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利用多通道微波辐射计、边界层风廓线仪及自动/人工气象站等观测资料, 分析了2007年秋冬季北京地区雨雾和雪雾两次共生天气形成与维持过程中地面和高空气象要素伴随降雨、 降雪过程的变化。结果显示:(1) 高湿和小风是雨雾、雪雾生成并造成地面低能见度的主要气象条件。大雾形成与维持过程中, 地面水平能见度与相对湿度的反相关关系非常显著。能见度越低时, 雾的含水量也越高。 (2) 较弱的降雨和降雪可以促使雾含水量减少, 提高能见度, 但降雨或降雪蒸发增湿又利于雾的维持。 (3) 雨雾在降雨过程中高层气温经历大幅增降, 除可能受天气系统影响外, 与云层中水汽凝结释放的大量潜热和含水量大幅度增加也有关系。雪雾在降雪过程中高层温度总体随着时间趋于降低且变化幅度较小。 (4) 在降雨、降雪过程中雨雾和雪雾低层一直存在水汽饱和层, 且饱和层的顶部随降雨和降雪强度的加大而抬升, 厚度不断加大, 造成地面水平能见度进一步下降。结合催化剂人工消雾与共生雾降水 (降雨或降雪) 相似的原理, 个例分析结果初步表明较弱的降雨或降雪过程对消除暖雾、冷雾的影响有限, 对改善地面水平能见度并不显著, 这对人工消雾技术研究具有一定的启发作用。 相似文献
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上海城市雾理化特性的研究 总被引：25，自引：2，他引：25
通过3年冬季雾的理化特性观测和分析，首次探讨上海城市雾的物理特性、微结构、酸度和化学成分等，从而了解上海雾的生成、发展、消散原因及理化结构。为提高雾的预报准确率和人工局部消雾提供物理背景。 相似文献
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在云雾中播撒吸湿性催化剂是进行暖云催化降水或消暖雾的重要手段之一,而寻找高效、适宜的吸湿性催化剂仍然是当前人工影响天气领域的重要研究目标。本研究对6种具有吸湿性的粉末型稀土盐催化剂在云室中的消暖雾性能进行了对比试验。试验采用一个43m3的暖云室,在云室中分别进行无催化的空白试验和6种催化剂的消暖雾催化试验,并使用FM-100雾滴谱仪、透光度仪以及温湿度仪等仪器对云室中雾的整个发展过程进行全程观测。通过对比空白试验与催化试验的观测数据,分析了5种吸湿性催化剂在播撒后对暖雾的影响,对它们的消雾效果和催化剂作用机理进行了分析。研究结果表明:6种催化剂中有5种起到了消雾作用,其中氯化铈、硝酸镧、碳酸镧的消雾效果较好,氯化镧、碳酸铈次之,硝酸铈则没有达到消雾目的;催化剂的引入使雾的含水量、雾滴有效直径、雾滴谱等微物理特征发生明显变化,并最终对雾的发展进程造成很大影响,使雾的消散速度加快或延缓。 相似文献
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本文使用二维暖雾数值模式来研究人工播撒盐粉局部消除暖雾的物理过程以及盐粉粒子半径、盐粉播撒量、雾层厚度和雾中液水含量对消雾效果的影响。结果表明,使用盐粉局部消除暖雾以增大播撒区的能见度是完全可能的。一般来讲,较大的盐粉粒子和较大的播撒量更有利于提高消雾的效果,但消雾的成本以及对环境的污染也随之加大。文章最后对使用大水滴代替盐滴进行消雾的可能性提出初步的看法。 相似文献
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首都机场人工消雾试验的效果检验 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
对１９９６年１２月１５日北京的大雾进行了天气学分析，并在首都机场进行了人工消雾试验，利用首都机场ＲＶＲ能见度自动观测系统所测的实时资料及配对ｔ检验法对人工消雾试验的效果进行了检验，结果表明人工消雾前后能见度变化差异显著。 相似文献
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众所周知,雾作为一种视程障碍现象,对航空、航海等交通运输的安全威胁很大。据统计,全世界雾日中暖雾占95％,因此,消暖雾的研究十分迫切和重要。二十多年来,国内外采用了多种方法进行消雾试验。播吸湿粒子消雾是其中的一种,此法从科学原理上是符合的,但是,如何在指定时间和地点消雾这个工程问题尚未解决。不仅如此,据国内一系列试验表明:消雾效果除与吸湿粒子的吸湿性能、用量、颗粒大小有关外,还取决于雾形成后的气象条件和雾的特性。当雾层不太厚、雾中风速不大、雾滴谱比较窄时,只要吸湿粒子用量、颗粒大小适当,消雾效果还是明显的。本文仅介绍用吸湿粒子消雾用量的计算方法和应用实例。 一、消雾原理和用量上下限 吸湿粒子消雾是通过潮解、稀释过程中强烈吸湿,大量消耗雾层中水汽,迫使雾滴急剧蒸发,吸湿粒子迅速长大并掉出消雾空间,使消雾空间光学切面 相似文献
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华南地区降水与雾的关系初探 总被引：1，自引：4，他引：1
本文分析了华南地区雾（能见度）的影响因子，重点分析降水与雾的联系。分析表明，华南地区降水与雾有显著的关系，有无降水反映了不同过程和类型的雾，其形成条件和机理相应也不同。轻雾和浓雾在形成条件和机理上有重要差别，而不仅仅是程度的不同。在成因和因子分析基础上对雾（能见度）进行数值模式释用预报是可行的。 相似文献
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Transport safety is a major goal in the European Union. Low visibility conditions, especially due to fog, increase the risk of major accidents (chain collision). Innovative products have been developed by the automotive industry, including equipment manufacturers, to increase the level of safety of car passengers and drivers. Testing of these products requires the simulation or artificial reproduction of low visibility (fog) conditions with good stability and reproducibility characteristics. We report on the results of the European Union funded “FOG” project to improve road transport safety through fog production in an experimental test chamber located at the Clermont-Ferrand laboratory for research on road safety and visibility. The project developed a prototype of a small-scale climatic chamber, an improved fog production spraying device, a laser-based visibility measurement device, a reduced scale transmissometer, and a combined indoor climate-fog production simulation software. The ability of the fog chamber to test for driver reaction was also investigated. Recent developments include a device able to produce stable visibility levels and homogeneous fog, representative of various types of natural water droplet distribution. The fog characteristics were determined and compared to natural fog. Results are presented for a selection of conditions including stabilized visibility levels for dense fog and two kinds of droplet distributions. 相似文献
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利用人工神经网络预报芜湖的雾 总被引：4，自引：5，他引：4
