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1.
成都平原稻田甲烷排放的实验研究 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
任丽新 王庚辰 张仁健 段长麟 M. A. K. Khalil M. J. Shearer R. A. Rasmussen R. W. Dalluge 《大气科学》2002,26(6):731-743
根据1996～1999年四个稻季的观测资料,分析了成都平原单季稻甲烷排放的季节变化和年际变化特征.结果表明:在水稻生长季节甲烷排放通量变化很大,在分蘖期和成熟期一般会出现峰值.年际间的通量变化也很大,其年均排放通量的变化范围在2.35～33.95mg m-2 h-1之间.4年的平均排放通量为12 mg m-2 h-1,与四川乐山的7年平均值30mg m-2 h-1相比,存在着明显的地区差异.同时分析讨论了温度、施肥、水稻品种、土壤氧化还原电位(Eh)以及稻田水位等诸多因素对稻田甲烷排放的影响.结果表明:在成都平原水稻生长季节的平均气温对CH4的平均排放通量影响不大;而气温对CH4排放的日变化有相对重要的影响,但气温对甲烷排放日变化的影响与水稻植物体的生长阶段有关;发现了水稻植物体(根、茎、叶)重量对CH4排放的重要作用.讨论了合理使用肥料和施肥量,控制水位和Eh值对稻田CH4的减排作用,提出优化组合诸影响因子,以充分发挥其减排潜力. 相似文献
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《高原气象》2017,(3)
黄河源区高寒湿地-大气间的水分和热量及碳交换过程是影响青藏高原气候变化的主要因素之一。本文从2013年7月16日至10月19日期间黄河源区麻多湿地下垫面湍流通量涡动相关系统和气象站观测资料中,每月选取3~4天晴天条件下的观测数据,分析了黄河源麻多湿地-大气间感热通量、潜热通量和CO_2通量的日变化特征,并探讨了近地面能量平衡闭合度。结果表明:黄河源高寒湿地下垫面潜热通量和感热通量有日变化过程,日出后水分和热量交换通量逐渐增高,峰值均出现在12:00—16:00(北京时,下同)。在2013年夏季,黄河源湿地下垫面感热通量的最高值出现在9月15:30,达到了150.0 W·m~(-2),潜热通量的最高值出现在7月16:00,达到了300.0 W·m~(-2)。黄河源高寒湿地生态系统的能量消耗主要以潜热为主,近地面能量的闭合度较差,达到了48.8%。湿地净生态系统的CO_2交换通量日变化特征呈"U"型曲线,在整个植被生长季节的日变化过程中,日出后湿地系统吸收大气中的CO_2,净生态系统CO_2交换量NEE(Net Ecosystem Exchange)为负,中午达负极值,极值为-0.55 mg·m~(-2)·s~(-1),出现在7月21日12:30;夜间下垫面释放CO_2,NEE为正。进一步分析结果表明:CO_2交换通量的变化动态范围受空气温度、太阳辐射和植被冠层的影响明显。 相似文献
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《干旱气象》2016,(1)
利用涡动相关技术对黄土高原半干旱区SACOL站2007~2012年连续6 a的CO2通量进行观测,并结合气象观测数据,分析兰州大学半干旱气候与环境观测站(SACOL站)净生态系统碳交换量(NEE)的变化特征以及环境影响因子。结果表明:(1)黄土高原半干旱区SACOL站NEE年累积平均值为-214.50±43 g C/m2,其中生长季节累积平均值为-171.58±41 g C/m2,非生长季节累积平均值为-42.92±5 g C/m2;(2)SACOL站NEE的日变化呈"U"型,净辐射是影响NEE日变化的主要因子。NEE日平均值为-1.15 g C/m2,表现为明显的CO2吸收,即黄土高原半干旱区是重要的碳汇区;(3)NEE值有明显的年际差异和季节变化特征,生长季节比非生长季节变化幅度大;NEE在生长季节主要受到土壤湿度的影响,而土壤温度会影响非生长季节NEE的变化。 相似文献
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自然湿地甲烷排放模拟研究——模型的修正与验证 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以稻田甲烷排放模型(CH4MOD)框架为基础,基于稻田同自然湿地产甲烷底物、植物生长过程以及土壤氧化还原电位变化过程之间的差异,对模型进行了修改,建立自然湿地甲烷排放模型(CH4MODwetland)。利用三江平原淡水沼泽和若尔盖高原泥炭沼泽的甲烷排放观测数据对模型进行了验证。结果表明:模型可以有效地模拟三江平原沼泽甲烷排放的季节和年际变化特征,但是在若尔盖高原模拟效果欠佳;模拟和观测的甲烷排放季节总量在两地均有良好的一致性,线性相关系数R2为0.96(n=7,显著性水平p0.001);模拟值和实测值之间的均方根误差,平均偏差和模型效率分别为14.1%,-6.7%和0.95。 相似文献
5.
