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1.
大气中CO2等温室气体的增加,使全球气候有可能变暖。未来气候将如何变化?对人类会有什么影响?我们应该采取什么对策?科学工作者对这些问题从不同的角度进行了广泛的探讨。现代的气候研究手段──大气环流模拟试验表明,大气中CO2浓度增加,全球表面平均温度可能升高,南北极冰原的大量融化会导致海平面上升,海岸和河口会发生变化,对生态、农业、水资源、甚至整个社会经济产生广泛的影响。卫气候变暖及其对海洋的影响随着气温的升高,高山冰川和极地冰架消融,海水体积膨胀,导致海平面上升。在过去100年间,全球表面平均温度上升0.…  相似文献   

2.
广东气候变化评估报告(节选)   总被引:36,自引:68,他引:36  
IPCC第4次报告指出:近100年全球平均气温升高了0.74℃,最近50年有加速之势,而且很可能主要由人类活动引起;预计21世纪,全球仍将表现为明显的增温,极端天气气候事件及其引发的气象灾害可能更加严重。近50年,广东气温升高与全球平均水平相当,其中珠江三角洲地区是主要增温区域,其次是东南部沿海地区。预计广东在2011~2040年、2041~2070年和2071~2100年的年平均气温可能分别升高约1.0、1.9和2.8℃。在全球变暖的背景下,广东地区气候变化的特征主要表现在:降水变率加大,旱涝灾害频繁;登陆台风的个数减少,初台登陆时间异常;高温日数增加,高温酷热、热浪愈发频繁;低温日数减少,暖冬突出;极端最低气温变化不稳定性增加,寒冷灾害加重;灰霾天气增多,日照时数减少;极端天气气候事件及其引发的气象灾害造成的经济损失显著增大。广东近50年的增暖在很大程度上可能归因于温室气体浓度增加造成的温室效应,这种温室效应已经对增暖做出了实质性的贡献;城市化导致的热岛效应加剧了局部地区的气温上升。气候变暖既有负面影响也有正面影响,但负面影响可能超过正面影响。气候变暖将导致海平面上升,继而可能对广东沿海低洼地区带来严重的负面影响。在过去近100年全球海平面上升约10~20 cm,广东海平面上升速率为1.7 mm/年,海平面上升会使海岸侵蚀加重,咸潮海水入侵加剧;温度上升可能使广东近海珊瑚礁生态系统退化,且变得更加脆弱;珠江口的咸潮上溯的现象可能更加频繁;广东沿海的赤潮可能更加频发。气候变暖将导致农业生产的不稳定性增加,产量波动大,农业成本和投资将增加。此外,气候变化对我省国民经济的一些方面(如水资源、人类健康、人类居住环境、保险和其它金融业)的影响可能以负面为主。为适应和减缓气候变化的影响,建议:通过节能降耗,减缓温室气体排放;采取措施,适应已经发生了变化的气候;提高对气候系统的监测能力;加强气候变化领域的科学研究、适应对策研究及技术开发;在经济社会发展规划中统筹考虑应对气候变化问题;提高公众的气候保护意识;加大资金投入;积极开展合作与交流。  相似文献   

3.
IPCC第五次评估报告(AR5)第二工作组(WGII)报告认为,气候变化对世界上大部分区域的自然和人类系统的影响将进一步加剧,其对非洲最大的影响预计发生在半干旱的环境,增加现有的水资源可利用量和农业系统的压力;气候变化已导致北欧地区的谷物产量增加而南欧地区的产量降低,未来的变化将增加欧洲的灌溉需求;在亚洲的许多地区,气候变化将导致农业生产率下降;气候、大气CO2和海洋酸化的进一步变化预计将对大洋洲的水资源、海岸生态系统、基础设施、健康、农业和生物多样性产生实质性的影响;在北美,许多带来风险的气候压迫力的频率和强度将在未来几十年增加;中美洲和南美洲许多国家的持续高水平贫困导致了对气候变率和变化的高脆弱性;在北极,气候变化与非气候相关驱动在确定的物理、生物和社会经济风险上交互作用,变化率可能超过了社会系统适应的速率;在气候和非气候因素的影响下,小岛屿具有高度的脆弱性,同时,气候变暖将增加海洋生态系统的风险。  相似文献   

