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1.
反演大气垂直速度和雨滴谱分布是研究云降水机制和云微物理信息的重要内容,对人工预报天气、干预天气都有重要意义。针对2021年8月29日安徽省内毫米波雷达探测到的一次对流云降水过程,处理毫米波雷达的功率谱数据并进行大气垂直速度和雨滴谱反演。在小粒子示踪法的基础上引入改进小粒子示踪法:选取有效云信号段中最小功率对应的谱点作为反演大气垂直速度的示踪物。首先,根据改进前后的小粒子示踪法分别从功率谱数据中反演大气垂直速度,并跟基数据反演大气速度的结果展开对比分析。进一步得到粒子在静止空气中的下落速度,根据现有粒子下落速度-粒子直径之间的经验公式计算反演粒子直径。研究表明:(1) 采用改进后的小粒子示踪法反演大气垂直速度得到的结果比小粒子示踪法得到的结果更精确,在云层内部两者误差较大;(2) 进一步得到粒子下落速度,结合探测时段的天气状况,得到的粒子速度与大气速度可很好地契合,跟对流云天气情况信息大致吻合;(3) 粒子浓度是反演雨滴谱分布时需要注意的主要参数,云在快速发展过程中,内部粒子持续朝外部扩张,云内部的粒子浓度较小,云边界的粒子浓度反而较大。  相似文献   

2.
利用中国气象科学研究院2016年华南云降水试验中Ka波段毫米波雷达探测一次层状云降水过程,开展了云内大气垂直速度和雨滴谱的反演研究,并与地面激光雨滴谱仪和微降水雷达的测量雨滴谱结果进行对比分析。首先,采用小粒子示踪法从功率谱密度中反演大气垂直速度以得到静止空气条件下的功率谱密度,进而利用粒子下落末速度-粒子直径关系反演出雨滴谱,最后进行标准化的Gamma分布拟合。研究表明:(1)云降水从零度层到地面1 km,主要由下沉气流主导,近地面大气浮游粒子和直流干扰造成的晴空杂波会影响雷达的功率谱分布;受动态范围限制,回波强度过饱和现象会影响近地面大气垂直速度的反演结果;(2)毫米波雷达CR、微雨雷达MRR和地面雨滴谱仪测量回波强度存在一定差异,MRR相较于CR与地面雨滴谱仪测量偏差较小;在稳定降水时CR和MRR功率谱密度对比较为一致;(3) CR和MRR反演雨滴谱对比实验中,雨滴谱反演对大气垂直速度十分敏感,大气垂直速度的变化,会使CR反演雨滴谱随着高度增加数浓度量级变大、粒子平均半径变小。CR反演的雨滴谱与M RR反演结果基本一致,验证了CR功率谱反演雨滴谱方法的可靠性;(4) CR与地面雨滴谱仪雨滴谱拟合参数的对比表明,CR大气垂直反演的雨滴谱与地面雨滴谱相比粒子平均直径Dm较小,数浓度则较为一致。  相似文献   

3.
由于湍流、雷达探测灵敏度等对单波长云雷达探测回波强度谱密度的影响,造成了云雷达探测空气垂直运动速度和雨滴谱的误差,而双波长云雷达利用Mie散射造成的不同粒子后向散射大小差异来提高空气上升速度探测精度,从而提高反演雨滴谱的能力,并且可提高订正雨区衰减的能力。为此中国气象科学研究院研发了Ka/Ku双波段云雷达,并于2019年4月开始在广东龙门进行了云降水观测。本文针对该双波段云雷达观测模式和灵敏度等参数,在Gamma滴谱假设条件下,模拟分析了Ka、Ku波段功率谱及其比值与云降水参数、温度和湍流的关系,研究了雷达灵敏度、湍流对空气垂直速度、雨滴谱反演和衰减订正的影响,并利用个例数据进行了风场反演试验,讨论了双波段探测微降水动力和微物理参数的优势。结果表明:(1)温度只能影响两个波段功率谱比值(Ratio)的大小,对其峰值位置基本没有影响,而湍流对其峰值位置的影响不超过0.5 m·s~(-1);(2)湍流、雷达灵敏度对单波段云雷达探测空气垂直速度的影响比较明显,湍流使空气上升速度被高估,雷达最小可测回波强度随高度的增加而增加使该参数被低估,其影响远远大于温度和湍流对双波段云雷达反演空气垂直速度的影响;(3)对于单波段雷达来说,雷达灵敏度和湍流明显影响雨滴谱、含水量和衰减系数的探测,湍流使得雨滴谱拓宽,低估含水量和衰减系数;而雷达灵敏度却使反演的雨滴谱变窄,增加小粒子数浓度,并高估了含水量和衰减系数;(4)选取2019年4月15-16日的个例进行空气上升速度的反演,并与模拟分析的结果进行对比。结果显示实际观测数据反演的空气上升速度与模拟分析结果中的趋势较为一致。这项工作为单波段和双波段云雷达的多普勒功率谱数据分析和云降水微物理和动力参数的反演可提供参考。  相似文献   