雾对人类的活动有着很大的影响，尤其是对军事活动影响更为突出。由于雾是一种小概率事件，准确地定点预报雾难度更大。本文提出了神经网络B－P算法输入层因子的筛选方法，隐层挑选、位置矩阵等特殊处理方法，它们对于网络的稳定学习是非常有效的。通过对芜湖雾日预报试验，取得了较为满意的试报效果。 相似文献
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为了分析全国范围内大雾的气候特征及变化，利用1950年以来我国气象系统地面观测网679个国家基本（基准）站的大雾天气现象观测资料，分析了我国大雾空间、时间分布的基本气候特征。从整体来看，我国大雾分布呈现东南部多西北部少的特点。在月大雾的日数、月最多大雾日数、大雾季节分布中都显示出北南、西东的地区差异及局地明显的特征。分析表明，我国大部分地区大雾日数呈减少趋势。而浓雾出现的年日数变化不明显；文章对大雾日数的变化原因进行了初步解释。 相似文献
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A satellite-based climatology of fog and low-level stratus in Germany and adjacent areas 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Jrg Bendix 《Atmospheric Research》2002,64(1-4)
A 10-year fog climatology of Germany and adjacent areas, based on NOAA-Advanced Very High-Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data, is presented. Maximum fog frequency is obtained for the Lake Constance area; minimum fog occurrence, accounting for basins and river valleys, is located in the Lower Rhine area. This is a transition zone between coastal advection fog and the more continental radiation fog of the lower mountain range. Fog persistence is estimated by a comparison of night and day maps. Using the bispectral approach of Nakajima and Nakajima [J. Atmos. Sci. 52, (1995) 4043], the potential of weather satellite data for climatologies of fog's optical and microphysical properties is examined. Maps of fog optical depth, effective radius and liquid water path (LWP) are computed from well-illuminated noon images and the resulting data set is statistically evaluated. Typical features of advection fog are obtained for the coastal areas of the North and Baltic Seas, while the fog of the pre-Alpine basins reveals characteristics of continental radiation fog. The results are in general accordance with field observations of various sources. 相似文献
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P. Cereceda P. Osses H. Larrain M. Farías M. Lagos R. Pinto R. S. Schemenauer 《Atmospheric Research》2002,64(1-4)
A project in northern Chile was undertaken to determine the origin and behaviour of fog in the coastal and inland locations of the Tarapacá Region. In the Pampa del Tamarugal, 50 km from the sea, conditions exist for the formation of radiation fog. Advective fog has been studied on the coast and orographic fog was observed at a few coastal sites near mountain ranges with elevations above 1000 m. Fog water collected by two standard fog collectors (SFC) for 3 1/2 years showed an average flux of 8.5 l m−2 day−1 on the coast and 1.1 l m−2 day−1 inland 12 km from the coastline. On only a few days in 10 months was water collected at the inland site of Pampa del Tamarugal. GOES satellite images are shown to illustrate the pattern of formation of the stratocumuli cloud over the sea, its approach to the coastline, the entrance of fog by corridors through the coastal range and the presence of radiation fog inland. The results are important for the understanding of fog formation and dissipation along the coastal mountain range and for the recognition of potential sites for the installation of fog water collectors, which can be used as a water source in the Atacama Desert. The results also provide vital information for use in the preservation of the unique ecosystems of the most arid desert of the world. 相似文献
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The fog meteorology, fog chemistry and fog deposition on epiphytic bryophytes were investigated from July 2000 to June 2001 in the Yuanyang Lake forest ecosystem. The elevation of the site ranges from 1650 to 2420 m, at which the high frequency of fog occurrence throughout the year has been thought to be of benefit to the establishment of the primary Taiwan yellow cypress forest [Chamaecyparis obtusa var. formosana (Hayata) Rehder] and to the extensive growth of the epiphytic bryophytes. A weather station including a visibility sensor and an active fog collector was installed for fog meteorological and chemical study. The fog deposition rate on epiphytic