4.
分析了由于温室效应引起的全球气候变暖导致海平面上升以及海平面上升后对海岸带环境的可能影响和危害,提出了保护海岸带环境的几点措施  相似文献   

5.
分析了由于温室效应引起的全球气候变暖导致海平面上升对海平面上升后对海岸带环境的可能影响和危害,提出了保护海岸带环境的几点措施。  相似文献   

6.
新书架          下载免费PDF全文
《气象》2003,29(5):64-64
中国西北气候由暖干向暖湿转型问题评估施雅风  当前全球变暖日益显著 ,深刻影响人民生活和生产活动 ,而全球变暖驱动的复杂水循环变化 ,可能导致近十几年来西北大部分地区气候环境发生重大变化 ,出现降水与径流增加 ,冰川消融加速 ,植被有所改善等现象。本书收集了近 40年我国西北地区气温降水、冰川融水、河流径流、植被覆盖及洪涝、沙尘暴灾害的变化资料 ,并进行了前后 2 0年比较分析。证明 1987年以来我国西北地区存在气温明显上升 ,降水明显增加的趋势。通过模拟 ,预测了未来 5 0年的变化趋势。大 3 2开本 定价 :15 0 0元卫星气象…  相似文献   

7.
气候变暖背景下,海平面上升已经成为全球沿海国家普遍面临的重大环境问题之一[1]。全球海平面上升是由气候变暖导致的海水增温膨胀、陆源冰川和极地冰盖融化等因素造成的。1901-2018年,海洋增温膨胀对全球海平面上升的贡献为29%;冰川和冰盖质量损失对全球海平面上升的贡献分别为41%和29%,且近40年来已经增加[2]。  相似文献   

8.
NCAR的Andrew Monaghan等的研究认为,以前的全球气候模拟都过高估计了南极的变暖。该发现有助于改进气候模式,搞清楚南极大陆在本世纪是否会显著变暖这一有关全球海平面上升的热点问题。该文发表在2008年4月5日的Geophysical Research Letters杂志上。他们首次将过去50~100年的南极气候记录与模拟结果进行比较,发现在过去的100年中,南极大部分地区并未经历足以影响全球的变暖,并通过探测数据验证了气候模式对其他6个大陆气候的模拟。  相似文献   

9.
近年来,城市气候变化问题引起高度关注。综合IPCC第一工作组第六次评估报告(IPCC AR6)关于气候变暖背景下城市对极端天气气候事件影响的评估,本文得到以下科学认识:城市化加剧了局部气候变暖,全球许多城市都面临更多更强的高温热浪事件;城市化使得诸多城市区域及其下风向极端降水增加,地表径流加强;沿海城市受到日益加剧的与海平面上升有关的复合型洪水的影响;城市污染物排放和不利通风的建筑结构加剧了区域污染,同时增加了地表的臭氧含量。预计未来城市极端高温、极端降水及有关洪水事件将更为频发,空气污染形势更为严峻,气候变化风险进一步加大。中国城镇化进程迅速,需要进一步加强气候变化背景下城市极端事件的观测、形成机理和数值模拟研究,以提升城市极端事件风险认识水平和应对能力。  相似文献   

10.
中国沿海响应气候变化的复杂性   总被引:11,自引:1,他引:11       下载免费PDF全文
在过去的一个世纪,中国海岸已明显观测到气候变暖和海平面上升所造成的危害。气候变化对中国海岸带的影响和海岸系统对气候变化的适应性具有明显的区域性差异。海岸自然条件复杂,海岸不同生态环境的自修复能力各异。人类活动对海岸带的影响巨大,在适应气候变化方面具有明显的能动性,适应能力受社会经济发展水平的制约,从而具有明显的区域特征。海岸系统与气候变化之间并不是简单的线性关系。未来气候变暖和海平面加速上升无疑将加大对海岸带的影响,但目前尚难以确定海岸生态系统的气候变化阈值。  相似文献   

11.
SOME ADVANCES IN CLIMATE WARMING IMPACT RESEARCH IN CHINA SINCE 1990   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Increasing the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere will strengthen the naturalgreenhouse effect,which could lead to global climate warming and more other changes.China is alargely agricultural country with a large size of population and the relative shortages of farminglands and water resources,thus increasing the importance of climate warming for national economydevelopment.Therefore,Chinese government and scientists have paid great attention to theimpact-assessment of climate warming on national economy in China,especially during the past 10years.This presentation will briefly describe some major issues of climate warming impact researchon national vegetation,agriculture,forest,water resources,energy use and regional sea level forChina,etc.As a result,all climate change scenarios derived by GCMs suggest a substantial change in thecharacteristic natural vegetation types.It is also shown that comparing with the distributionsimulated under the normal time period 1951—1980 as the present climate,by 2050 large changesin cropping systems would occur almost everywhere in China.Climate warming would lead toincrease cropping diversification and multiplication.Unfortunately,the possible net balancebetween precipitation and evapotranspiration would be negative and it would lead to reduce thegrain production in China significantly due to enhanced moisture stress in soil.The most evidentinfluence of climate warming on water resources would happen in Huanghe-Huaihe-Haihe Basin andthe water supply-demand deficit would be substantially enhanced in this area.And also,a warmerclimate for China will alter the energy requirement for domestic heating and cooling,that is,reduce energy use for heating in northern China and increase energy consumption for cooling insouthern China.  相似文献   

