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1.
气候变化是21世纪人类面临的重大挑战之一,并对自然系统和社会经济系统造成了各种负面影响。对气候变化的影响进行经济评估是气候变化研究中的重要问题。而可计算一般均衡框架下的综合评估模型(CGE_IAMs)是评估气候变化经济影响的有效手段之一,文中对气候变化影响经济评估的主要CGE_IAMs进行了文献调研,并对这些模型进行了比较分析。研究表明不同模型在温室气体排放、气候参数的处理方式以及气候影响的引入机制等方面有着较大区别,因而各模型对气候变化影响的经济评估结果也有一定的差异。此外,当前CGE_IAMs在评估气候变化经济影响时存在支撑数据未及时更新、方法不细致以及评估不全面等问题。未来该领域的相关研究应该更加关注于模型与支撑数据的精细化和开源化,此外还应加强CGE_IAMs中经济模块与复杂气候模式的耦合。  相似文献   

2.
 已经观测到的气候变化影响是显著的、多方面的。各个领域和地区都存在有利和不利影响,但以不利影响为主,未来的气候变暖将会对中国的生态系统、农业以及水资源等部门和沿海地区产生重大的不利影响。采取适应措施可以减轻气候变化的不利影响,应将适应气候变化的行动逐步纳入国民经济和社会发展的中长期规划中。由于我国科学研究的相对不足和科学认识能力的局限,目前的气候变化影响评估方法和结果还存在很大的不确定性。应当加强区域适应气候变化的案例研究、扩大研究领域、加强极端天气、气候事件影响的研究,以降低影响评估的不确定性,并提出切实可行的适应对策。  相似文献   

3.
东北地区农业应对气候变化的策略与措施分析   总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7  
 气候变化的影响与适应已经成为农业生产面临的现实而紧迫的问题。1956-2005年东北地区增温1.5℃,幅度明显高于全国平均水平,给作物生产带来复杂的影响。东北是重要的国家商品粮生产基地,对国家粮食安全起着重要作用。探讨区域层面上适应气候变化的能力建设更具有针对性和现实性。文章分析了近50 a来东北地区气候变化的主要表现及其对农业生产的影响;针对气候变化过程中人类活动对土地利用和温室气体的影响,提出了东北地区适应和减缓气候变化的策略和措施,强调在农业生态、水资源利用、环境保护等多方面综合开展工作,积极采取行动,最终达到维护气候环境、充分利用气候资源的目的,为东北粮食生产安全、农业可持续发展做出贡献。  相似文献   

4.
化州气候变化特征及其对农业生产的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
利用1959-2008年化州市地面站气象资料,从气温、降水量和日照时数等方面分析了化州市气候变化特征,探讨了气候变化对化州市农业生产的影响.近20年来化州气温上升明显,高温天气明显增加,低温天气明显减少;降水以年际波动为主,线性变化趋势不明显,不同季节的降水量变化有升有降;日照时数年际波动明显,线性拟合呈减少趋势.气候变化导致台风、高温等极端天气事件频繁出现;气候变暖造成农作物生育期缩短、农田地力下降和农作物病虫害灾害频繁;降水变化波动大,导致旱涝交替出,这些都是气候变化对化州农业生产影响的具体体现.  相似文献   

5.
粮食作物对高温干旱胁迫的响应及其阈值研究进展与展望   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
以大气温度升高和降水波动为主要标志的气候变暖对农业生产产生了重要影响,农作物生长发育、形态建成、生理生化过程等对气温、水分变化的响应特征、机理与后果等的研究,对揭示气候变化对农作物的影响及其机制具有重要作用,是制定适应对策的重要前提之一。本文分别回顾了国内外水稻、小麦、玉米等主要粮食作物生长、发育、生理生态因子、产量、水分利用效率等对高温、水分亏缺的反应以及对二者的协同响应,评述了高温和干旱缺水影响过程中作物的阈值反应及其临界值,讨论了当前高温干旱对作物影响研究中存在的问题。在此基础上,提出了今后应着重加强研究的关键科学问题:(1)干旱/湿润条件下的温度、水分阈值,以及多因子协同胁迫下作物的忍耐极限;(2)胁迫程度、时期、历时与作物自身生理生化过程的关系,以及细胞和分子水平上的响应机制;(3)作物对适度干旱的补偿效应在高温下是被削减还是增加,需要进一步研究和探索。  相似文献   