利用2014年6月1日至8月31日中国科学院麻多黄河源气候与环境综合观测站(下称麻多站)陆面过程观测试验资料,将大气和地表因素之和作为环境因子探讨其对潜热通量的影响,分析了太阳辐射和水汽压差对黄河源区高寒湿地下垫面潜热通量的影响,并对其进行了定量化评估(即控制参量)。结果表明:(1)太阳辐射和水汽压差对潜热通量的相对大气因素控制平均为0.98和0.02,即太阳辐射是影响潜热通量的相对大气因素控制的主要因子,水汽压差的影响可忽略。(2)太阳辐射和水汽压差对潜热通量的相对地表因素控制平均为0.12和-0.31,前者早晚大,中午小,后者绝对值早晚小,中午大。(3)太阳辐射对潜热通量的绝对总控制平均为0.22,相对总控制平均为1.10。水汽压差的绝对总控制平均为-0.06 W·m~(-2)·Pa~(-1),相对总控制平均为-0.29。(4)太阳辐射主要是通过直接作用(大气因素)影响潜热通量;而水汽压差则主要通过改变湿地地表阻抗的间接作用(地表因素)影响潜热通量。(5)高寒湿地下垫面地-气退耦因子(Ω)平均为0.38,表明高寒湿地与大气间的耦合程度较差,实际情况亦是如此,太阳辐射是影响高寒湿地下垫面潜热通量的主要因子。本研究为气候变化背景下的潜热通量参数化及其蒸散发研究开辟一条新的研究思路。 相似文献
6.
中国CH_4排放量的估算 总被引：32，自引：0，他引：32
1987—1989年用自动连续采样分析设备对杭州地区的稻田CH_4排放进行了三年连续观测,1988—1990年用定期采样、分析方法对四川乐山地区的稻田CH_4排放进行了三年观测.发现稻田CH_4排放率有很大的日变化、季节变化和年际变化,这些变化主要是由土壤特性、水稻生长状况以及气象条件的变化造成的.不同地区稻田CH_4排放率差别很大,变化规律也不同,这种差别主要是由土壤特性,水稻品种及气候条件的差别造成的.根据现有观测资料,估计中国稻田CH_4年排放总量为17×10~(12)g.对沼气池的CH_4泄漏进行了三年系统观测研究,发现沼气池泄漏变化范围很大,但泄漏量总起来都很小,中国1000万个沼气池不构成大气CH_4的重要源.根据沼气池的泄漏估计了农村堆肥的CH_4排放量为3.2×10~(12)g/a;根据城市、稻田附近和沙漠地区大气CH_4浓度的测量结果推算了城市CH_4排放量;根据反刍动物消耗食物总量估计了反刍家畜的CH_4排放量;根据瓦斯排放资料估计了煤矿CH_4排放量;根据文献资料估计了中国天然湿地的CH_4排放量.最后估计了中国各种源的CH_4排放总量及未来变化趋势.1988年中国CH_4排放总量为40×10~(12)g,其中一半以上来自稻田.2000年中国CH_4排放总量可达45×10~(12)g,主要是反刍动物和煤矿排放量增加. 相似文献
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半干旱地区吉林通榆"干旱化和有序人类活动"长期观测实验 总被引：38，自引：10，他引：28
简单介绍了吉林通榆"干旱化和有序人类活动"长期观测实验,该实验站同时也是国际协同加强观测计划(CEOP)的地面观测站.分析了2002年10月～2003年3月(CEOP-EOP3)非生长季观测到的近地面层微气象及能量通量资料.结果表明,在非生长季,半干旱地区农田和退化草地下垫面近地面层能量收支基本一致;感热通量占主要地位,占净辐射通量的70%左右;潜热通量及地热流都很小,通常小于30 W m-2.土壤温度日变化主要集中在地表以下20 cm土壤层,20 cm以下土壤温度日变化很小,但存在明显的季节变化.在非生长季,土壤表层10 cm厚度内,草地下垫面土壤体积含水量比农田大;20 cm以下深度土壤体积含水量的日变化很小,同样存在季节变化. 相似文献
10.
