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1.
利用非静力中尺度数值模式WRF并结合NCEP-FNL分析资料、常规气象观测资料、FY-2F卫星TBB数据以及CM ORPH降水资料,对2014年6月29日至7月1日的一次高原横切变线过程进行了数值模拟并分析了其演变过程中降水、热力、水汽和动力的结构特征。结果表明,WRF模式较成功地模拟了此次高原切变线过程的降水量和落区。在高原切变线活动期间,不同阶段结构特征存在明显差异。切变线附近通常对应TBB<-20℃的云区;随着切变线的发展,TBB值降低,在云区内有多个TBB<-60℃的对流活动中心,对应主要降水期;在切变线减弱阶段,TBB值升高,降水趋于结束。高原切变线存在"南暖北冷"的热力结构,在切变线发展维持阶段呈现高层稳定、低层不稳定的垂直分布特征;高原切变线也是水汽的聚集带,水汽通量散度的转变对高原切变线的发展具有一定指示作用。在切变线初生阶段和维持、发展阶段,垂直方向上存在正涡度中心和辐合中心,呈现对流层低层正涡度和高位涡中心相耦合的动力结构;气旋式切变有利于高原切变线上正涡度的维持;散度场上的低层辐合、高层辐散的结构特征有利于切变线上垂直上升运动的发展;高原切变线上的辐合带先于正涡度带开始减弱、消失是高原切变线减弱的一种特征信号。 相似文献
2.
利用FY-2C卫星资料、雷达资料和逐时降水资料及NCAR/NCEP(1°×1°)再分析资料,对2005年9月24-25日河南省出现的层状云降水过程进行了分析。结果表明:影响降水过程的是低槽—切变云系,切变线云系为暖云云系,结构较均匀,低槽云系主体为冷云,云顶亮温不均匀,有低亮温带结构,当东移的低槽云系与北抬的切变线云系叠加后,叠加区上有中小尺度云团活动,促使降水加强。强降水出现在700 hPa、850 hPa切变线之间及500 hPa低槽前部,并与云顶亮温的发展变化趋势表现出相似性;500 hPa槽前、700 hPa切变线北侧的降水,雨强与亮温值的对应关系不确定。这主要是由于低槽云系和切变线云系的叠加部位不仅具有深厚的湿层,而且具有较强的动力抬升和水汽辐合条件;切变线北侧处于低空辐散区且水汽条件较差,自然降水产生的条件不是很好。最后借助于FY-2C卫星资料反演的云物理参数,对低槽—切变云系的增雨潜势进行了简要分析,认为低槽—切变云系上云顶温度较高的部位符合“播云窗”概念,具有很好的增雨潜势,切变线北侧的低槽云系由于云顶温度低、低空水汽不充分,“播撒—供应”机制不能很好地建立,其增雨潜势条件也弱。 相似文献
3.
利用地面加密观测资料、多普勒天气雷达回波强度、卫星云图TBB资料和NCEP 1°×1°分析资料,应用滤波和广义位涡理论, 对2012年6月1—2日云南省中部的首场切变冷锋型暴雨天气过程进行诊断分析。结果表明:中尺度天气系统是该次暴雨产生的直接原因, 强降水均发生在云顶亮温等值线梯度较大一侧,回波强度空间分布不均匀,回波发展高度较低,但回波结构致密,低质心,以液态降水粒子为主,因此降水分布不均匀,但降水效率高;水汽源地为孟加拉湾;低层水汽通量辐合带与冷锋、切变线、中尺度辐合线以及β中尺度低涡位置有较好的对应关系;700 hPa,850 hPa水汽通量强辐合区中心位置叠加时,其所在区域地面降水增强;强降水区域上空中低层广义湿位涡的正异常现象体现了降水区中低层高水汽集中特征;单站上空低层的广义湿位涡正异常增加时,地面降水强度增加,反之减小;800 hPa广义湿位涡正异常区对地面降水分布有一定指示作用,但暴雨中心与广义湿位涡强中心并不完全重合。 相似文献
4.