6.
气候变化已成为全球最为关注的环境问题之一,随着全球气候变化研究的进展,开展气候变化影响的相关研究开始成为学术界最为活跃的研究领域之一。以气候变暖为主要特征的气候变化,会引起降水、温度等气候因子的变化以及极端气候事件频率和强度增加等问题。气候变化必将对生计即人们使用的资源和谋生活动产生不同程度的影响。本文将生计内容引入到气候变化影响的研究中,利用西吉县近五十年的气候数据、100多户问卷调查数据以及相关资料,研究过去及目前气候变化对西吉县农户生计的影响,主要表现为影响了当地农户饮用水、粮食产量、作物种类和面积、外出打工人数、农民收入、粮食价格等,造成当地农民生活困难;并对其适应气候变化提出了一些建议。  相似文献   

7.
气候变化对农业的影响研究进展   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
杜华明 《四川气象》2005,25(4):18-20
本文着重介绍了近几年气候变化对农业影响的最新研究进展,其中包括气象因子对农业生态环境的影响、二氧化碳浓度增加、气候变化对农作物光合作用、生长发育、产量、品质、种类、地理分布、种植制度、农业灾害以及农业成本等领域最新研究进展,最后指出了存在的问题以及研究展望。  相似文献   

8.
CMIP5气候模式对中国未来气候变化的预估和应用   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
气候模式是研究气候系统和气候变化的有力工具,其模拟结果是进行气候预测和气候变化风险评估的重要数据基础。随着全球气候变暖速度加快,地表生态环境、水文动态循环过程、社会经济发展等都受到其影响,进而影响到人类的生产和生活。利用气候模式对未来气候变化特征进行评估和预测,可为人类调整发展策略以适应气候变化提供科学依据。通过汇总CMIP5(Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5)模式在气候变化方面的相关研究,综述了CMIP5气候模式在农业生产、水文动态监控以及其他领域中的应用,最后指出了CMIP5气候模式在模拟预估未来气候变化上存在的不足,并展望了CMIP5气候模式在未来的应用。  相似文献   

9.
利用统计学方法对近30年来大兴安岭地区的气候变化特点进行了研究,在全球气候变暖的大背景下,从温度、降水、蒸发、冻土等气象要素分析得出:该地区气候有明显的变暖趋势,但存在区域差异,同时分析了气候变化对农业生产所产生的影响,为合理利用大兴安岭地区气候资源提供了依据。  相似文献   

10.
河南近10年主要农业灾害及其影响   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
利用1990-1999年河南农业灾情资料,统计分析了10年全省各类农业灾害对农作物的影响及气候变化与农作物产量的关系。结果表明:随着近10年来河南气候变化的影响,旱灾、虫灾、病害已成为影响河南农业生产的主要农业灾害,我省粮食产量的波动基本上和历年受灾状况相一致。  相似文献   

11.
Climate change will have serious repercussions for agriculture, ecosystems, and farmer livelihoods in Central America. Smallholder farmers are particularly vulnerable due to their reliance on agriculture and ecosystem services for their livelihoods. There is an urgent need to develop national and local adaptation responses to reduce these impacts, yet evidence from historical climate change is fragmentary. Modeling efforts help bridge this gap. Here, we review the past decade of research on agricultural and ecological climate change impact models for Central America. The results of this review provide insights into the expected impacts of climate change and suggest policy actions that can help minimize these impacts. Modeling indicates future climate-driven changes, often declines, in suitability for Central American crops. Declines in suitability for coffee, a central crop in the regional economy, are noteworthy. Ecosystem models suggest that climate-driven changes are likely at low- and high-elevation montane forest transitions. Modeling of vulnerability suggests that smallholders in many parts of the region have one or more vulnerability factors that put them at risk. Initial adaptation policies can be guided by these existing modeling results. At the same time, improved modeling is being developed that will allow policy action specifically targeted to vulnerable groups, crops, and locations. We suggest that more robust modeling of ecological responses to climate change, improved representation of the region in climate models, and simulation of climate influences on crop yields and diseases (especially coffee leaf rust) are key priorities for future research.  相似文献   