《高原气象》2015,(5)
利用2008年中国科学院那曲高寒气候环境观测研究站(下称那曲站)的观测资料,分析了青藏高原腹地的高寒草甸生态系统碳通量的日变化和季节变化特征及其影响因子。结果表明,那曲站年平均气温在0℃以下,90%降水主要集中在夏季;在生长季,生态系统白天碳吸收和夜间碳排放速率均达到最强,最大吸收速率和最大排放速率分别为5.3和1.7μmolCO_2·m~(-2)·s~(-1),与低海拔地区草地生态系统相比要偏小;高寒草甸生态系统碳汇作用较为明显,年吸收量为151.5 gCO_2·m~(-2)(即41.3gC·m~(-2));5-9月生态系统呼吸占总初级生产力的比重约为76%,这表明生态系统通过光合作用固定的碳,大部分通过呼吸作用消耗;在高寒草甸植物生长旺盛的月份,白天生态系统与大气间CO_2净交换(NEE)受光合有效辐射PAR的影响,表观光量子产率α为-0.0255±0.0105μmol CO_2·mol~(-1)photons。在生长季,尽管在昼夜温差相近时,NEE变化较大,但是随着昼夜温差的增大,NEE绝对值趋向增大,即昼夜温差越大越有利于生态系统吸收CO_2。生长季末期的降水事件促进了高寒草甸生态系统的碳排放,对生态系统的碳平衡有重要的影响。 相似文献
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Summary The boundary-layer wind field during weak synoptic conditions is largely controlled by the nature of the landscape. Mesoscale
(sub-synoptic) circulations result from horizontal gradients of sensible heat flux due to variation in local topography, variation
in surface-cover, and discontinuities such as land-sea contrasts. Such flows are usually referred to as thermally-driven circulations,
and are diurnal in nature and often predictable. In this paper we use a state-of-the-art non-hydrostatic computer model to
shed light on the physical mechanisms that drive a persistent easterly wind that develops in the afternoon in the Mackenzie
Basin, New Zealand. The easterly – Canterbury Plains Breeze (CPB) – is observed early in the afternoon and is often intense,
with mean wind speeds reaching up to 12 m s−1. Although computer modelling in mountainous terrain is extremely challenging, the model is able to simulate this circulation
satisfactorily. To further investigate the mechanisms that generate the Canterbury Plains Breeze, two additional idealized
model experiments are performed. With each experiment, the effects of the synoptic scale wind and the ocean around the South
Island, New Zealand were successively removed. The results show that contrary to previous suggestions, the Canterbury Plains
Breeze is not an intrusion of the coastal sea breeze or the Canterbury north-easterly, but can be generated by heating of
the basin alone. This conclusion highlights the importance of mountain basins and saddles in controlling near-surface wind
regimes in complex terrain. 相似文献
13.
