稳定层,700hPa附近的条件不稳定能量释放使边界层对流环流迅速增强,引发了这次特强沙尘暴。 相似文献
18.
利用一个由表面摩擦和辐射线弛强迫驱动的斜压准地转两层模式作数值试验，来研究斜压大气中的亚临界不稳定现象。试验结果表明，当无量纲量β≥0.25时，斜压两层大气中能够发生亚临界不稳定现象。亚临界不稳定现象的发生与初始扰动的选择有关。科氏参数的经向梯度的大小又是影响斜压稳定性强度的一个重要因素，其值越大，斜压稳定性强度越小。 相似文献
19.
雷暴潜势预报中几个基本问题的讨论 总被引：19，自引：11，他引：8
基于雷暴发生三要素的雷暴潜势预报思路已被广为接受,文章旨在讨论其在业务预报应用中的一些具体问题,澄清一些容易混淆的概念。内容包括大气层结不稳定与对流;雷暴触发机制与抬升作用及其与天气系统的关系;如何处理雷暴发生三要素"足够"的问题;"流型识别"与"配料法"的综合应用等。层结不稳定是雷暴发生三要素之一,也是短时预报分析的重点.文章讨论了各种中尺度不稳定在雷暴发生中的作用,给出了估计CAPE值时空演变的着眼点,对位势不稳定和对称不稳定概念及其判据进行了较深入的讨论。 相似文献
20.
重力惯性波及其不稳定——急流附近飞机颠簸产生的可能机制 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
基于不可压缩流体运动方程组研究了急流附近重力惯性波及其不稳定,结合飞机风速变化方程,分析指出重力波失稳破碎为湍流是飞机颠簸产生的可能机制。斜压大气在急流轴北侧气旋切变区是惯性稳定的,当满足条件σ=f[f-/y] N2m2/n2<0时,由于天气尺度对流不稳定发展而引起重力惯性波不稳定破碎为湍流,可能是急流北侧气旋切变区对流性天气引起飞机颠簸产生的一种机制。但是在急流轴南侧反气旋切变区是惯性不稳定的,当满足条件σ=f[f-/y] N2m2/n2<0时,可能由于惯性不稳定的作用,急流重力波不稳定发展破碎为湍流,可能是急流南侧反气旋气流中晴空湍流和飞机颠簸产生和发展的一种机制。揭示了急流附近晴空湍流和飞机颠簸产生的物理本质,有利于增强航空飞行颠簸的预测能力。 相似文献