12.
Residuals from agricultural pesticides threaten the environment and human health. Climate change alters these externalities because it affects pest pressure and pesticide application rates. This study examines damages from pesticide externalities in US agriculture under different climate projections and the effects of alternative regulations. We find divergent impacts of externality regulation and climate change on agricultural production in the US. A Pigovian tax on pesticide externalities generally increases crop production cost, but farm revenue improves because of increased commodity prices. Climate change generally decreases US farm revenue because production increases and prices fall. Results also show a heterogeneous effect of climate change on pest management intensities across major crops.  相似文献   

13.
Under the threat of global warming it is important to determine the impact that future changes in climate may have on the environment and to what extent any adverse effects can be mitigated. In this study we assessed the impact that climate change scenarios may have on soil carbon stocks in Canada and examined the potential for agricultural management practices to improve or maintain soil quality. Historical weather data from 1951 to 2001 indicated that semi-arid soils in western Canada have become warmer and dryer and air temperatures have increased during the spring and winter months. Results from the Canadian Center for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma) Coupled Global Climate Model (CGCM1,2) under two climate change forcing scenarios also indicated that future temperatures would increase more in the spring and winter. Precipitation increased significantly under the IPCC IS92a scenario and agreed with historical trends in eastern Canada whereas the IPCC SRES B2 scenario indicated very little change in precipitation and better matched historical trends in western Canada. The Century model was used to examine the influence of climate change on agricultural soil carbon (C) stocks in Canada. Relative to simulations using historical weather data, model results under the SRES B2 climate scenario indicated that agricultural soils would lose 160 Tg of carbon by 2099 and under the IS92a scenario would lose 53 Tg C. Carbon was still lost from soils in humid climatic regions even though C inputs from crops increased by 10–13%. Carbon factors associated with changes in management practices were also estimated under both climate change scenarios. There was little difference in factors associated with conversion from conventional to no-till agriculture, while carbon factors associated with the conversion of annual crops to perennial grass were lower than for historical data in semi-arid soils because water stress hampered crop production but were higher in humid soils.  相似文献   

14.
Nearly all of Ethiopia’s agriculture is dependent on rainfall, particularly the amount and seasonal occurrence. Future climate change predictions agree that changes in rainfall, temperature, and seasonality will impact Ethiopia with dramatic consequences. When, where, and how these changes will transpire has not been adequately addressed. The objective of our study was to model how projected climate change scenarios will spatially and temporally impact cereal production, a dietary staple for millions of Ethiopians. We used Maxent software fit with crop data collected from household surveys and bioclimatic variables from the WorldClim database to develop spatially explicit models of crop production in Ethiopia. Our results were extrapolated to three climate change projections (i.e., Canadian Centre for Climate Modeling and Analysis, Hadley Centre Coupled Model v3, and Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization), each having two emission scenarios. Model evaluations indicated that our results had strong predictability for all four cereal crops with area under the curve values of 0.79, 0.81, 0.79, and 0.83 for teff, maize, sorghum, and barley, respectively. As expected, bioclimatic variables related to rainfall were the greatest predictors for all four cereal crops. All models showed similar decreasing spatial trends in cereal production. In addition, there were geographic shifts in land suitability which need to be accounted for when assessing overall vulnerability to climate change. The ability to adapt to climate change will be critical for Ethiopia’s agricultural system and food security. Spatially explicit models will be vital for developing early warning systems, adaptive strategies, and policy to minimize the negative impacts of climate change on food production.  相似文献   

15.
与IPCC第五次评估报告相比,第六次评估报告(AR6)有关农业的评估对象由作物生产系统延伸到粮食供应链系统,气候变化对作物生产不利影响的证据在加强。气候变化改变了作物适宜种植区,使中高纬度及温带地区作物种植界限向高纬度、高海拔地区推移。人为引起的气候变暖阻碍了作物产量的增长,地表O3浓度增加使作物产量降低,CH4排放加剧了这种不利影响。气候变化加剧作物病虫草害,极端气候事件高发加剧了粮食不安全,推升了国际粮食价格。适应措施有助于减缓气候变化不利影响,基于自然的适应方案在增强作物生产系统气候恢复力和保障粮食安全方面具有较高潜力。从保障国家粮食安全和重大战略需求出发,AR6报告对我国农业应对气候变化相关工作的启示如下:需要高度重视气候变化背景下作物种植适宜区转变与种植带北移的重要战略价值,合理规划农业生产布局;加强农业气象灾害和病虫害防治体系和能力建设,保障粮食生产稳定性;关注气候变化对国际作物生产和谷物贸易的影响,统筹国内、国际市场粮食资源,保障粮食安全;推进农业温室气体减排与作物生产高效协同,为实现国家减排目标做出贡献。  相似文献   

