共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 343 毫秒
1.
CO2和O3浓度倍增对作物影响的研究进展 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
文中利用自行设计的OTC - 1型开顶式气室进行了 9a的田间试验 ,取得了一批质量可靠的试验数据 ,分析了CO2 浓度倍增对大豆、冬小麦、棉花、玉米、春小麦和谷子的生物量、产量及品质的影响 ,结果表明CO2 浓度倍增对上述 6种作物的生物量及产量的影响均是正效应 ,对冬小麦、棉花和谷子品质的影响可能是有利的 ,对玉米品质的影响可能是不利的 ,对大豆的影响不大 ;分析了O3 浓度倍增对冬小麦、水稻、油菜和菠菜生物量、产量及品质的影响 ,结果表明O3 浓度倍增对上述 4种作物生物量的影响均是负效应 ,对冬小麦和水稻的产量影响是负效应 ,但是冬小麦和水稻籽粒中粗蛋白和 17种氨基酸含量都有所增加 ;分析了CO2 和O3 浓度复合倍增对大豆生物量、产量及品质的影响 ,结果是生物量和产量呈增加趋势 ,说明了CO2 的正效应大于O3 的负效应。采用作物模型数值模拟方法 ,分析了CO2 和O3 浓度倍增对冬小麦生物量及产量的影响。 相似文献
2.
CO2浓度与土壤水分胁迫对红松和云杉苗木影响的试验研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
全球气候变化对植物影响研究的主要内容是由于大气中CO2 浓度升高导致的气温升高和土壤干旱化对植物的影响。文中利用人工气候室试验研究了高CO2 浓度和土壤水分胁迫对红松和云杉的影响 ,结果表明 :CO2 浓度升高使红松和云杉生长量的增长率提高 ,土壤水分胁迫使树木生长量的增长率下降 ,且CO2 浓度升高的正效应要小于土壤水分胁迫的负效应。CO2 浓度升高使树木叶水势增大 ,土壤水分胁迫使树木叶水势减小 ,这从植物生理的角度说明了CO2 浓度变化和土壤水分胁迫对树木的影响机理 ,且在轻度干旱的情况下 ,高CO2 浓度使树木叶水势增大 ,但随着土壤干旱程度的加重 ,树木的叶水势逐渐减小。同时 ,从实验结果还可以看出 ,虽然大气中CO2 浓度和土壤湿度变化对苗木的影响显著存在 ,但与农作物和牧草等植物相比 ,这种影响仍要小得多。 相似文献
3.
气候变化对农业生产与粮食安全影响的新认知 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
IPCC第二工作组在第五次评估报告中客观而审慎地评估了气候变化已经发生和潜在的影响、各个领域与区域的敏感性和脆弱性。针对农业生产与粮食安全,报告表明,气候变化对全球大部分地区作物、畜牧、渔业产生了影响,且负面影响更普遍;不仅影响到生产过程,也影响到非生产系统因素,但这些影响存在区域差异。极端事件(如极端高温)对作物产量、品质及市场价格的负面影响明显。大气中CO_2浓度增高有利于作物产量提高,但是与温度、臭氧以及水分利用、病虫草害等协同效应仍然不明确。增强适应可以克服增温对农业的负面影响,并减少粮食损失。关于气候变化对粮食安全非生产系统因素的影响及如何开展适应,还需要搜集更多的证据。 相似文献
4.
粮食作物对高温干旱胁迫的响应及其阈值研究进展与展望 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
《干旱气象》2016,(1)
以大气温度升高和降水波动为主要标志的气候变暖对农业生产产生了重要影响,农作物生长发育、形态建成、生理生化过程等对气温、水分变化的响应特征、机理与后果等的研究,对揭示气候变化对农作物的影响及其机制具有重要作用,是制定适应对策的重要前提之一。本文分别回顾了国内外水稻、小麦、玉米等主要粮食作物生长、发育、生理生态因子、产量、水分利用效率等对高温、水分亏缺的反应以及对二者的协同响应,评述了高温和干旱缺水影响过程中作物的阈值反应及其临界值,讨论了当前高温干旱对作物影响研究中存在的问题。在此基础上,提出了今后应着重加强研究的关键科学问题:(1)干旱/湿润条件下的温度、水分阈值,以及多因子协同胁迫下作物的忍耐极限;(2)胁迫程度、时期、历时与作物自身生理生化过程的关系,以及细胞和分子水平上的响应机制;(3)作物对适度干旱的补偿效应在高温下是被削减还是增加,需要进一步研究和探索。 相似文献
5.
