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全球农作物对大气CO2及其倍增的吸收量估算 总被引：15，自引：0，他引：15
根据农作物产量资料（ＦＡＯ１９９２年），计算出中国和全球各种作物对ＣＯ２的吸收总量分别为５．５×１０８ｔ／ａＣ和２８．９×１０８ｔ／ａＣ。同时以不同ＣＯ２浓度下小麦、玉米、大豆等全生育期光合速率实验数据直接计算的Ｃ吸收量为对照，与相应的中国产量资料计算结果比较，两者相差２．６％。从而进一步依据作物对ＣＯ２倍增反应诊断实验结果，推算出大气ＣＯ２浓度比目前倍增（７００ｐｐｍ）条件下，中国和全球农作物吸收ＣＯ２总量将增长２１％－２６％，分别为６．６×１０８ｔ／ａ—６．９×１０８ｔ／ａ和３４．１×１０８ｔ／ａ—３６．２×１０８ｔ／ａＣ。研究还表明，单位面积作物年吸Ｃ量全球（３．２ｔ／（ｈｍ２·８））比中国（４．２ｔ／（ｈｍ２·ａ））低２５．４％，而且Ｃ４作物普遍高于同类Ｃ３作物。 相似文献
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通过对二维准动量无辐散、无摩擦、密度非均匀分布的层结大气中基本气流切变对非线性方程组行波解的影响问题的研究，证明：（ａ）在对称稳定（ｑ＝Ｎ２Ｆ２－Ｓ４＞０）的大气中：非线性行波解为周期解，且其周期与相应的线性周期解的周期相等；（ｂ）在对称非稳定（ｑ＝Ｎ２Ｆ２－Ｓ４≤０）的大气中：存在两类非线性行波解，其性质是由参数Ｂ决定的。Ｂ＝（Ｎ２ｓｉｎ２φ－２Ｓ２ｓｉｎφｃｏｓφ＋Ｆ２ｃｏｓ２φ）／σ２。（１）当Ｂ＞０时为周期解，且其周期与相应的线性周期解的周期相等；（２）当Ｂ≤０时为孤立波解。 相似文献
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西太平洋暖池区的海气通量及整体交换系数 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
根据西太平洋海域弱风、高温、潮湿的大气状态特征,提出了在光滑面存在粘性副层气流中的廓线的层结订正方案。用此模式对西太平洋暖池区ＴＯＧＡＣＯＡＲＥＩＯＰ期间,在向阳红５号船（２°Ｓ,１５４°Ｅ）获取的海面风、温、湿梯度资料进行了处理。计算结果显示西太平洋暖池区贴水层气流中不稳定层结占５０％－８０％,其中很不稳定的占１０．３％;该海区海气通量和整体交换系数受层结影响远大于受风速的影响;海气通量和整体交换系数随不稳定程度增加而增大,在相同风速下量值可相差４倍以上;其变化范围为０．３×１０－３—３．２×１０－３。由此可见,层结的影响使它们的变化大于其它海区的结果。在ｕ１０＝０－１０ｍ／ｓ范围内,中性化整体交换系数平均为ＣＤＮ＝１．２×１０－３,ＣＨＮ＝１．１４×１０－３,ＣＥＮ＝１．１９×１０－３,与Ｌａｒｇｅ和Ｐｏｎｄ（１９８１,１９８２）不稳定条件的研究结果相差无几。 相似文献
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从热带大气波动的频率方程出发，详细分析了过去给出的低频Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波的近似频率公式ω＝－βκ／［（２ｎ＋１）β／ｃ０＋κ＾２］，发现其对热带Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波的性质有一定程度的歪曲。针对这一问题，经分析得到一个能更精确地表征热带Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波性质的近似频散公式ω＝－βκ／［（２ｎ＋１）β／ｃ０＋４ｎ（ｎ＋１）／（２ｎ＋１）＾２ｋ＾２］，还简要地比较了热带线性Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波和孤立Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波两者的频散 相似文献
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农田近地面层CO2和湍流通量特征研究 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
利用１９８５年５月至６月在北京郊区中国科学院农业生态试验研究站的麦田中实测的小麦不同生长期的ＣＯ２浓度梯度、光合有效辐射、净辐射、土壤热通量和温度、湿度及风速梯度等量的数据，采用空气动力学方法，计算了ＣＯ２通量、感热通量、潜热通量和动量通量。并对观测场地、仪器设备、校准方法及误差分析进行了描述。结果表明：从５月１４日到６月１５日，在１ｍ，２ｍ和１０ｍ处，ＣＯ２浓度振幅的日变化分别为１０３．４到２７．５，８７．５到２７．３和６９．８到１１．５ｐｐｍ；光合型和呼吸型的平均ＣＯ２浓度分别为３４５．３，３５０．６，３５７．５ｐｐｍ和３７３．９，３６９．７，３６２．１ｐｐｍ。在白天，ＣＯ２通量和梯度的输送方向是从大气向植被，在中午（１１时到１３时）输送达到负的最大值。在夜间，ＣＯ２通量和梯度输送的方向与白天相反，并且，在早晨（４时到６时）达到正的最大值。ＣＯ２通量与净辐射（Ｒｎ）、可利用能（Ｈ＋ＬＥ）、光合有效辐射和动量通量之间有较好的相关关系 相似文献
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混合层厚度,风速和稳定度对地面SO2浓度分布影响的数值试验 总被引：1，自引：5，他引：1
利用Ｅｕｌｅｒ平流扩散方程和Ｋ模式闭合方案的数值解，讨论了混合层厚度、风速和稳定度３因子对银川市冬季地面ＳＯ＿２浓度分布的影响。结果表明，在极不稳定层结（Ａ级）下混合层厚度增加２５０ｍ时能使地面ＳＯ＿２浓度减少４０％～７５％，而在稳定层结下混合层厚度增加２００ｍ时仅减少２０％的浓度；而当混合层厚度和风速分别增加２５０ｍ和３．８ｍ·ｓ￣（－１）、层结由稳定（Ｆ）变为极端不稳定（Ａ），并且当混合层最大厚度和最大风速分别限制在６５０ｍ和４ｍ·ｓ￣（－１）时，老城西部地面浓度减少了９０％，稀释效应最显著。 相似文献
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中国部分清洁地区大气中N2O的浓度 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
１９９３年４月—１９９５年８月对中国部分清洁地区大气的Ｎ２Ｏ浓度进行了现场观测，结果表明：农田（玉米田和麦田）大气的Ｎ２Ｏ平均浓度高达３２２．１－３４３．４ｐｐｂｖ，这是土壤排放Ｎ２Ｏ的结果；临安、龙风山和瓦里关山大气本底观测站（ＷＭＯ／ＧＡＷ）Ｎ２Ｏ的平均浓度分别为３１８．８±８．４ｐｐｂｖ，３１７．４±４．７ｐｐｂｖ和３１４．０±４．２ｐｐｂｖ。在此基础上，分析了大气Ｎ２Ｏ的分布及变化特征。另外，还对现场取样及Ｎ２Ｏ浓度测量技术作了初步分析和评价 相似文献
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一种大气污染物干沉积速率的计算方法及其应用 总被引：11，自引：2，他引：11
介绍了一种计算大气污染物干沉积速率的方法。这种方法详细地考虑了植物生理特征和冠层内湍流结构对干沉积的影响，考虑了3层覆盖物对表面阻抗的影响，通过计算7个不同的阻抗因子获得干沉积速率。利用该方法计算了农田下垫面上7种不同大气污染物沉积的表面阻抗和江西(鹰洋)红壤典型地区农田下垫面上的二氧化硫(SO2)和硫酸盐(SO4^2—)的干沉积速率，估算了大气硫输入农田生态系统的干沉积通量，并与其他方法作了定量比较。结果表明：农田下垫面上SO2与SO4^2—的干沉积速率平均值分别为0．31cm／s，0．20cm／s；干沉积速率具有明显的日变化特征，一般白天大于夜间，中午时分出现最大值；月际变化也较明显，在冬季有大值；大气硫输入农田生态系统的全年干沉积通量为7．35g/m^2。 相似文献