A. Henderson-Sellers 《Climatic change》1993,23(4):337-377
A simplified vegetation distribution prediction scheme is used in combination with the Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (BATS) and coupled to a version of the NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM1) which includes a mixed-layer ocean. Employed in an off-line mode as a diagnostic tool, the scheme predicts a slightly darker and slightly rougher continental surface than when BATS' prescribed vegetation classes are used. The impact of tropical deforestation on regional climates, and hence on diagnosed vegetation, differs between South America and S.E. Asia. In the Amazon, the climatic effects of removing all the tropical forest are so marked that in only one of the 18 deforested grid elements could the new climate sustain tropical forest vegetation whereas in S.E. Asia in seven of the 9 deforested elements the climate could continue to support tropical forest. Following these off-line tests, the simple vegetation scheme has been coupled to the GCM as an interactive (or two-way) submodel for a test integration lasting 5.6 yr. It is found to be a stable component of the global climate system, producing only ~ 3% (absolute) interannual changes in the predicted percentages of continental vegetation, together with globally-averaged continental temperature increases of up to + 1.5 °C and evaporation increases of 0 to 5 W m–2 and no discernible trends over the 67 months of integration. On the other hand, this interactive land biosphere causes regional-scale temperature differences of ± 10 °C and commensurate disturbances in other climatic parameters. Tuning, similar to the q-flux schemes used for ocean models, could improve the simulation of the present-day surface climate but, in the longer term, it will be important to focus on predicting the characteristics of the continental surface rather than simple vegetation classes. The coupling scheme will also have to allow for vegetation responses occurring over longer timescales so that the coupled system is buffered from sudden shocks. 相似文献
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Earlier GCM studies have expressed the concern that an enhancement of greenhouse warming might increase the occurrence of summer droughts in mid-latitudes, especially in southern Europe and central North America. This could represent a severe threat for agriculture in the regions concerned, where summer is the main growing season. These predictions must however be considered as uncertain, since most studies featuring enhanced summer dryness in mid-latitudes use very simple representations of the land-surface processes ("bucket" models), despite their key importance for the issue considered. The current study uses a regional climate model including a land-surface scheme of intermediate complexity to investigate the sensitivity of the summer climate to enhanced greenhouse warming over the American Midwest. A surrogate climate change scenario is used for the simulation of a warmer climate. The control runs are driven at the lateral boundaries and the sea surface by reanalysis data and observations, respectively. The warmer climate experiments are forced by a modified set of initial and lateral boundary conditions. The modifications consist of a uniform 3 K temperature increase and an attendant increase of specific humidity (unchanged relative humidity). This strategy maintains a similar dynamical forcing in the warmer climate experiments, thus allowing to investigate thermodynamical impacts of climate change in comparative isolation. The atmospheric CO 2 concentration of the sensitivity experiments is set to four times its pre-industrial value. The simulations are conducted from March 15 to October 1st, for 4 years corresponding to drought (1988), normal (1986, 1990) and flood (1993) conditions. The numerical experiments do not present any great enhancement of summer drying under warmer climatic conditions. First, the overall changes in the hydrological cycle (especially evapotranspiration) are of small magnitude despite the strong forcing applied. Second, precipitation increases in spring lead to higher soil water recharge during this season, compensating for the enhanced soil moisture depletion occurring later in the year. Additional simulations replacing the plant control on transpiration with a bucket-type formulation presented increased soil drying in 1988, the drought year. This suggests that vegetation control on transpiration might play an important part in counteracting an enhancement of summer drying when soil water gets limited. Though further aspects of this issue would need investigating, our results underline the importance of land-surface processes in climate integrations and suggest that the risk of enhanced summer dryness in the region studied might be less acute than previously assumed, provided the North American general circulation does not change markedly with global warming. 相似文献
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通过分析2004年8月25日发生在浙江省宁波市的一次台风前部龙卷发生发展的环境特征, 发现该龙卷发生在台风前部风切变区里, 尽管当时涡度、散度等物理量对于深对流发展不是非常有利, 但下湿中干、强的垂直风切变及地形条件等还是有利于局地弱龙卷的产生; 在宁波新一代天气雷达产品上表现为强的钩状回波, 速度场上有相邻的正负速度中心及强的组合切变值等。通过多个反射率产品、剖面产品等综合分析了该风暴的三维结构, 初步了解此类弱龙卷的发生机理, 为以后的预报提供一些经验。 相似文献
16.