利用修订的WOFOST模型,结合全球气候变化的大背景以及江苏省冬小麦的实际情况,在冬小麦灌浆期进行了升温胁迫和干旱胁迫模拟,研究了江苏省冬小麦在气候变化背景下的农业气象灾害损失,并检验了WOFOST模型对复合胁迫的模拟能力.利用江苏省徐州、淮安和常州三个站点2008—2017年气象、土壤和冬小麦产量等资料,基于WOFOST作物模型,从地上部分的干物重和干物质分配两个角度探讨升温胁迫和干旱胁迫以及二者的复合胁迫对冬小麦产量形成的影响.结果表明,灌浆期升温和干旱复合胁迫严重影响冬小麦籽粒干物质积累和产量.升温(1℃、2℃、3℃)胁迫、干旱(轻度、中度、重度)胁迫以及二者复合胁迫均导致冬小麦减产率不同程度增大,籽粒干物质分配比例不同程度降低,复合胁迫的影响程度大于单一胁迫.升温对江苏南部冬小麦减产程度最大,籽粒干物质积累受阻最为严重;干旱对江苏中部冬小麦产量影响最为严重,籽粒干物质积累程度由南到北递减;复合胁迫下,减产率多表现为由南至北递增,而干物质积累程度递减. 相似文献
6.
近地层O3和CO2浓度变化对冬小麦影响的数值模拟：Ⅱ模拟结果和分析 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：4
针对CO2和O3浓度变化对冬小麦影响,改进了农田生态系统碳氮生物化学模型(DNDC),并利用模型模拟了O3和CO2浓度变化对冬小麦生长发育和产量的影响,检验了模型的模拟效果.通过对原DNDC模型适用性的调整,使之适用于固城站,为进一步改进作物模型打下了可靠的基础.通过试验资料验证表明,模型较好地反映了O3和CO2浓度变化对冬小麦生长发育和产量形成的影响.通过敏感性分析得出,模型对温度变化反映灵敏;在CO2浓度倍增情况下,O3浓度变化对冬小麦的复合影响分析看出,一定浓度范围内,CO2可缓解O3对作物影响的负效应,O3对CO2带来的正效应有削弱作用. 相似文献
7.
8.
气候变化可能不会引起我国北方冬小麦营养品质下降 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了探索未来气候变化对冬小麦营养品质的影响,采用开顶式气室与红外辐射器相结合的方法开展了冬小麦生长季增温和CO2浓度升高的复合影响试验,在6个小麦生长季模拟了21世纪中后期两种可能的增温和CO2浓度升高情景。结果表明,在生长季增温与CO2浓度升高情景下,冬小麦冬后发育期前移,生育期平均气温较对照的增加幅度远小于生长季增温幅度,灌浆期遭遇的高温日数减少,主要生育阶段的平均太阳辐射强度减弱。在增温与CO2浓度升高复合影响下,冬小麦籽粒蛋白质含量略有增加,籽粒淀粉与脂肪含量未显示规律性的变化趋势,增温对小麦蛋白质含量的综合影响弥补了CO2浓度升高对籽粒蛋白质含量的负效应。如果不考虑小麦品种变化影响,预计未来气候变化可能不会导致我国北方冬小麦籽粒营养品质下降。 相似文献
9.
10.
利用区域气候模式和作物模型，模拟了IPCC SRES A2和B2情景下未来中国粮食作物的单产变化，结合人口和经济发展，分析了气候变化对农业生产影响的温度阈值。结果表明：不考虑CO2的肥效，气候变化对农业生产影响的温度阈值可能在2.0～2.5℃左右；考虑CO2的肥效，农业生产不存在温度阈值。考虑了技术和贸易因素后，忽略CO2肥效，A2情景下的基本粮食安全有可能存在问题；考虑CO2的肥效后，气候变化不会影响到中国的粮食安全。 相似文献
11.