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本文使用中国科学院常熟和鹰潭生态实验站和气象站的观测资料，应用区域酸沉降模式系统（RegADMS）和大叶阻力相似模型来研究华东地区不同下垫面条件上的大气硫沉降问题，定量估计了农田下垫面上大气硫化物的沉降通量。SO2和硫酸盐的干沉降速率使用大叶阻力相似模型来估计，使用与降水量有关的参数化方案来确定湿沉降系数。结果表明，常熟地区农田下垫面的大气硫沉降通量为19．0gm^-2 a^-1，其中干沉降占42％；而位于江西红壤地区的鹰潭站的大气硫沉降通量为10．4gm^-2a^-1，其中干沉降占83％。比较发现，两地硫干沉降通量绝对值相差不大，但其在总沉降通量中所占的份额有较大差异；常熟站的硫湿沉降通量比鹰潭站要大9．23gm^-2a^-1，该差异是由两地污染状况和气象条件的不同造成。华东地区的年硫沉降总量为1．88Mt（1Mt=10^6t），其中72．8％沉降在农田下垫面上。硫沉降中43％是干沉降，57％是湿沉降。 相似文献
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T. J. Luick R. W. Heckert K. Schulz R. S. Disselkamp 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1999,32(3):315-325
Infrared spectroscopy has been used to measure the vapor pressure of chlorine containing species generated from H2SO4/HNO3/H2O/HCl solutions at 200 K. The vapor pressure was observed to be a function of solution composition. Two solution compositions were investigated. One solution remained a liquid whereas the second solution was a mixed liquid and solid phase (an ice slurry). The liquid solution had a composition of 64.6 wt.% H2SO4/4.8 wt.% HNO3/30.1 wt.% H2O/0.5 wt.% HCl and produced only vapor phase HCl. The ice slurry solution had a composition of 76.6 wt.% H2SO4/3.0 wt.% HNO3/20.1 wt.% H2O/0.3 wt.% HCl and produced HCl, ClNO, and ClNO2 vapor phase components. The sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and water content of these solutions are representative of those present in polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs), however the HCl concentrations are much higher than present within these clouds. The partitioning of chlorine between vapor phase HCl (50%) and ClNO/ClNO2 (50%) for the ice slurry solution suggests a possible mechanism of halogen activation within PSCs. A reaction mechanism to model the observed chemistry is proposed. 相似文献
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Characterization and Temporal Variation of Asian Dust Aerosol from a Site in the Northern Chinese Deserts 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
X. Y. Zhang S. L. Gong R. Arimoto Z. X. Shen F. M. Mei D. Wang Y. Cheng 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2003,44(3):241-257
Time series for total aerosol mass and the concentrations of nineteen elements, and the mass particle-size distributions of the elements, were determined for samples collected from a site in the northern deserts of China -Zhenbeitai, one of ground sites of the Asia-Pacific Regional Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE-Asia). Nine dust storm (DS) events were observed during the spring of 2001, lasting a combined total of twenty-six days. Peak mass loadings greatly exceeded the average (260 g m–3), and higher than average dust-element concentrations and wind speeds were also observed during the three-month study. Material balance calculations showed that 82% mass of the total aerosol particles could be ascribed to Asian dust, of which Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mn, Si and Ti accounted for 7%, 6%, 4%, 2%, 0.1%, 32% and 1% by weight, respectively. Modelcalculated dry deposition velocities for 7 dust-elements during dust storm periods averaged 17 cm s–1 and ranged from 14 to 21 cm s–1. The estimated dry depositiona of Asian dust for the spring of 2001 was 189 g m–2, of which 85% was due to dust storms. Factor analysis indicated that 89% of the dust loading during this period was due to remote or regional transport; 11% to local or background dust. 相似文献