16.
The present study involves using the Canadian Climate Centre (CCC) climate change scenario to evaluate the impacts of a CO2-induced climate change on agriculture in Québec and vicinity. Climate change using the CCC General Circulation Model (GCM) data are fed into a crop model (FAO) so as to gauge the changes in agroclimatic factors such as growing season length and growing degree days, and subsequently potential yield changes for a variety of cereal (C3 and C4), leguminous, oleaginous, vegetable and special crops, for twelve major agricultural regions in southern Québec. Our results show that depending upon the agricultural zone and crop type, yields may increase (ex. corn and sorghum by 20%) or decrease (ex. wheat and soybean by 20 to 30%). Also, these crop yield changes appear to be related to acceleration in maturation rates, mainly to change in moisture stress and to shifts in optimal thermal growth conditions. These possible shifts in agricultural production potentials would solicit the formulation of appropriate adaptation strategies.  相似文献   

17.
Research on climate change and agriculture has largely focused on production, food prices, and producer incomes. However, societal interest in agriculture is much broader than these issues. The objective of this paper is to analyze the potential impacts of climate change on an important negative externality from agriculture, water quality. We construct a simulation model of maize production in twelve watersheds within the U.S. Chesapeake Bay Region that has economic and watershed components linking climate to productivity, production decisions by maize farmers, and nitrogen loadings delivered to the Chesapeake Bay. Maize is an important crop to study because of its importance to the region's agriculture and because it is a major source of nutrient pollution. The model is run under alternative scenarios regarding the future climate, future baseline (without any climate change), whether farmers respond to climate change, whether there are carbon dioxide (CO2) enrichment effects on maize production, and whether agricultural prices facing the region change due to climate change impacts on global agricultural commodity markets. The simulation results differ from one scenario to another on the magnitude and direction of change in nitrogen deliveries to the Chesapeake Bay. The results are highly sensitive to the choice of future baseline scenario and to whether there are CO2 enrichment effects. The results are also highly sensitive to assumptions about the impact of climate change on commodity prices facing farmers in the Chesapeake Bay region. The results indicate that economic responses by farmers to climate change definitely matter. Assuming that farmers do not respond to changes in temperature, precipitation, and atmosphericCO2 levels could lead to mistaken conclusions about the magnitude and direction of environmental impacts.  相似文献   

18.
A rapid change in climate patterns potentially driven by global warming is considered to be greatest threats to agriculture. However, little is known about how the change in climate concretely affects agricultural production especially in Nepal with respect to seasons and regions of different altitudes. To examine this issue, we seek to empirically identify the impact of climatic variation on agricultural yield and its variability by utilizing the data of rice, wheat and climate variables in the central region of Nepal. The main focus is on whether the impacts vary across seasons, altitudes and the types of crops. For this purpose, we employ a stochastic production function approach by controlling a novel set of season-wise climatic and geographical variables. The result shows that an increase in the variance of both temperature and rainfall has adverse effects on crop productions in general. On the other hand, a change in the mean levels of the temperature and rainfall induces heterogeneous impacts, which can be considered beneficial, harmful or negligible, depending on the altitudes and the kinds of crops. These results imply that adaptation strategies must be tailor-made in Nepalese agriculture, considering growing seasons, altitudes and the types of crops.  相似文献   

19.
气候变化对中国农业生产影响研究展望   总被引:32,自引:0,他引:32  
综述了气候变化背景下中国农业气候资源、农业气象灾害(干旱、洪涝、高温热浪、低温灾害)和农业病虫害的变化趋势与规律,从农业生产潜力变化、作物种植制度变化和作物品质变化等方面阐明了气候变化对中国农业生产的影响事实,分析了气候变化对中国农业生产的可能影响和中国农业生产适应气候变化的对策措施。在此基础上,针对气候变化背景下中国气候资源的时空分布特点及农业生产出现的新情况、新问题,指出了当前中国关于气候变化对农业影响研究存在的不足,提出了未来气候变化对中国农业生产影响研究需要重视的方面,为确保气候变化背景下中国的农业生产安全及粮食安全提供决策支持。  相似文献   

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