在冬小麦抽穗—灌浆期进行了水分胁迫实验,利用美国Licor公司生产的Licor-188B辐射量子照度仪及Licor-6400便携式光合作用测定仪,对水分胁迫引起的冬小麦光合生理生态变化进行了系统观测,系统地给出了冬小麦多种农业气象指标对水分胁迫的响应状况。在大量实测数据基础上,给出了包含辐射强度、温度及土壤水分因子的冬小麦叶片光合作用模式。该模式具有严格的理论推导过程和大量实验数据的支持,改进了传统水分胁迫对叶片光合速率影响的简单阶乘方法,从而为进一步准确推算水分胁迫对大田冬小麦光合作用的可能影响,以及水分胁迫对区域农业干旱的可能影响奠定了前提条件。该研究是冬小麦干旱预测模型的叶片子模型,为冬小麦农业干旱预测模型提供了丰富的基本参数,同时也为建立冬小麦干旱预测模型奠定了基本条件。 相似文献
12.
E. Stenitzer 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》1993,48(2-3):159-165
Summary Gypsum blocks proved to be a valuable tool for practical field research of crop water balances during the summer half year in a semihumid environment. Information on blocktype, calibration and compensation of temperature effects are given and the suitability of the gypsum block method is discussed using several examples of measured soil water tensions and soil water contents below different crops and bare soil. The main advantage of the gypsum block method is that they are suitable for monitoring soil water status below crops and plant communities continuously. After installation the nylon-impregnated blocks can be left in place for years and measurements may be taken from outside the crop stand thus avoiding any disturbances of the plants environment.With 7 Figures 相似文献
13.
A model for predicting actual evapotranspiration under soil water stress in a Mediterranean region 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
G. Rana N. Katerji M. Mastrorilli M. El Moujabber 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》1997,56(1-2):45-55
Summary In this paper a model for estimating actual evapotranspiration is developed and tested for field crops (grain sorghum and sunflower) maintained under water stress conditions. The model is based on the Penman-Monteith formulation of ET in which canopy resistance (r
c) is modeled with respect to the crop water status and local climatological conditions. The model was previously tested on reference grass; in this last case no reference was made to soil water conditions andr
c was modeled only as a function of climatological parameters. Herer
c is expressed as a function of available energy, vapour pressure deficit, aerodynamic resistance and crop water status by means of predawn leaf water potential. Results, obtained with various crop water stress intensities, show that, on a daily scale, calculated ET is 98% and 95% of the measured ET for sorghum and sunflower respectively. The correlation between daily calculated and measured ET is very high (r
2 = 0.95 for sorghum andr
2 = 0.98 for sunflower). On an hourly scale, the model works very well when the crops were not stressed and during the senescence stage. In case of weak and strong stress the model has to be used with some precautions.With 9 Figures 相似文献
14.
选用华北地区大面积种植的夏玉米品种郑单958、承玉2号、鲁单981作为试验材料，通过研究干旱胁迫条件下的玉米叶片光合、叶绿素荧光等指标随着土壤水分的动态变化规律，以期为夏玉米干旱的生理生态变化监测及水分高效利用提供理论依据。研究发现，在土壤含水量70％左右时，随着土壤相对湿度的下降，上述3个夏玉米品种仍能保持其叶片水分状态。郑单958、承玉2号、鲁单981的叶片净光合速率在土壤水分中等条件下最大，分别为39．9、38．8、38．4μmolCO2／m^2·s；在土壤相对湿度较低时，郑单958、承玉2号、鲁单981的叶片净光合速率下降趋势明显（P〈0．05）。叶片水势变化规律为：在土壤相对湿度〉90％时，对水分胁迫郑单958、承玉2号不敏感，鲁单981敏感；在土壤相对湿度〈70％时，水分胁迫条件下承玉2号不敏感，而鲁单981、郑单958敏感。气孔导度（g1）变化规律：随着水分胁迫加剧，3个夏玉米品种气孔导度均下降，在土壤水分较高时，气孔导度变化规律不明显，在土壤水分较低时，气孔导度明显下降（P〈0．01），细胞间隙CO2浓度（Ci）随土壤水分胁迫加剧而上升。上述结果表明：与叶片的光合和水分状况相比，夏玉米的气孔对土壤水分的匮缺更为敏感。 相似文献
15.