4.
云内大气垂直运动在云动力和微物理过程中扮演了重要角色,云雷达功率谱数据是其反演的有效数据,但前提必需对谱线的回波强度进行准确定标,其中噪声电平的计算是关键步骤。本文首先提出了一种云雷达功率谱的模拟方法,利用模拟数据定量评估了三种噪声电平计算方法的准确性,对实测谱线回波强度进行了定标。基于以上方法,采用小粒子示踪法反演了2014年6月广东阳江对流云和层状云内的大气垂直运动速度,并提出了假定数浓度和直径下的谱线回波强度临界阈值,利用该阈值对反演结果进行定量检验。结果表明:(1)利用云雷达的高斯白噪声特征和云信号满足高斯分布特征,结合实测数据统计得到的涨落程度,可以模拟出给定谱参数的功率谱,模拟数据与实测十分相近,可作为功率谱定量研究的有效数据源。(2)三种噪声电平计算方法中,分段法的准确性和稳定性最好,最大速度法受噪声起伏的影响,客观法计算结果偏高,当谱宽和多普勒速度较大时客观法和最大速度法误差会达到很大。(3)谱线回波强度临界阈值的检验结果表明,该对流云内所有示踪谱线的回波强度均远小于临界阈值,云内100%距离库为被反演,反演结果可靠;该层状云内,除了少数距离库,大部分示踪谱线的回波强度在临界阈值以下,云内96.23%距离库可被反演,反演结果可靠。  相似文献   

5.
针对2012年7月23日云南腾冲的一次混合型层状云降水过程,联合35 GHz多普勒偏振云雷达、雨滴谱仪和探空仪进行联合观测与分析,根据Z—q_r(雷达反射率因子—雨水含量)的关系式,反演雨水含量(q_r)、云水含量(q_c)以及空气垂直速度(w)。结果表明:在较强回波区,云水含量为0.5~0.8 g·kg~(-1),雨水含量为0.2 g·kg~(-1),空气垂直速度为0.6~1.0 m·s~(-1),对应时段的小时雨量较大;通过云水含量与雨水含量、雨水含量与雷达反射率因子的散点图,分别得到各自的拟合公式。当云水含量0.8 g·kg~(-1)时,直接通过拟合公式得到的云宏观参量的精度较好。  相似文献   

6.
垂直指向探测的C波段调频连续波雷达具有高灵敏度和高时空分辨率等特点, 以2016年5月广东两次飑线降水为例, 结合同址K波段微雨雷达和地面激光雨滴谱仪, 探究C波段调频连续波雷达两种反演大气垂直速度(Va)和雨滴谱的方法:粒子平均下落末速度(Vt)-反射率因子(Ze)关系法(简称经验关系法)和小粒子示踪法(简称示踪法)。结果表明:经验关系法和示踪法反演的上升和下沉气流的时空分布基本一致;当地面雨强R≤1 mm·h-1, 经验关系法反演的雨滴谱与雨滴谱仪观测结果更接近;当110 mm·h-1时, 两种方法反演的中雨滴数浓度与雨滴谱仪观测结果接近, 但大雨滴数浓度较低;从各物理量时序变化看, 经验关系法反演结果更接近雨滴谱仪观测结果。  相似文献   