一次典型降水层状云的结构特征和增雨潜势分析 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
利用FY-2C卫星资料、雷达资料和逐时降水资料及NCAR/NCEP(1°×1°)再分析资料,对2005年9月24～25日河南省出现的层状云降水过程进行了分析.结果表明:影响降水过程的是低槽-切变云系,切变线云系为暖云云系,结构较均匀,低槽云系主体为冷云,云顶亮温不均匀,有低亮温带结构,当东移的低槽云系与北抬的切变线云系叠加后,叠加区上有中小尺度云团活动,促使降水加强.强降水出现在700 hPa、850 hPa切变线之间及500 hPa低槽前部,并与云顶亮温的发展变化趋势表现出相似性;500 hPa槽前、700 hPa切变线北侧的降水,雨强与亮温值的对应关系不确定.这主要是由于低槽云系和切变线云系的叠加部位不仅具有深厚的湿层,而且具有较强的动力抬升和水汽辐合条件;切变线北侧处于低空辐散区且水汽条件较差,自然降水产生的条件不是很好.最后借助于FY-2C卫星资料反演的云物理参数,对低槽-切变云系的增雨潜势进行了简要分析,认为低槽-切变云系上云顶温度较高的部位符合"播云窗"概念,具有很好的增雨潜势,切变线北侧的低槽云系由于云顶温度低、低空水汽不充分,"播撒-供应"机制不能很好地建立,其增雨潜势条件也弱. 相似文献
5.
MCC转为带状MCSs过程中水平涡度的变化与暴雨的关系 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
利用实况资料和WRF中尺度数值模式对2010年6月18—19日的一次MCC转带状MCSs的暴雨过程进行数值模拟与诊断分析。结果表明:850 hPa西南涡和切变线的形成与维持是影响此次暴雨产生的中尺度系统,前期MCC的形成到成熟以低涡降水为主,后期的圆形MCC转为带状MCSs主要为切变线降水。在雨区附近,u、v的垂直切变所形成的强水平涡度造成的旋转,对应垂直环流的上升支可触发暴雨产生,垂直方向上u、v不同的分布可形成不同的垂直环流。低涡与切变线附近的水平涡度有明显差异,这种差异导致暴雨形成的原因不同,低涡暴雨主要由v的垂直切变造成,切变线暴雨主要由u、v的垂直切变共同作用,本次过程中v的垂直切变构成了沿切变线的东西向雨带,u的垂直切变沿纬向的不均匀性引起的垂直运动与切变线上MCSs的生成、发展和多雨团的形成关系密切。低涡、切变线降水中心附近的正倾侧项（水平涡度向垂直正涡度转换）也有类似的差异,低涡的转换主要由?v/?p<0决定,切变线的转换主要由-?u/?p>0决定。水平涡度向垂直涡度的转换尺度较小,易在平均状态下被忽略。倾侧项主要有利于暴雨的加强,但对西南涡、切变线的发展贡献较小。 相似文献
6.
福建西部山区短时暴雨雷达回波特征及中小尺度系统分析 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
利用常规天气资料、探空、地面降水资料以及建阳、龙岩两部新一代天气雷达资料对2005-2009年福建西部山区短时暴雨的雷达回波特征及对应的中小尺度系统进行分析,分析表明:短时暴雨的雷达回波按降水类型可分为大陆强对流型降水和热带海洋型强降水,并统计了大陆强对流型降水和热带海洋型降水低层反射率因子与雨强对应关系;按降水影响时间可以分为以局地发展为主的停滞型回波和不断影响某一地区的移动型列车效应回波;利用雷达回波演变及基本径向速度资料,结合天气系统,提取三类产生短时暴雨对应的中小尺度系统:与低空切变(或低压槽)、西南急流配合的中小尺度切变线或辐合线,以切变南压为主的中小尺度切变线或辐合线和以局地对流发展为主的逆风区或中气旋。 相似文献
7.