12.
By using the improved regional climate model (BCC_RegCM1.0), a series of modeling experiments are undertaken to investigate the impacts of historical land-use changes (LUCs) on the regional climate in China. Simulations are conducted for 2 years using estimated land-use for 1700, 1800, 1900, 1950, and 1990. The conversion of land cover in these periods was extensive over China, where large areas were altered from forests to either grass or crops, or from grasslands to crops. Results show that, since 1700, historical LUCs have significant effects on regional climate change, with rainfall increasing in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Basin, Northwest China, and Northeast China, but decreasing by different degrees in other regions. The air temperature shows significant warming over large areas in recent hundred years, especially from 1950 to 1990, which is consistent with the warming caused by increasing greenhouse gases. On the other hand, historical LUCs have obvious effects on mean circulation, with the East Asian winter and summer monsoonal flows becoming more intensive, which is mainly attributed to the amplifled temperature difference between ocean and land due to vegetation change. Thus, it would be given more attention to the impacts of LUCs on regional climate change.  相似文献   

13.
Impacts of thermohaline circulation shutdown in the twenty-first century   总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3  
We discuss climate impacts of a hypothetical shutdown of the thermohaline circulation (‘THC’) in the 2050s, using the climate model HadCM3. Previous studies have generally focussed on the effects on pre-industrial climate. Here we take into account increased greenhouse gas concentrations according to an IS92a emissions scenario. THC shutdown causes cooling of the Northern Hemisphere of -1.7?C, locally stronger. Over western Europe cooling is strong enough for a return to pre-industrial conditions and a significant increase in the occurrence of frost and snow cover. Global warming restricts the increase in sea ice cover after THC shutdown. This lessens the amount of cooling over NW Europe, but increases it over North America, compared to pre-industrial shutdown. This reflects a non-linearity in the local temperature response to THC shutdown. Precipitation change after THC shutdown is generally opposite to that caused by global warming, except in western and southern Europe, where summer drying is enhanced, and in Central America and southeast Asia, where precipitation is also further reduced. Local rise in sea level after THC shutdown can be large along Atlantic coasts (pm; 25,cm), which would add to the rise caused by global warming. Potentially rapid THC shutdown adds to the range of uncertainty of projected future climate change.  相似文献   

14.
中国气象科学研究院农业气象研究50年进展   总被引:8,自引:2,他引:8       下载免费PDF全文
该文在简要回顾20世纪我国农业气象学科发展历程基础上, 重点阐述了50年来中国气象科学研究院在农业气象各主要研究领域, 包括农业气候资源与区划、农业产量气象预测与卫星遥感估产、农业气象灾害、气候变化影响评估、作物生长模拟与模式以及农业气象情报信息服务等所取得的若干重大进展, 并从当前面临的挑战与机遇出发, 探讨了中国气象科学研究院未来发展中在农业气象研究领域的可能热点趋势。  相似文献   

15.
Adjustment and feedbacks in a global coupled ocean-atmosphere model   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2  
 We report the analysis of two 20-year simulations performed with the low resolution version of the IPSL coupled ocean-atmosphere model, with no flux correction at the air-sea interface. The simulated climate is characterized by a global sea surface temperature warming of about 4 °C in 20 years, driven by a net heat gain at the top of the atmosphere. Despite this drift, the circulation is quite realistic both in the ocean and the atmosphere. Several distinct periods are analyzed. The first corresponds to an adjustment during which the heat gain weakens both at the top of the atmosphere and at the ocean surface, and the tropical circulation is slightly modified. Then, the surface warming is enhanced by an increase of the greenhouse feedback. We show that the mechanisms involved in the model share common features with sensitivity experiments to greenhouse gases or to SST warming. At the top of the atmosphere, most of the longwave trapping in the atmosphere is driven by the tropical circulation. At the surface, the reduction of longwave cooling is a direct response to increased temperature and moisture content at low levels in the atmospheric model. During the last part of the simulation, a regulation occurs from evaporation at the surface and longwave cooling at TOA. Most of the model drift is attributed to a too large heating by solar radiation in middle and high latitudes. The reduction of the north–south temperature gradient, and the related changes in the meridional equator-to-pole ocean heat transport lead to a warming of equatorial and subtropical regions. This is also well demonstrated by the difference between the two simulations which differ only in the parametrization of sea-ice. When the sea-ice cover is not restored to climatology the model does not maintain sea-ice at high latitudes. The climate warms more rapidly and the water vapor and clouds feedback occurs earlier. Received: 24 May 1996 / Accepted: 29 November 1996  相似文献   