7.
《湖北气象》2021,40(3)
云雷达是探测和反演云降水微物理及动力参数精细结构的重要手段。回顾了世界和我国云雷达观测模式、数据质量控制和数据融合方法,特别是脉冲压缩、相干积累和非相干积累技术在提高云雷达灵敏度的应用,分析了基于回波强度与粒子下落速度关系、单波段云雷达小粒子跟踪方法、双波段云雷达回波强度谱密度比值方法等空气垂直运动速度反演和雨滴谱反演方法,并讨论了这些方法的特色,为今后云雷达观测方法设定和数据分析提供参考。  相似文献   

8.
利用地基毫米波雷达进行云参数及云内湍流特性的探测和反演。根据云雷达回波的功率谱数据,反演出大气垂直运动速度和云微物理参数,得到云内湍流耗散率ε的大小和分布情况,并进一步研究和分析了云内空气垂直运动与云微物理参数、反射率因子、多普勒速度、速度谱宽变化的关系,更好地了解云的演变情况。对2016年8月8日四川稻城的一次层状云过程的探测和反演表明:1)粒子有效半径随着上升气流的增强而增大,由于碰并聚合的作用,粒子数浓度也呈现相应减小的趋势。2)云内湍流耗散率ε在云底、云顶较大,云内较小,量级在10-8~10-2 m2·s-3,多普勒速度能谱验证了假设雷达探测湍涡的尺度在惯性副区的合理性。3)随着上升气流的增强,云粒子的下沉运动相应减小,速度谱宽相应增大。  相似文献   

9.
刘黎平  谢蕾  崔哲虎 《大气科学》2014,38(2):223-236
本文首先利用数值模拟的方法,分析了利用毫米波云雷达功率谱密度反演雨滴谱时,降水粒子米散射效应、空气湍流、空气上升速度等对雨滴谱和液态水含量等参数反演的影响;建立了功率谱密度处理及其直接反演雨滴谱、液态水含量、降水强度和空气上升速度的方法;并利用2012年7月在云南腾冲观测的二次弱降水数据,采用毫米波雷达和Ku波段微降水雷达观测的回波强度、径向速度垂直廓线以及780 m高度上的功率谱密度对比的方法,以及毫米波云雷达观测的780 m高度上功率谱密度、回波强度与地面雨滴谱计算得到的这些量的对比方法,分析了毫米波雷达数据的可靠性;并将780 m高度上毫米波雷达反演的雨滴谱与地面雨滴谱数据进行了对比,分析了毫米波雷达反演的雨滴谱的准确性;分析了毫米波雷达回波强度偏弱的原因,讨论了该高度以下降水对毫米波雷达衰减的影响。结果表明:空气湍流对弱降水微物理参数反演影响不大,而空气上升速度和米散射效应均对反演结果有一定影响;毫米波雷达观测到的径向速度和功率谱密度与微降水雷达比较一致,回波强度的垂直廓线的形状与微降水雷达也比较一致,但毫米波雷达观测的回波强度偏弱;与雨滴谱计算值相比,毫米波雷达观测的低层的回波强度也偏弱,天线上的积水是造成毫米波雷达回波强度变弱的主要原因。毫米波雷达观测的低层的功率谱密度与地面雨滴谱观测的数据形状比较一致,但有一定的位移。毫米波雷达反演的雨滴谱与地面观测的谱型和粒子大小也比较一致。这些结果初步验证了毫米波雷达观测的功率谱密度及其反演方法的可靠性。  相似文献   

10.
利用毫米波测云雷达反演层状云中过冷水   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
毫米波测云雷达已成为研究云内微物理参数的有效工具,利用其从混合相云中识别出过冷水,对人工影响天气及预防飞机积冰具有重要意义,对我国毫米波雷达的数据处理也具有借鉴作用。本文利用英国的35 GHz、94 GHz测云雷达,结合激光雷达和探空资料,采用阈值法,反演分析了层状云中的过冷水。结果表明:(1)毫米波雷达联合激光雷达可以识别层状云中的过冷水,其结果与微波辐射计测量的液态水路径或毫米波雷达的双峰谱相符合;(2)利用多普勒速度的双峰谱可以反演混合相云中的过冷水含量、冰晶含水量。混合相云的雷达反射率因子主要取决于冰晶,根据雷达反射率因子反演会低估云内液态水含量;(3)本次层状云降水的亮带以上含有较多过冷水,此处35 GHz的雷达回波强度随冰晶的增大而减弱,且冰晶的含水量主导了总液态水含量。  相似文献   