切变风螺旋度和热成风螺旋度在东北冷涡暴雨中的应用 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1
引入切变风螺旋度和热成风螺旋度, 并将其应用于东北冷涡暴雨的诊断分析。理论上, 切变风螺旋度定义为风速垂直切变与绝对涡度矢量的点积, 表示风速垂直方向的分布不均匀对涡管的扭转效应, 由扭转项和垂直涡度的辐合辐散项两部分组成。热成风螺旋度是在切变风螺旋度的基础上利用地转关系和热成风关系得出的简化形式, 其强度和符号取决于上升气流和暖湿空气的配置。相对于切变风螺旋度, 热成风螺旋度的计算只需要单平面层的资料即可, 避免了垂直差分计算, 这大大弥补了台站观测中垂直层密度稀疏或者边界层的处理等问题的不足, 使得计算大大简化, 便于业务应用。在以上定义和理论分析的基础上, 选取一次东北冷涡降水过程进行数值模拟, 利用模式输出的中尺度资料, 诊断分析这次降水过程中的切变风螺旋度和热成风螺旋度。分析表明, 降水中心位于切变风螺旋度的正值和负值区的边界, 与降水的强度变化一致; 而作了热成风近似后的切变风螺旋度中的扭转项 (即热成风螺旋度), 与切变风螺旋度相似, 也能较好地诊断降水和对流 (尤其是强降水和强对流) 的发展, 而且其对暴雨的诊断优于传统的螺旋度。 相似文献
8.
运用中尺度自动站资料、Micaps资料,对2014年9月18-19日柳州市出现的大暴雨天气过程进行了诊断分析,结果表明:(1)此次强降雨过程是由高空槽、低空低涡切变和地面弱冷空气共同影响造成,强降雨时间、落区与850hPa低涡切变有较好地对应关系,主要出现在低涡切变附近及其南侧.(2)此次强降雨过程出现在脉动风场中,即低空急流以脉动的形式出现:白天切变线南侧风速减小,无急流表现;夜间切变线南侧风速增大,表现出急流,ECMWF和T639产品08时的起报场较好地预报出了这种急流脉动. 相似文献
9.
利用非静力中尺度数值模式WRF并结合NCEP-FNL分析资料、常规气象观测资料、FY-2F卫星TBB数据以及CM ORPH降水资料,对2014年6月29日至7月1日的一次高原横切变线过程进行了数值模拟并分析了其演变过程中降水、热力、水汽和动力的结构特征。结果表明,WRF模式较成功地模拟了此次高原切变线过程的降水量和落区。在高原切变线活动期间,不同阶段结构特征存在明显差异。切变线附近通常对应TBB-20℃的云区;随着切变线的发展,TBB值降低,在云区内有多个TBB-60℃的对流活动中心,对应主要降水期;在切变线减弱阶段,TBB值升高,降水趋于结束。高原切变线存在"南暖北冷"的热力结构,在切变线发展维持阶段呈现高层稳定、低层不稳定的垂直分布特征;高原切变线也是水汽的聚集带,水汽通量散度的转变对高原切变线的发展具有一定指示作用。在切变线初生阶段和维持、发展阶段,垂直方向上存在正涡度中心和辐合中心,呈现对流层低层正涡度和高位涡中心相耦合的动力结构;气旋式切变有利于高原切变线上正涡度的维持;散度场上的低层辐合、高层辐散的结构特征有利于切变线上垂直上升运动的发展;高原切变线上的辐合带先于正涡度带开始减弱、消失是高原切变线减弱的一种特征信号。 相似文献
10.
广东前汛期西风槽暴雨个例的强度及落区 总被引：8，自引：25，他引：8
利用实况观测资料和NCEP的1°×1°格点资料,分析了2005年5月7~10日广东暴雨过程。结果显示:这次暴雨过程主要是由500 hPa西风波动中先后两个小槽东移逼近,配合850 hPa西南风加强造成的。降水中心主要落在槽前正涡度区右侧、涡度梯度最大的区域;暴雨落区与西南风急流位置的对应关系和造成西南风加强的系统有关;在影响系统起作用的背景下,降水落区与垂直风速切变的最大中心重合,与垂直风向的顺时针切变密切相关;天气系统相联系的低层负螺旋度越深厚,降水量越大,雨势越强。 相似文献
11.
应用NASA MERRA再分析资料对一次高原切变线的诊断分析 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
利用2016年6月29—30日地面及高空常规观测资料、CMORPH融合降水资料以及时空分辨率较高的NASA MERRA 0.625°×0.5°逐3 h再分析资料,对一次高原切变线过程进行了天气动力学诊断分析。运用广义位温、广义湿位涡和涡生参数等诊断量对切变线系统的生成及其降水分布进行分析。结果显示:广义位温等值线梯度大值区与大气水汽的聚集区相对应。切变线降水的发生、发展与广义湿位涡的分布及演变有较好的对应关系,低层大气广义湿位涡的正异常大值对降水发生有一定关联。广义湿位涡正负异常值之间的零线可较好表征高原切变线的位置。广义湿位涡中心强度对切变线生成与发展有一定指示意义。涡生参数可作为高原切变线生成和加强的一个明显前兆信号。 相似文献
12.