bryophytes was estimated by measuring the increase rate in plant weight when exposed to fog. Average fog duration of 4.7 and 11.0 h per day was measured in summer months (June to August) and the rest of the year, respectively. November 2000 was the foggiest month in which the average fog duration reached 14.9 h per day. The ionic composition of fog water revealed that the area was less polluted than expected from literature data. The in situ exposure experiments done with the dominant epiphytic bryophytes showed an average fog deposition rate of 0.63 g H2O g−1 d. w. h−1, which approximated 0.17 mm h−1 at the stand scale. The nutrient fluxes estimated for February 2001 showed that for all ions, more than 50% of the ecosystem input was through fog deposition. These results demonstrate the importance of epiphytic bryophytes and fog deposition in nutrient cycling of this subtropical montane forest ecosystem. The incorporation of fog study in the long-term ecosystem research projects is necessary in this area. 相似文献
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Fog has been studied in the Atacama Desert of Chile for the past ten years. This paper analyzes its temporal and spatial variability, relying in part on satellite images (GOES) to analyze the frequent orographic fog and the low cloud deck (stratocumulus, Sc) that generates advective fog in the area. Fog water fluxes were measured with Standard Fog Collectors (SFC). Field trips and observers provided information on cloud top and base and the presence of fog. Vegetation in fog oases were used to confirm the results of these surveys.The Sc moves onshore into the continent with different intensities depending on season and time of day. The maximum spatial extent occurs during winter and at night. Fog is frequent in the coastal cliffs, where fog water fluxes of 7.0 L m− 2 day− 1 were measured using a SFC. It is less frequent 12 km inland, where the collection rates were less than 1 L m− 2 day− 1. The height of the fog collector above the ground affected the collection rate. The highest fog water fluxes were recorded at Alto Patache at altitudes of between 750 and 850 m a.s.l. The growth or thickness of the cloud is important in the collection of fog water. The information that GOES provides on the altitude of the top of low clouds is used to analyze this factor. Fog oases are described and analyzed in relation to how the geographical location of fog influences the growth of vegetation. 相似文献
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A simple model for potential dewfall in an arid region 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
It is not always easy to know, post-facto, whether both dewfall and fog may have occurred over a given evening period. Instrumentation limitations make it difficult to quantify dew deposition since they rely on artificial sensing surfaces that are either visually examined on a daily basis or recorded. In arid to Mediterranean regions, both dew and fog can play significant ecological roles as suppliers of moisture. Long-term observation records of dew and fog in such regions tend to be limited, however, due partly to a lack of interest and limited distribution of well-instrumented meteorological stations. Simple meteorological criteria are suggested here to calculate potential dewfall and to indicate whether fog was likely to have occurred over a given evening. A field campaign was carried out in the NW Negev desert, Israel, in September and October 1997, to collect meteorological data and carry out dewfall measurements. 相似文献
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江苏省雾的集中程度及其气候趋势研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
引入雾的集中期和集中度的方法,对江苏省59个地面观测站1961—2007雾的发生频次资料进行了分析研究,得出了近47 a来江苏雾的时空分布特征及其相关统计结果。研究表明,集中度和集中期能够明显地分辨江苏省雾的时空分布非均匀特性。江苏省雾集中度呈现南北高、中间低的特点;集中期在47 a中出现较大波动。采用EOF方法分别对雾日数、集中度和集中期的距平值进行分析,其第一特征向量表现为同相位;其中雾日数的第一时间系数在1980s前后出现峰值,集中度和集中期距平值的第一时间系数表现为先减小后增大的总体趋势。通过气候趋势系数的计算表明苏北地区除4站点外均呈上升趋势。 相似文献