11.
Radar parameters including radar reflectivity,Doppler velocity,and Doppler spectrum width were obtained from Doppler spectrum moments.The Doppler spectrum moment is the convolution of both the particle spectrum and the mean air vertical motion.Unlike strong precipitation,the motion of particles in cirrus clouds is quite close to the air motion around them.In this study,a method of Doppler moments was developed and used to retrieve cirrus cloud microphysical properties such as the mean air vertical velocity,mass-weighted diameter,effective particle size,and ice content.Ice content values were retrieved using both the Doppler spectrum method and classic Z-IWC(radar reflectivity-ice water content) relationships;however,the former is a more reasonable method.  相似文献   

12.
地基热红外云高观测与云雷达及激光云高仪的相互对比   总被引:4,自引:2,他引:2  
章文星  吕达仁 《大气科学》2012,36(4):657-672
2008年5月至12月中美(美国能源部大气辐射测量(ARM)计划)联合利用ARM移动观测设施(AMF)在安徽省寿县进行了大气辐射综合观测试验,地基云参数观测仪器主要有:(1)云雷达(ARM W-band (95 GHz) Cloud Radar),观测结果为反射率廓线,时间分辨率为2 s;(2)云高仪(Vaisala Ceilometer),观测结果为云底高度和后向散射廓线,时间分辨率为15 s.两者均为天顶方向观测.扫描式全天空红外成像仪(SIRIS-1型)于11月27日~12月30日在寿县参加了观测,观测方式为全天空扫描,时间间隔为15分钟.三种云观测仪器共并行观测16天.利用全天空红外成像仪测得的天空红外亮温和同步观测的地面气象数据进行了等效云底高的反演.以全天空红外成像仪天顶方向观测时间前后15次云雷达反射率廓线的平均廓线,云高仪12次观测中有云时次云底高的平均值分别作为同步观测结果,利用平均反射率廓线进行了各层云的云底、云顶、回波峰值高度和回波积分值的提取和计算.三种观测仪器以10 km云底高为限,共同步观测1661次,其中云雷达、红外成像仪和云高仪分别观测到云:428,287,225次.本文分3种情况:(1)全部有云观测情况,(2)单层云,(3)双层及三层云,分别进行了三个仪器观测云高的对比.对比结果:情况(1),云雷达与云高仪、云雷达与红外成像仪的相关系数分别为0.6和0.82;情况(2),三者共同观测75次,云雷达与红外成像仪相关系数为0.85,与云高仪相关系数为0.53,标准差分别为0.88 和1.61 km;情况(3),红外成像仪云底高绝大多数在云雷达观测的最上、最下层云之间,有时接近上层云,有时接近下层云.对比结果显示,地基热红外对于观测中低云高具有稳定、可靠、经济和便捷等优势,但观测结果较云雷达系统偏高.文中同时提出了初步的校正方法.  相似文献   

13.
By using the cloud echoes first successfully observed by China's indigenous 94-GHz SKY cloud radar, the macrostructure and microphysical properties of drizzling stratocumulus clouds in Anhui Province on 8 June2013 are analyzed, and the detection capability of this cloud radar is discussed. The results are as follows.(1) The cloud radar is able to observe the time-varying macroscopic and microphysical parameters of clouds,and it can reveal the microscopic structure and small-scale changes of clouds.(2) The velocity spectral width of cloud droplets is small, but the spectral width of the cloud containing both cloud droplets and drizzle is large. When the spectral width is more than 0.4 m s-1, the radar reflectivity factor is larger(over –10 dBZ).(3) The radar's sensitivity is comparatively higher because the minimum radar reflectivity factor is about–35 dBZ in this experiment, which exceeds the threshold for detecting the linear depolarized ratio(LDR) of stratocumulus(commonly –11 to –14 dBZ; decreases with increasing turbulence).(4) After distinguishing of cloud droplets from drizzle, cloud liquid water content and particle effective radius are retrieved. The liquid water content of drizzle is lower than that of cloud droplets at the same radar reflectivity factor.  相似文献   