The introduced mathematical model takes into account the role of the kinetic fractionation effect in a supersaturation environment at the ice surface as liquid and solid phases coexist in mixed cloud. Using the model, the temperature effect of stable isotopes in precipitation is simulated under different cooling conditions. The rate of change of δ18O against temperature in the process of wet adiabatic cooling is smaller than in the process of isobaric cooling under the same humidity. The increasing supersaturation ratio at the ice surface, Si, leads to the strengthening of the kinetic fractionation effect. The kinetic fractionation function makes the synthesis fractionation factor decreased and the change of δ18O with temperature flatted, compared with that in the equilibrium state. The simulated results show that the slope parameter b and the intercept d of the meteoric water line (MWL), δD = bδ18O+d, in wet adiabatic cooling are both greater than those in isobaric cooling. The global MWL lies between the two MWLs simulated under wet adiabatic and isobaric cooling processes, respectively. The magnitudes of b and d are directly proportional to Si. The greater the Si, the stronger the kinetic fractionation effect, and thus the greater the b and d, and vice versa. However, b and d have low sensitivity to the liquid-water contents in the cloud. Using the kinetic fractionation model, the variation of stable isotopes in precipitation at Urumqi is simulated. The simulated stable isotopic ratio vs temperature and the δD vs δ18O curves are very consistent with the actual regressions and MWL at Uruimqi, respectively. 相似文献
13.
Lu Peisheng 《大气科学进展》1992,9(2):157-166
Monthly or seasonally mean anomalies of large-scale atmospheric circulation are better represented by wave packets or their combination. Both qualitative and quantitative analyses of equations of wave packet dynamics, which are obtained by the use of WKB approximation, are very helpful for the understanding of structure, formation and propagation of stationary and quasi-stationary planetary wave packet patterns in the atmosphere. Indeed, these equations of wave packet dynamics can be directly solved by the method of characteristic lines, and the results can be simply and clearly interpreted by physical laws. In this paper, a quasi-geostrophic barotropic model is taken for simplicity, and the wave packets superimposed on several ideal profiles of the basic current and excited by some ideal forcings are investigated in order to make comparison of the accuracy of calculation with the analytical solution. It is revealed that (a) the rays of stationary planetary wave packet do not coincide with but go away from the great circle with significant difference if the shear of the basic zonal flow is not too small; (b) being superimposed on a westerly jet flow with positive shear (Uλ/y>0), the stationary wave packets excited by low-latitudinal forcing are first intensified during their northeastward propagation in the Northern Hemisphere, then reach their maximum of amplitude at some critical latitude, and after that weaken again; (c) the connected line of extremes (the positive and negative centres) of wave packet does not coincide with but crosses the ray by an angle, the larger the scale of external forcing, the larger the angle; and (d) the whole pattern of a trapped stationary wave packet is complicated by the interference between the incident and reflected waves. 相似文献
14.
Vera Potop 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2011,105(3-4):469-483
Droughts in Moldova were evaluated using meteorological data since 1955 and a long time series (1891?C2009). In addition, yields for corn (Zea mays L.), a crop widely grown in Moldova, were used to demonstrate drought impact. The main aim is to propose use of the S i (S i-a and S i-m) drought index while discussing its potential use in studying the evolution of drought severity in Moldova. Also, a new multi-scalar drought index, the standardized precipitation?Cevapotranspiration index (SPEI), is tested for the first time in identifying drought variability in Moldova while comparing it with the commonly used standardized precipitation index (SPI). S i-m, SPI, SPEI, and S i-a indices show an increasing tendency toward more intensive and prolonged severely dry and extremely dry summer months. Drought frequency increased through six decades, which included long dry periods in the 1990s and 2000s. Moreover, the evolution of summer evapotranspiration recorded a positive and significant trend (+3.3?mm/year, R 2?=?0.46; p????0.05) between 1955 and 2009. A yield model based on the S i-a agricultural index and historic corn yields explained 43% of observed variability in corn production when drought occurred in May, July, and August. Increasing severity of the 20-year drought during the critical part of the growing season is raising corn yield losses, as net losses have so far exceeded net gains. 相似文献
15.