16.
气候变化的归因与预估模拟研究   总被引:14,自引:2,他引:12       下载免费PDF全文
本文总结了近五年来中国科学院大气物理研究所在气候变暖的归因模拟与预估研究上的主要进展。研究表明,利用海温、太阳辐射和温室气体等实际强迫因子驱动大气环流模式,能够较为合理地模拟全球平均地表气温在20世纪的演变,但是难以模拟出包括北大西洋涛动/北极涛动和南极涛动在内的高纬度环流的长期变化趋势。利用温室气体和硫酸盐气溶胶等“历史资料”驱动气候系统模式,能够较好地模拟出20世纪后期的全球增暖,但如果要再现20世纪前期(1940年代)的变暖,还需同时考虑太阳辐射等自然外强迫因子。20世纪中国气温演变的耦合模式模拟技巧,较之全球平均情况要低;中国气候在1920年代的变暖机理目前尚不清楚。对于近50年中国东部地区“南冷北暖”、“南涝北旱”的气候变化,基于大气环流模式特别是区域气候模式的数值试验表明,夏季硫酸盐气溶胶的负辐射效应超过了温室气体的增暖效应,从而对变冷产生贡献。但现有的数值模拟证据,不足以说明气溶胶增加对“南涝北旱”型降水异常有贡献。20世纪中期以来,青藏高原主体存在明显增温趋势,温室气体浓度的增加对这种增暖有显著贡献。多模式集合预估的未来气候变化表明,21世纪全球平均温度将继续增暖,增温幅度因不同排放情景而异;中国大陆年均表面气温的增暖与全球同步,但增幅在东北、西部和华中地区较大,冬季升温幅度高于夏季、日最低温度升幅要强于日最高温度;全球增暖有可能对我国中东部植被的地理分布产生影响。伴随温室气体增加所导致的夏季平均温度升高,极端温度事件增多;在更暖的气候背景下,中国大部分地区总降水将增多,极端降水强度加大且更频繁发生,极端降水占总降水的比例也将增大。全球增暖有可能令大洋热盐环流减弱,但是减弱的幅度因模式而异。全球增暖可能不是导致北太平洋副热带-热带经圈环流自20世纪70年代以来变弱的原因。文章同时指出了模式预估结果中存在的不确定性。  相似文献   

17.
Effects of Land Use on the Climate of the United States   总被引:14,自引:0,他引:14  
Land use practices have replaced much of the natural needleleaf evergreen, broadleaf deciduous, and mixed forests of the Eastern United States with crops. To a lesser extent, the natural grasslands in the Central United States have also been replaced with crops. Simulations with a land surface process model coupled to an atmospheric general circulation model show that the climate of the United States with modern vegetation is significantly different from that with natural vegetation. Three important climate signals caused by modern vegetation are: (1) 1 °C cooling over the Eastern United States and 1 °C warming over the Western United States in spring; (2) summer cooling of up to 2 °C over a wide region of the Central United States; and (3) moistening of the near-surface atmosphere by 0.5 to 1.5 g kg-1over much of the United States in spring and summer. Although individual months show large, statistically significant differences in precipitation due to land-use practices, these differences average out over the course of the 3-month seasons. These changes in surface temperature and moisture extend well into the atmosphere, up to 500 mb, and affect the boundary layer and atmospheric circulation. The altered climate is due to reduced surface roughness, reduced leaf and stem area index, reduced stomatal resistance, and increased surface albedo with modern vegetation compared to natural vegetation. The climate change caused by land use practices is comparable to other well known anthropogenic climate forcings. For example, it would take 100 to 175 years at the current, observed rate of summer warming over the United States to offset the cooling from deforestation. The summer sulfate aerosol forcing completely offsets the greenhouse forcing over the Eastern United States. Similarly, the climatic effect of North American deforestation, with extensive summer cooling, further offsets the greenhouse forcing.  相似文献   