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S. YONEMURA M. YOKOZAWA S. KAWASHIMA H. TSURUTA 《Tellus. Series B, Chemical and physical meteorology》2000,52(3):919-933
CO and H2 uptake by soil was studied as a diffusion process. A diffusion model was used to determine how the surface fluxes (net deposition velocities) were controlled by in‐situ microbial uptake rates and soil gas diffusivity calculated from the 3‐phase system (solid, liquid, gas) in the soil. Analytical solutions of the diffusion model assuming vertical uniformity of soil properties showed that physical properties such as air‐filled porosity and soil gas diffusivity were more important in the uptake process than in the emission process. To incorporate the distribution of in‐situ microbial uptake, we used a 2‐layer model incorporating "a microbiologically inactive layer and an active layer" as suggested from experimental results. By numerical simulation using the 2‐layer model, we estimated the effect of several factors on deposition velocities. The variations in soil gas diffusivity due to physical properties, i.e., soil moisture and air‐filled porosity, as well as to the depth of the inactive layer and in‐situ microbial uptake, were found to be important in controlling deposition velocities. This result shows that the diffusion process in soil is critically important for CO and H2 uptake by soil, at least in soils with higher in‐situ uptake rates and/or with large variation in soil moisture. Similar uptake rates and the difference in deposition velocity between CO and H2 may be attributable to differences in CO and H2 molecular diffusivity. The inactive layer is resistant to diffusion and creates uptake limits in CO and H2 by soil. The coupling of high temperature and a thick inactive layer, common in arid soils, markedly lowers net CO deposition velocity. The temperature for maximum uptake of CO changes with depth of the inactive layer. 相似文献
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Eddy-correlation measurements of the vertical fluxes of ozone, carbon dioxide, fine particles with diameter near 0.1 m, and particulate sulfur, as well as of momentum, heat and water vapor, have been taken above a tall leafless deciduous forest in wintertime. During the experimental period of one week, ozone deposition velocities varied from about 0.1 cm s–1 at night to more than 0.4 cm s-1 during the daytime, with the largest variations associated primarily with changes in solar irradiation. Most of the ozone removal took place in the upper canopy. Carbon dioxide fluxes were directed upward due to respiration and exhibited a strong dependence on air temperature and solar heating. The fluxes were approximately zero at air temperatures less than 5 °C and approached 0.8 mg m–2 s–1 when temperatures exceeded 15 °C during the daytime. Fine-particle deposition rates were large at times, with deposition velocities near 0.8 cm s–1 when turbulence levels were high, but fluxes directed upward were found above the canopy when the surface beneath was covered with snow. Diffusional processes seemed to dominate fine-particle transfer across quasilaminar layers and subsequent deposition to the upper canopy. Deposition velocities for particulate sulfur were highly variable and averaged to a value small in magnitude as compared to similar measurements taken previously over a pine forest in summer. 相似文献