Energy transfer via resonance in a stratified fluid with a constant Brunt–Väisälä frequency is studied through the Manley–Rowe relation and direct numerical simulations. The objectives of this study are two-fold. One is to determine if there is a limitation on the lengthscale of small-scale waves to which primary energy can be effectively transferred. The other is to study factors affecting the growth of parametric subharmonic instability. Resonantly interacting modes are classified into three groups: local sum modes, quasi-subharmonic modes and remote parametric subharmonic instability modes (characterized by interaction with very small-scale waves). The latter two involve energy transfer from a primary wave to secondary waves with half the frequency. Most energy transfer is through local sum resonant modes and quasi-subharmonic modes. Energy cannot effectively transfer to higher wavenumber modes since dynamical systems are altered as wavenumbers of excited modes increase. In the remote modes, the solution is sinusoidal with high angular frequency and very small energy capacity. As a consequence, these modes are inactive in energy transfer despite their high energy growth rates. Effects of non-uniform white noise amplitude and primary mode propagation angle on the quasi-subharmonic modes are also investigated. Implications for energy transfer in the ocean are discussed. 相似文献
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H. E. Eisma J. M. Tomas M. J. B. M. Pourquie G. E. Elsinga H. J. J. Jonker J. Westerweel 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2018,169(2):185-208
Simultaneous particle-image velocimetry and laser-induced fluorescence combined with large-eddy simulations are used to investigate the flow and pollutant dispersion behaviour in a rural-to-urban roughness transition. The urban roughness is characterized by an array of cubical obstacles in an aligned arrangement. A plane fence is added one obstacle height h upstream of the urban roughness elements, with three different fence heights considered. A smooth-wall turbulent boundary layer with a depth of 10h is used as the approaching flow, and a passive tracer is released from a uniform line source 1h upstream of the fence. A shear layer is formed at the top of the fence, which increases in strength for the higher fence cases, resulting in a deeper internal boundary layer (IBL). It is found that the mean flow for the rural-to-urban transition can be described by means of a mixing-length model provided that the transitional effects are accounted for. The mixing-length formulation for sparse urban canopies, as found in the literature, is extended to take into account the blockage effect in dense canopies. Additionally, the average mean concentration field is found to scale with the IBL depth and the bulk velocity in the IBL. 相似文献
18.
T. Vrhovec 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1991,46(1-2):91-99
Summary A formation of a cold air lake in a basin is studied with a mesometeorological model.A dynamic Boussinesq hydrostatic mesoscale numerical model is developed in a staggered orthogonal grid with a horizontal resolution of 1 km and with a varying vertical grid. The topography is presented in a block shape so that computation levels are horizontal.The mesometeorological model is tested in three idealized topography cases (a valley, a single mountain, a basin) and test results are discussed.In an alpine basin surrounded by mountains and plateaus the air is supposed to be stagnant at the beginning of the night. Due to differences in radiation cooling an inversion layer is formed in the basin and local wind circulation is studied by model simulations.With 14 Figures 相似文献
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Wind statistics were measured within a square plot (sidelengthD = 20 m) that was sheltered on all four sides by a porous plasticwindbreak fence (height h=1.25 m, resistance coefficient kr0 = 2.4, porosity p = 0.45), standing on otherwise uniform land (sparse stubble, roughness length z0 0.015 m). At any given point within the plot, short term wind statistics were extremely sensitive to the mean wind direction relative to thefences. Whereas the entire plot was sheltered from a wind blowingnormal to any side of the plot, whenever the wind was oriented soas to blow over a corner, wind reduction was observed onlyover a small fraction of the plot, in the near lee of the upwindfences. 相似文献
20.
MALIK AMIN ASLAM KHAN 《Climate Policy》2013,13(2):162-165
The climate change issue faces a big challenge, perhaps the biggest challenge of all—politics. Pakistan has taken many noticeable steps in relation to climate change: (1) it is the only country in which the Prime Minister is heading an inter-ministerial task force on climate change, (2) it is the first developing country to establish a specialized, self-financed scientific centre to research the impact of climate change, and (3) it is the lead country to earmark budgetary funds for a national carbon sequestration programme. Pakistan, together with many developing countries, has much to offer the climate change issues. The author proposes five approaches to build consensus among climate policy negotiators: (1) reinforcing the polluter pays principle and ‘common but differentiated responsibility’, (2) active partnership by developing countries, (3) recognizing the voluntary actions taken by developing countries, (4) reinforcing the issue of adaptation, and (5) considering the option of equal per capita entitlements. 相似文献