18.
中国南方双季稻播种面积占到全国水稻的85%以上, 研究该区域对气候变化的响应有助于科学地规划和管理双季稻生产。以江南、华南双季稻区为研究对象, 选取1961—2010年南方双季稻区275个数据完整性较好的气象观测站点, 对双季稻区平均气温、日照时数、降水量等气候资源演变规律及其可能变化的分析表明: 该研究区域正处于气温显著上升阶段, 气候倾向率为2℃/(10 a), 尤其是1997年气温突变之后升温幅度进一步增大, 气候倾向率增大为5℃/(10 a), 且秋冬季增温更为显著。研究区域降水年际波动较大, 无明显增减趋势; 从季节上看, 春秋降水有减少趋势, 而冬夏有增加趋势, 且使降水分布更为集中。从空间演变看, 双季稻区气候资源的演变趋势存在较大的差异, 其中华南稻区呈暖湿化, 对喜温好水的双季稻生产是利大于弊; 而江南稻区则呈暖干化趋势, 对水稻生产不利; 同时秋旱风险加大, 尤其是西部地区将面临水资源减少、水稻种植用水不足。另一方面, 随着双季稻区气候变暖, 早稻适宜播种期提前、早晚稻生长季延长, 热量资源增加以及薄膜育秧技术广泛应用等, 都将使双季稻种植格局调整。双季稻区高温日数增多, 早晚稻生长发育无效热量也随之增加, 整体上江南热量资源的有效性低于华南, 尤其是江西和湖南两省, 热量有效性均 < 85%;华南大部地区热量有效性均高于95%。因而, 各地可根据所处区域气候资源要素演变规律及热量有效性分布选取产量与品质更好的中晚熟品种种植, 提高水稻种植积极性, 促进早晚稻安全生产。   相似文献   

19.
An Integrated Assessment of changes in the thermohaline circulation   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
This paper discusses the risks of a shutdown of the thermohaline circulation (THC) for the climate system, for ecosystems in and around the North Atlantic as well as for fisheries and agriculture by way of an Integrated Assessment. The climate model simulations are based on greenhouse gas scenarios for the 21st century and beyond. A shutdown of the THC, complete by 2150, is triggered if increased freshwater input from inland ice melt or enhanced runoff is assumed. The shutdown retards the greenhouse gas-induced atmospheric warming trend in the Northern Hemisphere, but does not lead to a persistent net cooling. Due to the simulated THC shutdown the sea level at the North Atlantic shores rises by up to 80 cm by 2150, in addition to the global sea level rise. This could potentially be a serious impact that requires expensive coastal protection measures. A reduction of marine net primary productivity is associated with the impacts of warming rather than a THC shutdown. Regional shifts in the currents in the Nordic Seas could strongly deteriorate survival chances for cod larvae and juveniles. This could lead to cod fisheries becoming unprofitable by the end of the 21st century. While regional socioeconomic impacts might be large, damages would be probably small in relation to the respective gross national products. Terrestrial ecosystem productivity is affected much more by the fertilization from the increasing CO2 concentration than by a THC shutdown. In addition, the level of warming in the 22nd to 24th century favours crop production in northern Europe a lot, no matter whether the THC shuts down or not. CO2 emissions corridors aimed at limiting the risk of a THC breakdown to 10% or less are narrow, requiring departure from business-as-usual in the next few decades. The uncertainty about THC risks is still high. This is seen in model analyses as well as in the experts’ views that were elicited. The overview of results presented here is the outcome of the Integrated Assessment project INTEGRATION.  相似文献   

20.
The finding that surface warming over the Arctic exceeds that over the rest of the world under global warming is a robust feature among general circulation models (GCMs). While various mechanisms have been proposed, quantifying their relative contributions is an important task in order to understand model behavior. Here we apply a recently proposed feedback analysis technique to an atmosphere–ocean GCM under two and four times CO2 concentrations which approximately lead to seasonally and annually sea ice-free climates. The contribution of feedbacks to Arctic temperature change is investigated. The surface warming in the Arctic is contributed by albedo, water vapour and large-scale condensation feedbacks and reduced by the evaporative cooling feedback. The surface warming contrast between the Arctic and the global averages (AA) is maintained by albedo and evaporative cooling feedbacks. The latter contributes to AA predominantly by cooling the low latitudes more than the Arctic. Latent heat transport into the Arctic increases and hence evaporative cooling plus large-scale condensation feedback contributes positively to AA. On the other hand, dry-static energy transport into the Arctic decreases and hence dynamical heating feedback contributes negatively to AA. An important contribution is thus made via changes in hydrological cycle and not via the ‘dry’ heat transport process. A larger response near the surface than aloft in the Arctic is maintained by the albedo, water vapour, and dynamical heating feedbacks, in which the albedo and water vapour feedbacks contribute through warming the surface more than aloft, and the dynamical heating feedback contributes by cooling aloft more than the surface. In our experiments, ocean and sea ice dynamics play a secondary role. It is shown that a different level of CO2 increase introduces a latitudinal and seasonal difference into the feedbacks.  相似文献   

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