14.
一次冰雹云过程及其冰雹形成机制的模拟研究   总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7  
利用常规气象资料和多普勒天气雷达资料,从天气形势和雷达回波演变特征等方面对2011年6月24日发生在洛阳嵩县的一次冰雹过程进行了分析,并利用三维弹性冰雹云催化模式对该冰雹云进行了模拟研究,分析其冰雹形成的物理机制。结果表明:本次过程在天气形势上属于下滑冷槽型。多普勒天气雷达资料上表现为单个单体的强对流风暴,最大反射率≥65 dBz,回波顶高达到14 km,降雹前垂直积分液态含水量具有明显的跃增;径向速度场上出现了大范围明显的逆风区。三维冰雹云模式对该冰雹云具有较好的模拟能力,模式模拟的最强回波与实况一致,雹云中含水量中心与强上升气流有很好的配置,在云的发展阶段,主含水量中心是强上升气流的指示。冰雹的雹胚主要来自冻滴和霰,在冰雹形成期间,冻结形成的冻滴和转化产生的霰数量上相差不大,但是冻滴向雹的转化比例却是霰的6倍,即在地面强降雹之前,雹云中的雹胚主要来源于冻滴;而冰雹的增长在前期主要靠收集过冷雨水,后期主要靠收集过冷云水;适量的冰晶、雪和丰富的过冷水的存在对雹的形成和增长极为有利。  相似文献   

15.
Millimeter-wavelength radar has proved to be an effective instrument for cloud observation and research. In this study, 8-mm-wavelength cloud radar (MMCR) with Doppler and polarization capabilities was used to investigate cloud dynamics in China for the first time. Its design, system specifications, calibration, and application in measuring clouds associated with typhoon are discussed in this article. The cloud radar measurements of radar reflectivity (Z), Doppler velocity (Vr), velocity spectrum width (Sw) and the depolar-ization ratio (LDR) at vertical incidence were used to analyze the microphysical and dynamic processes of the cloud system and precipitation associated with Typhoon Nuri, which occurred in southern China in August 2008. The results show the reflectivity observed using MMCR to be consistent with the echo height and the melting-layer location data obtained by the nearby China S-band new-generation weather radar (SA), but the Ka-band MMCR provided more detailed structural information about clouds and weak precipitation data than did the SA radar. The variation of radar reflectivity and LDR in vertical structure reveals the transformation of particle phase from ice to water. The vertical velocity and velocity spectrum width of MMCR observations indicate an updraft and strong turbulence in the stratiform cloud layer. MMCR provides a valuable new technology for meteorological research in China.  相似文献   

16.
Various types of radars with different horizontal and vertical detection ranges are deployed in China, particularly over complex terrain where radar blind zones are common. In this study, a new variational method is developed to correct threedimensional radar reflectivity data based on hourly ground precipitation observations. The aim of this method is to improve the quality of observations of various types of radar and effectively assimilate operational Doppler radar observations. A mudslide-inducing local rainstorm is simulated by the WRF model with assimilation of radar reflectivity and radial velocity data using LAPS(Local Analysis and Prediction System). Experiments with different radar data assimilated by LAPS are performed. It is found that when radar reflectivity data are corrected using this variational method and assimilated by LAPS,the atmospheric conditions and cloud physics processes are reasonably described. The temporal evolution of radar reflectivity corrected by the variational method corresponds well to observed rainfall. It can better describe the cloud water distribution over the rainfall area and improve the cloud water analysis results over the central rainfall region. The LAPS cloud analysis system can update cloud microphysical variables and represent the hydrometeors associated with strong convective activities over the rainfall area well. Model performance is improved and the simulation of the dynamical processes and moisture transport is more consistent with observation.  相似文献   