A climate trend analysis of Ethiopia: examining subseasonal climate impacts on crops and pasture conditions 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Molly E. Brown Chris Funk Diego Pedreros Diriba Korecha Melesse Lemma James Rowland Emily Williams James Verdin 《Climatic change》2017,142(1-2):169-182
Ethiopia experiences significant climate-induced drought and stress on crop and livestock productivity, contributing to widespread food insecurity. Here, we present subseasonal crop water stress analyses that indicate degrading, growing conditions along Ethiopia’s eastern highlands, including productive and populated highland regions. These seasonally shifting areas of increasing water stress stretch from the north to south across eastern Ethiopia, intersecting regions of acute food insecurity and/or high population. Crop model simulations indicate that between 1982 and 2014, parts of eastern Amhara and eastern Oromia experienced increasing water deficits during the critical sowing, flowering, and ripening periods of crop growth. These trends occurred while population in these regions increased by 143% between 2000 and 2015. These areas of enhanced crop water stress in south-central Ethiopia coincide with regions of high population growth and ongoing crop extensification. Conversely, large regions of relatively unpopulated western Ethiopia are becoming wetter. These areas may therefore be good targets for agricultural development. 相似文献
16.
Barry Smit Michael Brklacich Robert B. Stewart Ray McBride Murray Brown Deborah Bond 《Climatic change》1989,14(2):153-174
Increasing concentrations of atmospheric CO2 and other greenhouse gases are expected to contribute to a global warming. This paper examines the potential implications of a climatic change corresponding to a doubling of atmospheric concentrations of CO2 on crop production opportunities throughout Ontario, a major food producing region in Canada. The climate is projected to become warmer and drier, but the extent of these shifts are expected to vary from region to region within Ontario. The effect of this altered climate on crop yields and the area of land capable of supporting specific crops varies according to region, soil quality and crop type. Most notable are the enhanced opportunities for grains and oilseeds in the northern regions, and the diminished production prospects for most crops in the most southerly parts of Ontario. 相似文献
17.
Agrometeorological study of crop drought vulnerability and avoidance in northeast of Iran 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Drought is one of the crucial environmental factors affecting crop production. Synchronizing crop phenology with expected or predicted seasonal soil moisture supply is an effective approach to avoid drought impact. To assess the potential for drought avoidance, this study investigated the long-term climate data of four locations (Bojnourd, Mashhad, Sabzevar, and Torbat Heydarieh) in Khorasan province, in the northeast of Iran, with respect to the four dominant crops (common bean, lentil, peanut, and potato). Weekly water deficit defined as the difference between weekly precipitation and weekly potential evapotranspiration was calculated. Whenever the weekly water deficit was larger than the critical water demand of a crop, the probability for drought was determined. Results showed that Sabzevar has the highest average maximum temperature (24.6 °C), minimum temperature (11.7 °C), weekly evapotranspiration (32.1 mm), and weekly water deficit (28.3 mm) and has the lowest average weekly precipitation (3.8 mm). However, the lowest mean maximum temperature (19.7 °C), minimum temperature (6.9 °C), weekly evapotranspiration (22.5 mm), and weekly water deficit (17.5 mm) occur in Bojnourd. This location shows the shortest period of water deficit during the growing season for all crops except potato, which also experienced drought at the end of the growing season. Sabzevar and Torbat Heydarieh experienced the highest probability of occurrence and longest duration of drought during the growing season for all crops. The result of this study will be helpful for farmers in order to reduce drought impact and enable them to match crop phenology with periods during the growing season when water supply is more abundant. 相似文献
18.
19.
Summary This paper presents a study of the sensibility of the Penman-Monteith evapotranspiration model to climatic (available energy
and vapour pressure deficit) and parametric (aerodynamic and canopy resistances, r
a
and r
c
respectively) factors in a semi-arid climate, for crops in contrasting water status (well irrigated and under water stress)
and of different heights. Three experiments were carried out in southern Italy on reference grass (≈ 0.1 m), grain sorghum
(≈ 1 m) and sweet sorghum (≈ 3 m). For this analysis the sensitivity coefficients, taken as hourly means, were evaluated during
the growth season when the crops completely covered the soil. The relative errors on evapotranspiration were also evaluated
for r
a
and r
c
. The results showed that, for reference grass, available energy and aerodynamic resistance play a major role. For crops under
water stress the most important term to evaluate is canopy resistance. For a tall crop, as sweet sorghum, the role of the
vapour pressure deficit is fundamental, both when the crop is in good water status and under water stress.
Received July 14, 1997 Revised February 5, 1998 相似文献