2003年淮河流域大水期间体积降水量的研究 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：5
针对 2 0 0 3年梅雨期淮河流域大水提出了体积降水量的概念及其计算方法 ,在计算出淮河流域和其各子流域逐日和总体积降水量的基础上 ,将体积降水量与水文站的水位和流量进行了对比分析。结果表明 :水位对累计体积降水量有较好的即时响应 ,流量对体积降水量有较好的延迟响应。另外 ,讨论了流域体积降水量的预报问题 ,用国内外数值天气预报产品和中央气象台指导预报产品 ,进行了流域体积降水量预报试验 ,并对预报结果进行了检验分析。结果表明 :在目前天气预报水平条件下 ,利用数值天气预报和中央气象台业务预报产品制作体积降水量是可行的 ,能够延长洪水预报的预见期 ;而且 ,数值天气预报产品在预报体积降水量方面有明显的优势 ,因此可以直接利用数值天气预报产品进行体积降水量的客观预报 ,为防汛工作提供重要的依据。 相似文献
16.
Velocity and Surface Shear Stress Distributions Behind a Rough-to-Smooth Surface Transition: A Simple New Model 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
A simple new model is proposed to predict the distribution of wind velocity and surface shear stress downwind of a rough-to-smooth
surface transition. The wind velocity is estimated as a weighted average between two limiting logarithmic profiles: the first
log law, which is recovered above the internal boundary-layer height, corresponds to the upwind velocity profile; the second
log law is adjusted to the downwind aerodynamic roughness and local surface shear stress, and it is recovered near the surface,
in the equilibrium sublayer. The proposed non-linear form of the weighting factor is equal to ln(z/z
01)/ln(δ
i
/z
01), where z, δ
i
and z
01 are the elevation of the prediction location, the internal boundary-layer height at that downwind distance, and the upwind
surface roughness, respectively. Unlike other simple analytical models, the new model does not rely on the assumption of a
constant or linear distribution for the turbulent shear stress within the internal boundary layer. The performance of the
new model is tested with wind-tunnel measurements and also with the field data of Bradley. Compared with other existing analytical
models, the proposed model shows improved predictions of both surface shear stress and velocity distributions at different
positions downwind of the transition. 相似文献
17.
鲁西北一次持续性暴雨成因分析 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
利用地面自动气象站、NCEP 1°×1°和FY2E反演T_(BB)等资料,对2012年7月31日—8月1日发生在山东一次持续的区域性暴雨进行分析和研究。结果表明,(1)在副高稳定的形势下,低层切变线、地面冷锋是造成暴雨的主要天气系统。(2)低层锋生强迫激发了非地转垂直环流,上升气流加强,雨强增大,上升支的建立到强降水开始间隔约6 h。(3)暴雨区925 hPa湿斜压项在强降水时为负值,其增强应为低层锋生作用造成的。雨区范围和雨强随湿斜压项增强而增大。(4)对流单体的生成和加强影响降水落区和雨强,增强的单体合并时雨强最强。T_(BB)中心区位于低层切变线与锋面右侧,强降水位于两者之间。(5)地面辐合线与T_(BB)中心基本重合,辐合线左侧气旋性弯曲处与T_(BB)中心区后侧的等值线梯度大值区位置一致,强降水则出现在两者重叠处。(6)干线与辐合线是此次强降水的重要中尺度系统,干线始终落后于辐合线,其分布对暴雨落区有一定的指示意义。 相似文献
18.
Drag partition measurements were made in the atmospheric inertial sublayer for six roughness configurations made up of solid
elements in staggered arrays of different roughness densities. The roughness was in the form of a patch within a large open
area and in the shape of an equilateral triangle with 60 m long sides. Measurements were obtained of the total shear stress
(τ) acting on the surfaces, the surface shear stress on the ground between the elements (τS) and the drag force on the elements for each roughness array. The measurements indicated that τS quickly reduced near the leading edge of the roughness compared with τ, and a τS minimum occurs at a normalized distance (x/h, where h is element height) of
(downwind of the roughness leading edge is negative), then recovers to a relatively stable value. The location of the minimum
appears to scale with element height and not roughness density. The force on the elements decreases exponentially with normalized
downwind distance and this rate of change scales with the roughness density, with the rate of change increasing as roughness
density increases. Average τS : τ values for the six roughness surfaces scale predictably as a function of roughness density and in accordance with a shear
stress partitioning model. The shear stress partitioning model performed very well in predicting the amount of surface shear
stress, given knowledge of the stated input parameters for these patches of roughness. As the shear stress partitioning relationship
within the roughness appears to come into equilibrium faster for smaller roughness element sizes it would also appear the
shear stress partitioning model can be applied with confidence for smaller patches of smaller roughness elements than those
used in this experiment. 相似文献
19.