17.
This study first illustrates the utility of using the Doppler spectrum width from millimetre wavelength radar to calculate the energy dissipation rate and then to use the energy dissipation rate to study turbulence structure in a continental stratocumulus cloud. It is shown that the turbulence kinetic energy dissipation rate calculated from the radar-measured Doppler spectrum width agrees well with that calculated from the Doppler velocity power spectrum. During the 16-h stratocumulus cloud event, the small-scale turbulence contributes 40 % of the total velocity variance at cloud base, 50 % at normalized cloud depth = 0.8 and 70 % at cloud top, which suggests that small-scale turbulence plays a critical role near the cloud top where the entrainment and cloud-top radiative cooling act. The 16-h mean vertical integral length scale decreases from about 160 m at cloud base to 60 m at cloud top, and this signifies that the larger scale turbulence dominates around cloud base whereas the small-scale turbulence dominates around cloud top. The energy dissipation rate, total variance and squared spectrum width exhibit diurnal variations, but unlike marine stratocumulus they are high during the day and lowest around sunset at all levels; energy dissipation rates increase at night with the intensification of the cloud-top cooling. In the normalized coordinate system, the averaged coherent structure of updrafts is characterized by low energy dissipation rates in the updraft core and higher energy dissipation rates surround the updraft core at the top and along the edges. In contrast, the energy dissipation rate is higher inside the downdraft core indicating that the downdraft core is more turbulent. The turbulence around the updraft is weaker at night and stronger during the day; the opposite is true around the downdraft. This behaviour indicates that the turbulence in the downdraft has a diurnal cycle similar to that observed in marine stratocumulus whereas the turbulence diurnal cycle in the updraft is reversed. For both updraft and downdraft, the maximum energy dissipation rate occurs at a cloud depth = 0.8 where the maximum reflectivity and air acceleration or deceleration are observed. Resolved turbulence dominates near cloud base whereas unresolved turbulence dominates near cloud top. Similar to the unresolved turbulence, the resolved turbulence described by the radial velocity variance is higher in the downdraft than in the updraft. The impact of the surface heating on the resolved turbulence in the updraft decreases with height and diminishes around the cloud top. In both updrafts and downdrafts, the resolved turbulence increases with height and reaches a maximum at cloud depth = 0.4 and then decreases to the cloud top; the resolved turbulence near cloud top, just as the unresolved turbulence, is mostly due to the cloud-top radiative cooling.  相似文献   

18.
用多普勒雷达反射率调整模式大气的云微物理变量   总被引:5,自引:2,他引:5       下载免费PDF全文
一种简单云分析方案, 用于由多普勒天气雷达反射率反演中尺度大气模式初值分析中的云微物理变量(云水混合比和雨水混合比)和空气湿度变量(比湿),使模式积分初始场反映出观测空间的云微物理特征以及哪些空间位置上的大气处于饱和状态。应用于2002年6月梅雨期安徽省马鞍山市一次降水过程的临近数值预报试验结果表明,模式预报的大气综合反射率与雷达观测的回波图像相近,由云微物理变量变化表示的模式云系演变与雷达观测的回波图像一致, 伴随模拟的中小尺度云系, 模式大气能很快调整出合理的中小尺度流场辐散、辐合结构;它们明显好于模式初始场不引入雷达反射率时的结果,即这种方法对改进临近数值天气预报准确率是有效的。  相似文献   

19.
Analyzed are the earlier obtained data on the dynamic structure of cumulus (convective) clouds in order to estimate cloud water content effects on the air temperature, computed turbulent fluxes, and their spectral characteristics. It is demonstrated that the cloud and precipitation droplets falling to the aircraft temperature sensor provoke an error in temperature measurements. Developed is a method for taking into account these effects and for computing the correct air temperature fluctuations in the cloud, wavelet spectra of the temperature, and wavelet cospectra of heat fluxes. The use of the method enabled to construct a consistent picture of horizontal heat flux distribution in the cumulus zone depending on the wave number and cloud location. It is shown that mesoscale eddies with the scale of more than 500 m are the main factors of heat exchange between clouds and the ambient space, and the role of turbulence consists only in the mixing inside the cloud. The conclusion is made that the temperature adjustment to the water content of the cloud is needed for correct interpretation of the results of aircraft observations of dynamic structure of cumulus clouds.  相似文献   

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