An attempt has been made to investigate the role of vertical wind shear, corrective instability and the thermodynamic parameter (θes - θe) below the first lifting condensation level (FLCL) in the occurrence of instanta-neous premonsoon thunderstorm over Agartala (AGT) and Ranchi (RNC) at 12 GMT Radiosonde data of 1988 have been utilized here. The study has however been confined to 1000 hPa-500 hPa range at most Here the convectively unstable layers with positive vertical wind shear upto 500 hPa have been termed as ‘Fa?vourable Layers’ (FL) and the level at which an initially stable layer turns out to be convectively unstable for the first time has been termed as ‘Transition Level’ (TL). It is observed that the changes in vertical wind shear are positive at TL at the time of occurrence of thunderstorm (TS) and the corresponding change is negative on fair-weather situa?tion Moreover, the 90% confidence interval for (θes - θe) reveals that for AGT the upper layer thermodynamic characteristic is important at the time of occurrence of TS whereas for RNC, the value of (θes - θe) at the surface is much more effective 相似文献
20.
Humidity Effect and Its Influence on the Seasonal Distribution of Precipitation δ18O in Monsoon Regions 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
The humidity effect, namely the markedly positive correlation between the stable isotopic ratio in precipitation and the dew-point deficit △Td in the atmosphere, is put forward firstly and the relationships between the δ18O in precipitation and △Td are analyzed for the Urumqi and Kunming stations, which have completely different climatic characteristics. Although the seasonal variations in δ18O and △Td exhibit differences between the two stations, their humidity effect is notable. The correlation coefficient and its confidence level of the humidity effect are higher than those of the amount effect at Kunming, showing the marked influence of the humidity conditions in the atmosphere on stable isotopes in precipitation.Using a kinetic model for stable isotopic fractionation, and according to the seasonal distribution of meanmonthly temperature at 500 hPa at Kunming, the variations of the δ18O in condensate in cloud aresimulated. A very good agreement between the seasonal variations of the simulated mean δ18O and themean monthly temperature at 500 hPa is obtained, showing that the oxygen stable isotope in condensateof cloud experiences a temperature effect. Such a result is markedly different from the amount effect atthe ground. Based on the simulations of seasonal variations of δ18O in falling raindrops, it can be foundthat, in the dry season from November to April, the increasing trend with falling distance of δ18O in fallingraindrops corresponds remarkably to the great ATd, showing a strong evaporation enrichment function infalling raindrops; however, in the wet season from May to October, the δ18O in falling raindrops displaysan unapparent increase corresponding to the small ATd, except in May. By comparing the simulated meanδ18O at the ground with the actual monthly δ18O in precipitation, we see distinctly that the two monthlyδ18O variations agree very well. On average, the δ18O values are relatively lower because of the highlymoist air, heavy rainfall, small △Td and weak evaporation enrichment function of stable isotopes in thefalling raindrops, under the influence of vapor from the oceans; but they are relatively higher because of the dry air, light rainfall, great △Td and strong evaporation enrichment function in falling raindrops, under the control of the continental air mass. Therefore, the δ18O in precipitation at Kunming can be used to indicate the humidity situation in the atmosphere to a certain degree, and thus indicate the intensity of the precipitation and the strength of the monsoon indirectly. The humidity effect changes not only the magnitude of the stable isotopic ratio in precipitation but also its seasonal distribution due to its influence on the strength of the evaporation enrichment of stable isotopes in falling raindrops and the direction of the net mass transfer of stable isotopes between the atmosphere and the raindrops. Consequently, it is inferred that the humidity effect is probably one of the foremost causes generating the amount effect. 相似文献